利用核桃壳制备高比表面积活性炭电极材料的研究

以核桃壳为原料,采用KOH活化法制备活性炭,并将其用作超级电容器电极材料。利用N2吸附和扫描电镜(SEM)表征活性炭的孔结构及表面形貌,系统研究碱炭比(KOH与核桃壳炭化料的质量比)对活性炭孔结构的影响,并采用恒流充放电及循环伏安等测定核桃壳活性炭电极材料在3mol/L KOH电解液中的电化学性能。结果表明,随着碱炭比的增大,活性炭的比表面积、总孔容及中孔比例先逐渐增大后稍有减小。当活化温度为800℃,活化时间为1h,碱炭比为4时,可制备出比表面积为2404m2/g,总孔容为1.344cm3/g,中孔比例为28.6%,孔径分布在0.7~3.0nm之间的高比表面积活性炭。该活性炭用作超级电容器电极材料具有良好的大电流放电特性和优异的循环性能,电流密度由50mA/g提高到5000mA/g时,其比电容由340F/g降低到288F/g,经1000次循环后,比电容保持率为93.4%。     

水热炭化-KOH活化制备核桃壳活性炭电极材料的研究

以核桃壳为原料,经水热炭化-KOH活化制备活性炭,并将其用作超级电容器电极材料。采用低温氮气吸附、扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段系统研究核桃壳活性炭的微观结构及表面化学性质,并利用恒流充放电、循环伏安等探讨其对应电极材料的电化学性能。研究表明,在碱碳比为3∶1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为1h的条件下,核桃壳水热炭经KOH活化可制备出比表面积为1 236m2/g、总孔容为0.804cm3/g、中孔比例为38.3%的活性炭。该核桃壳活性炭用作电极材料在KOH电解液中具有优异的电化学特性,其在50mA/g电流密度下的比电容可达251F/g,5 000mA/g电流密度下的比电容为205F/g,且具有良好的循环稳定性,1 000次循环后比电容保持率达92.4%,是一种比较理想的超级电容器电极材料。核桃壳活性炭优异的电化学性能与其相互贯通的层次孔结构和独特的含氧表面密切相关。     

双电层电容器用煤基活性炭的制备与电化学性能表征

以河南永城无烟煤为原料、KOH为活化剂制备了高比表面积的煤基活性炭,采用低温N_2吸附法对活性炭的比表面积、孔容及孔径分布进行了表征,并对其用作双电层电容器电极材料的电化学性能进行了系统测试.在KOH与煤的质量比为4:1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为1h的条件下制备出的活性炭其比表面积高达3224m~2/g,总孔容达1.76cm~3/g,中孔率为57.95%.该活性炭电极在3mol/L KOH电解液中的比电容高达324F/g,且具有良好的循环性能,当电流密度为40mA/g时,经1000次循环后,比电容保持率超过92%,且其漏电流很小.     

超级电容器用马尾藻基超级活性炭的制备及其电化学性能

以马尾藻为原料,采用KOH活化法制备用于超级电容器的生物质基超级活性炭。制备的超级活性炭不仅比表面积巨大,孔隙结构丰富,而且以海藻作为前驱体原料明显降低了活性炭的生产成本。采用单因素实验法分析了浸渍比、活化温度和活化时间对马尾藻基活性炭孔隙结构(比表面积、孔容及孔径分布等)的影响,探索了制备马尾藻基超级活性炭的最佳工艺条件,并研究了所制活性炭用于制备超级电容器时的电化学性能。采用N2吸附-解吸附、SEM、XRD,恒电流充放电以及循环伏安法等表征手段考察超级活性炭样品的比表面积,孔结构以及电化学性能。实验结果表明,制备马尾藻基超级活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:浸渍比4∶1,活化时间120min,活化温度800℃。在该实验条件下制得的活性炭比表面积高达2926m2/g,孔容高达1.536cm3/g,且所有活性炭的孔径大小几乎全部分布在4nm以内,孔径分布均匀。制备的超级电容器以6mol/L的KOH为电解液时,其比电容高达358.5F/g,表现出良好的电化学性能。     

玉米芯活性炭的制备及其电化学性能研究

以玉米芯为原料,采用KOH活化法制备超级电容器用活性炭。利用低温氮气吸附及恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等方法测定活性炭的孔结构及其用作电极材料的电化学性能。研究了脱灰对玉米芯活性炭孔结构及其电化学性能的影响。结果表明,在碱炭比3∶1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为1h的条件下,可以制备出比表面积为2019m2/g、总孔容为1.084cm3/g、中孔率为15.6%的高比表面积活性炭。玉米芯经脱灰处理可以显著改善其所制活性炭的孔隙发达程度和中孔分布,脱灰玉米芯活性炭的比表面积、总孔容及中孔率分别可达2311 m2/g、1.246cm3/g和26.0%。玉米芯活性炭电极材料在3mol/L KOH的电解液中具有良好的电化学性能,其比电容量可达253F/g。脱灰玉米芯活性炭电极的比电容量更高(可达278F/g),比电容提高9.9%,且内阻更小。     

梯级孔生物质活性炭的制备及其电容特性研究

以柚子皮为原料,采用预先炭化-KOH活化工艺制备生物质活性炭,并将其用作超级电容器电极材料。采用低温氮气吸附、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法表征生物质活性炭的孔结构、表面形貌等微观结构和表面化学性质,利用恒流充放电、循环伏安、漏电流等手段探究生物质活性炭用作电极材料的电化学特性。研究表明:柚子皮经预先炭化-KOH活化处理可以制备出比表面积为1 347~2 269m~2/g,总孔容达0.642~1.283cm~3/g,中孔比例为23.83%~48.90%的高品质生物质活性炭。该生物质活性炭具有发达的比表面积、"大孔-中孔-微孔"三维贯通梯级孔结构,且表面富含羰基、酚羟基及羧基等含氧官能团,是一种比较理想的超级电容器电极材料。生物质活性炭电极材料在KOH电解液中具有优异的电容特性,在50mA/g电流密度下的比电容最高可达243F/g,5 000mA/g电流密度下的比电容仍可保持为175F/g,且具有优异的循环稳定性,循环1 000次后比电容保持率高达93.34%,漏电流仅为0.006 3mA。生物质活性炭优异的电化学特性与其发达的比表面积、"大孔-中孔-微孔"三维贯通梯级孔结构、合理的孔径分布及独特的富氧表面化学性质密切相关。     

茶籽壳质活性炭的制备及其电化学性能

以茶籽壳为原料,以K2CO3作为活化剂,制备了新型活性炭。用氮气吸脱附法对活性炭的孔结构进行了分析。以活性炭为电极材料,6mol/L KOH溶液为电解液组装成超级电容器,利用恒电流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等电化学测试方法研究其电化学性能。结果表明,活化后的茶籽壳炭,其比表面积高达1272m2/g,比电容高达150F/g,研究表明茶籽壳活性炭适用于超级电容器的电极活性材料。     

丝瓜络基活性炭电极材料的制备及其电化学性能表征

以丝瓜络作为前驱体,KOH为活化剂,在不同温度下炭化、活化制备活性炭,并将其作为超级电容器电极材料。采用N2吸附及电化学测试对活性炭的孔结构和电化学性能进行了表征,研究了炭化温度、碱炭比对活性炭电极材料孔结构和电化学性能的影响。结果表明:丝瓜络经过一步炭化即可制备出电化学性能优异的炭材料,经过KOH活化后比电容明显增加,在碱炭比为2时制备活性炭的比表面积、总孔容分别达到1549m2/g和0.901cm3/g,比电容达到228F/g,是未活化炭化物比电容的2.5倍,是一种理想的电极材料。活性炭作为电极材料,其比表面积存在一个最佳值,孔的容积、大小和形状对电解质离子的储存、扩散有着重要作用,对电化学性能有很大影响。     

孔结构对煤基活性炭电极材料电化学性能的影响(英文)

以太西无烟煤为前驱体,NaOH为活化剂制备电化学电容器电极材料。采用N2吸附法及电化学测试对活性炭的孔结构和电化学性能进行了表征。在1mol/L(C2H5)4NBF4/碳酸丙烯酯有机电解液体系中,研究了孔结构对活性炭电极材料的电化学性能的影响。结果表明:以NaOH为活化剂可制备出比表面积943mol/L～2479mol/L、比电容57F/g～167F/g的活性炭电极材料。活性炭电极材料的比电容不仅取决比表面积,而且与活性炭的孔径分布有关。孔径为2nm～3nm的中孔的存在可以有效降低电解液的扩散阻力,提高电极材料比表面积的利用率,从而使电容器的电化学性能得到增强。     

微波法制备电化学电容器用花生壳基活性炭(英文)

以花生壳为原料,氢氧化钾为活化剂,采用微波加热制备出活性炭,所制活性炭用于制备电化学电容器用电极材料。通过氮气吸附、恒流充放电及循环伏安对所制活性炭的孔结构及电化学性能进行研究。结果表明,活性炭的比表面积、总孔容、比电容以及能量密度在炭化时间(6-10 min)以及KOH与花生壳的质量比(0.6-2.0)的范围内存在最大值。当KOH/花生壳的质量比为1.0,微波功率为600 W,活化时间8 min,所制活性炭(AC1-600-8)比表面积达1277 m2/g,并且经1 000次循环后,其能量密度高达8.38 Wh/kg。因此采用微波加热、KOH活化是一种快速制备电化学电容器用活性炭的低成本方法。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.