Measurement and correlation of physical properties of aqueous solutions of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide,piperazine and their aqueous blends

The density, viscosity and refractive index of aqueous solutions of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), pi-perazine (PZ) and their aqueous blends are determined at several temperatures (303.15 to 333.15 K). All these measured physicochemical properties decreases with an increase in temperature. The density data is used to cal-culate the coefficient of thermal expansion and excess molar volume of al aqueous binary and ternary solutions. The coefficient of thermal expansion increases with increase in temperatures and concentrations. The negativity of excess molar volume for al the aqueous solution decreased with increase in temperature. Each physical prop-erty is correlated with temperature by least square method and the corresponding coefficients for each property are presented. The prediction values from correlations for the physical properties are in good agreement with the experimental values.     

Effect of Water Concentration on the Properties of Commercial Soda-Lime-Silica Glasses

The effect of water concentration on the properties of three commercial soda-lime-silica glasses has been measured. Water (H₂O) concentration varied from 50 to 550 ppm-wt. Properties measured include glass transformation temperature, transformation range viscosity, thermal expansion coefficient, electrical conductivity, and refractive index. The viscosity, T _g, and electrical conductivity decreased with increasing water content, while the thermal expansion coefficient and refractive index were unaffected by changes in water concentration.     

Simulation of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> removal with aqueous sodium glycinate solutions in a pilot plant

In this paper, density, viscosity, surface tension and vapor pressure of aqueous sodium glycinate solutions of different mass fractions (0.1–0.5) at different temperatures (20–100°C) were simulated using Pro/II (version 6.01), a commercial process simulator, and compared with corresponding experimentally measured data. It was found that simulated data of physicochemical properties compared well with corresponding experimental data. We have also predicted concentration of CO₂ with each ideal stage in an absorber/stripper tower.     

Spectroscopic and Thermal Properties of Ga2S3–Na2S–CsCl Glasses

The synthesis and properties of the vitreous system (0.75− x )Ga₂S₃–0.25Na₂S– x CsCl, with x varying from 0.1 to 0.2, are presented. Thermal, optical, and structural properties such as density, viscosity, thermal expansion coefficient, glass transition temperature, softening point temperature, refractive index, and absorption coefficient were measured using several techniques: X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, differential thermal analysis, thermal mechanical analysis, and absorption spectroscopy. This glass system presents a high third-order non-linear optical susceptibility that can be significantly increased by increasing the CsCl content without affecting the low phonon frequency.     

Bulk and interfacial physical properties of aqueous solutions of sodium lauryl sulphate and lauryl alcohol with air and benzene systems: Part II — mixed aqueous solutions of sodium lauryl sulphate and lauryl alcohol

The pH, density, bulk viscosity and electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of mixtures of sodium lauryl sulphate and lauryl alcohol were measured for a range of concentrations at 25°C. The influence of interface age on the interfacial tension of mutually saturated benzene/aqueous solution surfaces is also reported. The effect of impurities on various physical properties was illustrated using an impure lauryl sulphate system. A detailed comparison of these data with those reported in the literature shows satisfactory agreement above the critical micelle concentration of the sodium lauryl sulphate in water. Current data in the premicellar concentration range reveal anomalous behavior. Data reported in the literature are summarized for the pH, density, bulk viscosity, electrical conductivity, surface tension, interfacial tension with benzene, surface excess concentration, surface shear viscosity, critical micelle concentration and molecular complex formation of the sodium lauryl sulphate/lauryl alcohol aqueous solutions. The interactions of the anionic-nonionic surfactants at fluid/fluid surfaces and their influence on the physical properties are examined. The use of such systems in the stabilization of dispersions is also discussed. Eighty-five references are cited.     

不同NaCl浓度下十二烷基硫酸钠的理化参数和热力学行为

为了更好地研究不同NaCl浓度对阴离子表面活性剂胶束理化性质和结构稳定性的影响,以阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（C₁₂H₂₅SO₄Na）在不同温度下的临界胶束浓度为基础,分别测试并得出了不同NaCl浓度与不同温度作用下溶液的表面张力、泡沫半衰期和黏度变化规律。在此基础上通过分析得出NaCl作用下溶液的黏度活化能、标准熵变、标准焓变等热力学参数及变化规律。结果表明：C₁₂H₂₅SO₄Na降低表面张力的效率由温度效应和盐效应共同控制,随着温度的升高,温度效应发挥的作用越来越大;黏度最大值所对应的表面活性剂浓度为该温度和NaCl浓度下的临界胶束浓度;C₁₂H₂₅SO₄Na胶束化过程的影响随着温度的升高由熵驱动逐渐转化为焓驱动,这种转化过程随着NaCl浓度的升高越来越提前。掌握温度和NaCl浓度的耦合作用对C₁₂H₂₅SO₄Na理化性质的影响,以期为进一步研究其热力学行为奠定基础。     

Effect of alkyl chain length on the thermophysical properties of pyridinium carboxylates

In the present study,new series of pyridinium carboxylate protic ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized by pairing pyridinium cation with carboxylate anion from C1-C3 forming pyridinium formate ([CsH6N+][HCOO-]),pyridinium acetate ([CsH6N+][CH3COO-]) and pyridinium propionate ([C5H6N+][CH3CH2COO-]) respectively.The physical properties namely,density,viscosity,surface tension (298.15-343.15) K,and refractive index (293.15-323.15) K were measured.Thermal properties namely,glass transition temperature,molar heat capacity,and thermal decomposition temperatures were also determined.The thermal expansivity was calculated using the experimental density data.The effect of increasing the alkyl chain length on the thermophysical properties of the pyridinium carboxylate PILs has been evaluated.As expected the physical properties i.e.density,viscosity,surface tension and refractive index of the investigated pyridinium carboxylates decreased with increasing temperature.In general pyridinium carboxylate PILs possessed low viscosity,high thermal stability and excellent hydrogen bonding capability,and these properties lead them to outperform conventional solvents employed for lignin dissolution.     

Determination of physical properties for the mixtures of [BMIM]Cl with different organic solvents

Physical properties including refractive index, density, viscosity and conductivity for binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) and different organic solvents at 298.15 K have been investigated. Ex-cess molar volumes have been calculated and obtained data has been fitted by the Redlich–Kister equation. The density and refractive index were found to increase with increasing concentration of [BMIM]Cl, however, excep-tions do exist as in the case of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/[BMIM]Cl. For DMSO/[BMIM]Cl, the density decreases with increasing concentration. The addition of different organic solvents was able to disrupt the interactions within mixtures, leading to free mobility of ions. The free mobility of ions has been found to enhance conductivity and decrease viscosity to varying extents in al mixtures studied. It has been observed that solubility parameters, dielectric constants and composition of the solvents used play a vital role in determining the resultant properties. The data obtained wil play an important role in understanding the effect of the addition of organic solvents in ILs to enhance their applicability.     

乙酸乙酯-异丙醇混合液的密度和折光率

常压下测定了乙酸乙酯-异丙醇二元混合液在293.15—318.15 K下的密度和折光率,建立了该二元混合液密度与组成和温度关系的计算方程。计算了过量摩尔体积、折光率偏差,分别用Redlich-Kister方程进行了关联。过量摩尔体积在全摩尔分数范围内为正值,而折光率偏差为负值,且均随温度升高而偏差增大。利用Lorentz-Lorenz关系式计算了二元体系的摩尔折光率和摩尔折光率偏差,偏差亦随温度升高而增大。     

Preparation of an amphoteric flocculant having both high polymer content and low viscosity and its polymerization kinetics

It is not easy for liquid cationic flocculant diallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride(DM) homopolymer to simultaneously exhibit both low viscosity and high polymer content, which limited its application in offshore oilfield.In this paper, sodium allylsulfonate(XS) and sodium formate were used in the aqueous solution polymerization of DM.An amphoteric flocculant(PDMXS) with the properties of high polymer content(about 55 wt%) and low viscosity(efflux time measured by an Apply 4 viscometer was less than 100 s) was prepared.The optimum reaction conditions were identified as follows: the mass ratio of XS/DM was 10 wt%, the concentration of sodium formate was 2000 mg·L~(-1), reaction temperature was 55 ℃, the concentration of KPS was 0.5 wt% and the reaction time was 4 h.The polymerization kinetics was discussed.The results showed that R_p∝ [M]~(1.97)[I]~(0.68)[CTA]~(0.71) and the apparent activation energy was 72.55 kJ·mol~(-1).     

Preparation and Properties of Nitrogen-Doped Phosphate Glasses

Techniques for preparation and the properties of phosphorus oxynitride glasses produced from sodium metaphosphate and nitride compounds are reported. Properties reported include nitrogen content, dissolution rate in water, thermal expansion coefficient, softening point, glass transformation temperature, density, refractive index, microhardness, and infrared absorption.     

Properties and Network Constitution of rf-Sputtered Amorphous Films in the System Silicon Dioxide–Aluminum Orthophosphate

Amorphous films in the system SiO₂–AlPO₄ were prepared by means of the rf-sputtering method, and their physical properties, such as density, refractive index, and temperature coefficient of Young's modulus, and infrared spectra were measured. Also, the K α X-ray emission spectra of silicon and aluminum were measured in order to investigate the coordination state of these cations in the amorphous films. The density and the refractive index were close to those of amorphous SiO₂ and AlPO₄ and the compositional dependence showed a small deviation from linearity. The temperature coefficients of Young's modulus were positive for all of the samples. The infrared absorption spectra of all of the samples were similar to those of SiO₂ glass and amorphous AlPO₄ film, and there was no evidence of the presence of P═O bonds. The coordination states of silicon and aluminum ions in the present amorphous films were the same as those in fused silica and AlPO₄ crystal, respectively. The results of the properties, infrared absorption spectra, and X-ray emission spectra suggest that SiO₄ tetrahedrons and AlO₄–PO₄ connecting tetrahedral dimers constitute the network of the present amorphous films. A small deviation of the physical properties from an additive rule was thought to result from the difference in the bond character between the newly formed Si–O–Al and Si–O–P bonds and the bonds in the end members, Si–O–Si and Al–O–P.     

Properties and Structure of Lithium Borate and Strontium Borate Glasses

Experimental results for some physical properties of Li₂O-B₂O₃ and SrO-B₂O₃ glasses with high modifier content showed anomalies in the composition dependence of many properties such as thermal expansion coefficient, transformation temperature, softening temperature, density, and refractive index at 30 to 33 mol% modifier oxide in these glasses. These anomalies are attributed to the formation of nonbridging oxygens near this composition.     

Expansion coefficients and conformational properties of heterodisperse poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate)

Calculations of expansion coefficients from light scattering and viscometric data on heterodisperse samples of poly(acrylamide-co-sodium-acrylate) satisfactorily describe the solution properties of these polymers across the entire copolymer range, from polyacrylamide to poly(sodium acrylate). Light scattering results correlate well with the viscosity data provided that corrections are made for polymer heterodispersity and that a modified Krigbaum equation is used to estimate the unperturbed dimensions of the molecules. The expansion coefficients deduced from light scattering and Flory–Fox hydrodynamic theory were inaccurate and insensitive to fluctuations in charge density and molecular weight.     

Preparation and Properties of Oxynitride Glasses Made from Potassium Metaphosphate

Potassium phosphate oxynitride (KPON) glasses were made by heating crystalline KPO₃ at 702^° to 775^°C in dry ammonia. The softening temperature, thermal expansion coefficient, refractive index, and dissolution rate in water were measured as a function of nitrogen content and compared with the properties of oxynitride glasses made from LiPO₃ and NaPO₃.     

Miscibility studies on chitosan/hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose blend in solution by viscosity,ultrasonic velocity,density, and refractive index methods

The miscibility studies of chitosan (CHI)/hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) blend in buffer solution (0.1M acetic acid + 0.2M sodium acetate) were carried out by viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, density, and refractive index methods at 30, 40, and 50°C, respectively. Using viscosity data, the interaction parameter μ and α were computed. These values revealed that the blend is miscible when the CHI content is more than 50% in the blend. The obtained results were further confirmed by ultrasonic velocity, density, and refractive index study. And also the result revealed that the change in temperature has no significant effect on the miscibility of CHI/HPMC polymer blends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 2738–2742, 2006     

Physical Properties and Structure of Rf-Sputtered Amorphous Films in the System Ti02-Si02

Amorphous films in the system Ti0₂-Si0₂ were prepared by rf sputtering and their density, refractive index, and thermal expansion were measured. Also, the silicon Kα and titanium Kβ band emission spectra were obtained by X-ray emission spectroscopy in order to determine the coordination state of silicon and titanium ions in these amorphous films. The density and refractive index increased, but not proportionally, with increasing Ti0₂ content. On the other hand, a minimum was observed in the thermal expansion coefficient at =15 mol% Ti0₂. The coordination state of silicon ions in the amorphous films did not change with Ti0₂ content. However, the coordination number of titanium ions changed from 4 to 6, depending on Ti0₂ content. These results indicate that, in amorphous films in the system Ti0₂-Si0₂, the change of the coordination state of titanium ions has an important effect on physical properties, such as volume, molar refractivity, and thermal expansion.     

Structure and physico-chemical properties of ionic liquidcontaining magnesium chloride

合成了一种无色、透明、均一的氯化胆碱-尿素-氯化镁类离子液体。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪初步解析了类离子液体的结构。利用电导率仪、旋转式黏度计和密度计等仪器分别测定了该类离子液体的电导率、黏度和密度,并得出了其随温度和组成的变化关系。根据物理化学性质与温度的关系计算了Gibbs自由能、焓变和熵变等热力学数据。同时测定了类离子液体的循环伏安曲线并分析了其电化学行为。     

Mass Transfer in a Flat Gas/Liquid Interface using non‐Newtonian Media

Gas/liquid mass transfer has been investigated using a stirred vessel gas/liquid contactor using non‐Newtonian media and carbon dioxide as absorbent and gas phase, respectively. The volumetric mass transfer coefficients at different operational variables have been determined. Non‐Newtonian media (liquid phase) were prepared as aqueous solutions of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose salt. The influence of the rheological properties, polymer concentration, stirring rate, and gas flow rate on mass transfer was studied for these liquid phases. Kinematic viscosity and density experimental data were used to calculate the average molecular weight corresponding to the polymer employed. The Ostwald model has been used to fit the rheological behavior of aqueous solutions of the polymer employed as absorbent phase. Reasonably good agreement was found between the predictions of the proposed models and the experimental data of mass transfer coefficients.     

Effect of Temperature on the Physico-Chemical Properties of a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid (1-Methyl-3-pentylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate) with Polyethylene Glycol Oligomer

A systematic study of the effect of composition on the thermo-physical properties of the binary mixtures of 1-methyl-3-pentyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate [MPI][PF(6)] with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) [M(w) = 400] is presented. The excess molar volume, refractive index deviation, viscosity deviation, and surface tension deviation values were calculated from these experimental density, ρ, refractive index, n, viscosity, η, and surface tension, γ, over the whole concentration range, respectively. The excess molar volumes are negative and continue to become increasingly negative with increasing temperature; whereas the viscosity and surface tension deviation are negative and become less negative with increasing temperature. The surface thermodynamic functions, such as surface entropy, enthalpy, as well as standard molar entropy, Parachor, and molar enthalpy of vaporization for pure ionic liquid, have been derived from the temperature dependence of the surface tension values.