Preparation of High‐Grade Powders from Tomato Paste Using a Vacuum Foam Drying Method

We present a rapid and gentle drying method for the production of high‐grade tomato powders from double concentrated tomato paste, comparing results with powders obtained by foam mat air drying and freeze dried powders. The principle of this method consists of drying tomato paste in foamed state at low temperatures in vacuum. The formulations were dried at temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 °C and vacuum of 200 mbar. Foam stability was affected by low serum viscosity and the presence of solid particles in tomato paste. Consequently, serum viscosity was increased by maltodextrin addition, yielding optimum stability at tomato paste:maltodextrin ratio of 2.4:1 (w/w) in dry matter. Material foamability was improved by addition of 0.5% (w/w, fresh weight) egg white. Because of solid particles in tomato paste, foam air filling had to be limited to critical air volume fraction of Φ = 0.7. The paste was first pre‐foamed to Φ = 0.2 and subsequently expanded in vacuo. After drying to a moisture content of 5.6% to 7.5% wet base (w.b.), the materials obtained were in glassy state. Qualities of the resulting powders were compared with those produced by freeze and air drying. Total color changes were the least after vacuum drying, whereas air drying resulted in noticeable color changes. Vacuum foam drying at 50 °C led to insignificant carotenoid losses, being equivalent to the time‐consuming freeze drying method. In contrast, air drying caused lycopene and β‐carotene losses of 18% to 33% and 14% to 19% respectively. Thus, vacuum foam drying enables production of high‐grade tomato powders being qualitatively similar to powders obtained by freeze drying.     

Retention of Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Dehydrated Bael (Aegle Marmelos) and Palmyra (Borassus Flabellifer) Fruit Powders

Present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of various dehydration techniques such as sun drying, solar drying, drying after freezing (Freeze for one hour followed by mechanical drying at 55 °C), vacuum drying and drying using lab scale air oven on proximate composition and retention of antioxidants in different fruit powder prepared from Bael (Aegle marmelos) and Palmyra (Borassus flabellifer). Moisture content, Total Ash, Crude fiber %, Fat %, Crude protein %, total phenolic content,β –Carotene and antioxidant activity were tested. The antioxidant activity was measured based on the ability of fruit extract to scavenge 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Among different drying treatments the highest fat percentage recorded by the solar dried palmyra fruit powder and there is no significant difference (α= 0.05) between sun drying and vacuumed drying. Higher concentration of β -Carotene and total phenolic content were recorded in vacuum dried samples both in bael and Palmyra fruit powders and it significantly different (α= 0.05) from other treatments. The scavenging activity of bael fruit powder in vacuum drying was ranged from 65.36% to 81.33% of the concentration 200 μg/ml to1000 μg/ml and the palmyra fruit powder was recorded 57.32% to 83.25% of the concentration 200 μg/ml to1000 μg/ml. Vacuum dried fruit powders of palmyra and bael were given highest radical scavenging activity and the scavenging activity of palmyra fruit powder is higher than the bael. Therefore vacuum drying can be recommended as the most effective drying method to protect chemical characteristics and retention of antioxidant properties of fruit powders.     

Effect of ultrasound‐assisted osmotic dehydration on cell structure of sapotas

BACKGROUND: Drying is a traditional way of fruit preservation. Because of the high energy costs associated with air‐drying, osmotic dehydration is often applied as a pretreatment to reduce air‐drying time. Ultrasound is an emerging technology with several applications in food processing. The effect of ultrasound on fruit tissue depends on the tissue structure and composition, and ultrasound might be beneficial to improve air‐drying efficiency, with consequent reduction in process costs. In this study the effect of ultrasound and ultrasound‐assisted osmotic dehydration on sapota tissue structure was evaluated. RESULTS: Ultrasound induced cell disruption and breakdown of cells with high phenolic content (dense cells) and also induced elongation of parenchyma cells. Ultrasound application combined with high osmotic gradient enhanced water loss and solid gain because of the formation of microscopic channels. Ultrasound‐assisted osmotic dehydration induced gradual distortion of the shape of cells, cell breakdown and formation of microscopic channels. Micrographs of the fruit tissue showed that ultrasound preferentially affected dense cells. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonic pretreatment was able to preserve the tissue structure of the fruit when distilled water was used as liquid medium. The application of ultrasound‐assisted osmotic dehydration resulted in severe changes in the tissue structure of the fruit, with consequent increase in the effective water diffusivity, because of the formation of microscopic channels and cell rupture. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同干燥方法对干湿梅理化性质的影响研究

采用强制对流干燥、自然对流干燥、烘箱干燥、温室干燥、自然日晒干燥对干湿梅进行干燥,研究干燥过程及产品的理化性质。结果表明:强制对流、自然对流、与烘箱干燥较温室与自然日晒干燥耗时缩短70%以上;烘箱干燥缺少太阳能干燥物料的特殊香气;温室与自然日晒干燥由于夜间缓苏导致组织结构疏松,嚼感降低,硬度值变化减缓,感官评价较差;强制对流干燥色泽变化适度,感官性能最佳。     

响应面法优化板枣热风-真空分段联合干燥工艺

为探讨分段联合干燥对板枣干燥特性和品质的影响及优化干燥工艺,以热风温度、转换点含水率、真空温度为实验因素,以典型品质参数(V_C含量、总糖含量、色泽、游离氨基酸总量)及干燥效能(干燥时间、能耗)为研究指标。并进行响应面工艺优化,获得联合干燥最佳的联合方式。结果表明:热风干燥阶段最佳的干燥温度为64.50℃,转换点含水率为52.50%,真空干燥温度为65.00℃。此条件下干燥后的板枣V_C保留了26.89%,总糖含量为85.21%。干燥耗时为23.00 h,与单一热风干燥耗时(29.00 h)相比减少了20.68%,与单一真空干燥耗时(25.00 h)相比减少了10.00%左右,干燥能耗为2.45 kW·h,大于单一真空干燥能耗(1.48 kW·h),但仅为单一热风干燥能耗(6.01 kW·h)的40.00%。     

两种干燥方式对鸡油菌氨基酸组成及评价的影响

为探究烘干（干燥箱60℃ 16 h）、自然晾干（在室温（25±2）℃、湿度38%±1%、东南三级风、晒干5 d）两种干燥方式对西藏林芝野生鸡油菌样品19种氨基酸的组成及评价的影响。采用2,4-二硝基氟苯衍生高效液相法检测18种氨基酸,色氨酸检测采用比色法。结果表明,林芝鸡油菌的蛋白质较为丰富,烘干（22.52%）较自然晾干（31.13%）有损失;必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比值（自然晾干28.27%、烘干28.10%）低于理想蛋白模式;有较高的鲜味氨基酸（F/T为自然晾干37.38%、烘干32.02%）和药用氨基酸（D/T为自然晾干57.01%、烘干54.78%）;谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、精氨酸、丝氨酸、丙氨酸含量相对较高,烘干较自然晾干有减少;从3种氨基酸评价模式（WHO/FAO氨基酸模式成人需要量、11~18岁需要量和鸡蛋白）看,两种样品的第一限制性氨基酸均为赖氨酸,烘干样品的化学评分（CS）和氨基酸评分（AAS）均高于自然晾干样品,含硫氨基酸（蛋氨酸＋半胱氨酸）的评分最高,两份样品EAAI均低于鸡蛋白模式。可采用烘干方式干燥鸡油菌以提高干燥效率。     

干燥方式对大果山楂粉干燥速率及品质的影响

探究真空微波脉冲干燥、真空微波干燥、热风联合真空微波干燥和热风干燥4种干燥方式对大果山楂粉色泽、褐变度、持水性、持油性、透光性、Vc、总酸和黄酮含量等品质指标的影响。结果表明:干燥方式对大果山楂粉的色泽、褐变度、透光性和总酸含量有显著影响(P0.05);真空微波脉冲干燥大果山楂粉的综合品质优于其他3种,该工艺生产效率较高,成本低,是大果山楂粉生产中较适宜的干燥工艺。     

Production of a red–purple food colorant from Opuntia stricta fruits by spray drying and its application in food model systems

Opuntia stricta fruit juice is a potential source of betacyanin pigments which can be used as a natural red-purple food colorant. In this work a powder food colorant was obtained by co-current spray drying of O. stricta fruit juices with a bench-scale two fluid nozzle spray dryer. Glucose syrup (DE 29) was used as drying aid. Optimum conditions for spray drying were as follow: juice content (20% v/v; 1.2 °Brix), glucose syrup content (10% w/v), liquid feed rate (0.72 l/h), spray air flow-rate (0.47 m³/h), drying air flow-rate (36 m³/h), and inlet drying air temperature 160 °C. Color was retained during the drying process (>98%) and drying yield was high (58%). The powder colorant showed high color strength (4.0), being this color strength stable when stored at room temperature for one month. This colorant was successfully applied in two food model systems: a yogurt and a soft-drink. Food presented a vivid red-purple tonality very attractive for consumers that was maintained after one month under refrigeration (4 °C) (ΔE < 5).     

水果纸干燥技术研究进展

水果纸是新鲜水果经过打浆、熬煮和干燥后制成的脱水干果纸状薄片小吃。干燥是最古老的食品保存方法之一,可去除水果中的水分,延迟其贮藏期限供全年食用。最常见的干燥方式包括热风干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥及联合干燥技术。干燥过程的能源效率和水果纸的品质是水果干燥中需考虑的重要因素。本文归纳了可用于水果纸干燥的热风干燥、冷冻干燥、真空干燥、微波干燥、红外辐射干燥和折射窗干燥的研究现状以及水果纸的预处理方法和干燥工艺对其形态、质构、营养成分的影响,旨在提高水果纸的干燥效率,最大限度地保留水果的活性成分,为今后食品行业中进一步研究水果纸的干燥加工提供参考。     

不同干燥方式对复方赤灵芝提取物中5-羟甲基糠醛含量的影响

研究在干燥复方赤灵芝提取物时5-羟甲基糠醛的含量变化并探索合适干燥方案。该研究采用了喷雾干燥、真空干燥、红外线干燥、热泵干燥、热风干燥以及真空冷冻干燥对复方赤灵芝提取物进行处理,研究了不同工艺参数下5-HMF含量变化。喷雾干燥的进料速度、通气量逐渐增加时5-HMF含量先增加后减少;真空干燥下5-HMF含量随干燥温度、物料厚度的增加而增加,5-HMF含量、水分含量随真空度的增加而降低（P<0.05）;红外线、热泵及热风干燥下5-HMF含量随温度升高而增加。真空冷冻干燥后样品5-HMF含量为779.29 mg/kg,加工时间为50 h,耗时最长。在各优选方案下真空干燥所得样品5-HMF及水分含量最低为774.32 mg/kg、4.97%,加工时间17 h,耗时最短,样品呈黑褐色,质脆硬,不易复溶。因此,为保证有害物质5-HMF含量最低同时综合加工时间等因素,应优先考虑真空干燥方式,但还需采取进一步措施改善产品外观及复溶性。     

Impact of high-pressure homogenization pretreatment on recovery of curcumin from turmeric by different combinations of extraction and drying methods

This study reports the effect of different extraction and drying techniques in the recovery of curcumin, where the impact of the pre-treatment step on turmeric rhizome using high-pressure homogenization (HPH) was evaluated. Soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by drying (oven drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying) were applied to HPH-treated and control (non-HPH) samples. The HPH treatment condition of 100 MPa for 10 cycles demonstrated the lowest particle sizes in the turmeric suspensions and the highest curcumin content in the aqueous supernatant. It was also found that HPH treatment increased the release of curcumin from the freeze-dried turmeric extracts obtained from SE (+76.2%) and UAE (+57.5%). Besides, freeze drying was the best drying method demonstrating higher antioxidant activity of extracts than other thermal drying methods. The total phenolic content was increased by about 65.5% upon HPH treatment on turmeric extract obtained from UAE followed by vacuum drying.     

Effect of hot air,vacuum and infrared drying methods on quality of rose hip (Rosa rubiginosa) leathers

For the development of fruit leathers, a formulation containing rose hip pulp, sucrose and citric acid was used as initial material for the drying process. Three dehydration techniques were tested: forced hot air, infrared and vacuum, all carried out at 60 and 70 °C. All methods led to flexible, translucent fruit leathers at both temperatures. Colour and water activity were not affected by the dehydration method nor by the temperatures tested. Nutritional parameters such as antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and content of phenolic substances were measured. The best retention was achieved with vacuum drying at 60 °C being of 57.5% and 25.1%, respectively. ESEM observations were conducted to assess the effect of drying methods and conditions on microstructure of leathers. Various extents of sucrose crystallisation were inferred from surface images. Cross‐sectional micrographs showed that the size of pores was affected by the drying technique but not by temperature in the range studied.     

不同前处理和冻结方式对苹果片真空冷冻干燥效率及干制品品质的影响

冻干前处理和冷却固化环节是果蔬冻干的关键工序,为进一步缩短干燥时间并提高干制品品质,该研究选用苹果片作为试验对象,采用超声波技术、真空冻结技术、超声波-真空冻结技术,将苹果片分为常规组、超声-常规组、真空冻结组、超声-真空冻结组,比较不同前处理方式对苹果片冻干效率及干制品品质的影响。结果表明,超声-常规组苹果片冻干效率最高,由16.00 h缩短至11.83 h;干制品复水比最大,较常规组增加了62.16%;色泽指标b*值由28.24降至19.46,颜色更加洁白;维生素C保留率最高,可达83.90%;硬度最小且松脆可口,感官评价最好。真空冻结组苹果片冻干时间由16.00 h缩短至14.17 h;干制品复水比较常规组增加了17.99%;色泽指标b*值由28.24降至22.98,颜色较为洁白;酥脆性良好且有较好的咀嚼感,感官评价良好。研究结果为苹果片在冻干前处理环节参数优化及新型果蔬脆片的开发提供参考。     

微波干燥条件对杏脯干燥特性与品质的影响

目的:提高杏脯的干燥效率及产品品质。方法:分别用转盘式微波炉(RMD)和微波对流耦合干燥机(MCD)干燥杏脯,考察微波功率、微波发射方式、切分程度及物料是否转动对杏脯干燥特性、焦化率、色值、感官品质及复水特性的影响,并与传统热风干燥(HD)进行比较。结果:与HD的1 040 min(16块)和840 min(48块)相比,微波干燥显著缩短干燥时间,不同微波干燥条件下所需的干燥时间为40～400 min;脉冲比越大或功率越高或物料尺寸越大,干燥所用时间越短,在MCD中控温微波干燥耗时最长。无论是在RMD还是不控温MCD中静态干燥,杏脯均出现严重的烧焦现象,焦化率为17%～100%,物料转动时焦化率高于静态干燥的,而在MCD中控温静态干燥避免了物料的烧焦现象,且MCD中控温静态干燥的杏脯色值和感官评价最接近HD的,复水比与HD仅相差3.45%～5.17%,获得最高的感官评价分(87.2分)。结论:MCD中控温静态干燥可以作为杏脯的高效干燥方法。     

Bestimmung der Oberflächen-pH-Wert-Änderung von getrocknetem und pilzbefallenem Fichten- und Pappelfurnier mit einer Oberflächenelektrode und einem colorimetrischem Verfahren

The literature on changes of chemical properties, especially the pH-values and the influence on wood gluing, during drying is briefly reviewed. Spruce and poplar veneers were dried under various conditions: by air, under vacuum and in the oven. The effect of fungal attack was investigated as well. The pH-value on the wood surface was determined with a flat glass electrode. The pH drops with time and temperature of drying and also duration of the fungal attack. The surface of veneer made of untreated and dried spruce, poplar and pine was characterized by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. The difference in the FTIR spectra is insignificant. Therefore this method is not applicable for the nondestructive analysis of wood just moderately dried. Poplar veneers were impregnated with citrate or phtalate puffers showing a pH from 4.0 to 6.0, graduated with 0.2 units, and then sprayed with various indicators. The “colour index” of the veneer after various drying times were determined with a Chromameter. From the six examined indicators a 0.1% bromocresolgreen-sodium-solution proved to be suitable. Air-drying of ten minutes gave more reproducible results. A subsequent two minute drying with an infrared lamp alter the “colour index”, but the coherence between colour coordinates a and b and pH-value is preserved. Buffer compound and indicator show an interaction. Only within a buffer system there is an attachement of indicator colour to a pH-value. Spruce and poplar veneer after being dried by various methods were sprayed with bromocresol-green-sodium-solution, and air dried for ten minutes. The colour index was then determined. After the determination the poplar veneers were dried for two minutes with an infra-red lamp, before they were measured again. Only in the oven dried specimens an attachement between colour coordinates a and b and pH, determined by surface pH-electrode, was established. The day light irradiation probably influences the colour index of the veneers. If the process should be applied to control the drying of wood particles or fibers, a short drying after spraying with the indicator solution should be pursuit. A continuous drying with infrared or micro wave should be examined.     

樱桃番茄渗透预处理热风干燥特性研究

为了提高干制品的营养保留率和品质,进行了渗透预处理联合热风干燥的工艺路线的实验研究。以樱桃番茄为例,分别对不同浓度(50%,70%)蔗糖溶液常压渗透以及真空渗透处理后热风干燥的干燥时间、干燥速率、样品体积比、Vc保留率、硬度、颜色等参数分别进行测定和比较。结果表明:渗透预处理可以除去新鲜樱桃番茄中的大部分自由水,从而减少其热风干燥时间,使产品在高温中的暴露时间减少,从而缩短整体干制时间、提高干制效率及营养品质。经渗透预处理的樱桃番茄干制产品的体积比和Vc保留率要比直接热风干燥的产品增加,而硬度大大下降;其中经浓度为50蔗糖溶液真空渗透预处理后干燥产品的体积比、Vc保留率以及硬度是直接70℃热风干燥的1.72、2.26和0.12倍;而且产品的色泽更加接近新鲜原料,使产品的口感和感官品质更好。研究表明,渗透预处理联合热风干燥是1种很有发展前景的制干工艺。     

干燥方式对黄桃果脯品质的影响

目的:筛选合适的黄桃果脯干燥方式。方法:采用热风干燥(HAD)、微波—热风干燥(MHD)、真空冷冻干燥(VFD)3种方式制成黄桃果脯,并对其物理特性、营养成分、感官及香气等指标进行分析。结果:相较传统HAD,MHD的效率提高了56.1%,且果脯色泽、营养成分、感官品质、香气成分和含量均显著优于HAD(P＜0.05);VFD黄桃果脯色泽最好、复水性最强,产品组织结构完整性最好,营养物质维生素C、总酚、可滴定酸含量最高,感官评分最高为91.58,香气成分及含量最多且独具有2-己烯醇和反式2-己烯醛两种香气成分。结论:与HAD相比,MHD的黄桃果脯各方面较优,更适于普通黄桃果脯生产;VFD的黄桃果脯品质最佳,但能耗大,成本高,推荐用于高品质果脯生产。     

Energy Consumption, Density, and Rehydration Rate of Vacuum Microwave- and Hot-Air Convection- Dehydrated Tomatoes

ABSTRACT: Vacuum to lower boiling temperature and microwaves for energy transfer can provide very rapid dehydration at low temperatures. Tomato sections were dehydrated in a batch convection air dryer (AD), a 16 kW vacuum microwave (VM) dryer, or by 1 of 3 combination processes. Drying rate of the 100% VM process was 18 times that of the 100% AD process. Only a slight falling rate effect was noted in VM drying AD and VM in sequence allowed the operator to choose any process time between 0.8 and 14.75 h. In this instance the least energy consumption occurred in the 100% VM process. Lowest energy cost was found for the 70% AD / 30% VM process. These results are expected to be strongly dependent upon the scale and design of dryers. Tomatoes finish-dried by VM exhibited a puffed structure associated with faster rehydration.     

Catalytic Infrared Dehydration of Onions

ABSTRACT:  Dehydrated onions are commonly dried with convection heating, which is inefficient and costly. This study compared the drying and quality characteristics of onion dried with catalytic infrared (CIR) heating and forced air convection (FAC) heating. Sliced high-solids onions were dehydrated under 9 conditions: CIR heating with and without air recirculation, and FAC each operated at 60, 70, and 80 °C. In general, CIR both with and without air recirculation had higher maximum drying rates, shorter drying times, and greater drying constants than FAC at moisture contents greater than 50% (d.b.). Dried onion quality, measured as pungency degradation, was similar for both the drying methods at 60 and 70 °C. The color analysis showed better product color (whiter and less yellow) at lower temperatures for CIR and higher temperatures for FAC. The browning could have been caused by the higher surface heat flux of the CIR heating and longer process times of FAC drying. Aerobic plate counts and coliform counts were not significantly different for either product from the CIR or FAC drying. However, samples dried by the CIR had significantly lower yeast and mold counts than those dried by the FAC. It is recommended that CIR be used in the early stages of onion drying.     

风鸡低温风干工艺研究及其品质评价

利用低温食品风干机模拟冬季自然环境低温、低湿、高强度对流空气条件干燥风鸡,采用单因素试验和正交试验方法研究风鸡的最佳风干工艺,对比分析低温风干与自然干燥及热风干燥3种干燥方式的产品品质差异。结果表明:风鸡的最佳低温风干工艺为8℃、50%湿度、风速1.5 m/s干燥72 h;低温风干与自然晾晒及热风干燥2种干燥方式相比,低温风干产品的外观、色泽、腊味产品品质优势明显。