HTPB/TDI粘结体系的固化反应动力学

为了解决工程应用中遇到的固化终点问题,采用等温与非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC法),通过模拟n级反应动力学模型,并根据Kissinger法、Crane法研究了高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)用端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)型粘结体系的固化反应动力学。结果表明,HTPB/TDI粘结体系固化反应的表观活化能为54.61kJ·mol~(-1),反应级数为0.87,指前因子为192.80s~(-1),固化反应热Hu为482.87J·g~(-1)。该体系的固化反应过程中存在自催化现象。加入二月桂酸二丁基锡(T12)催化剂后,粘结体系的固化反应速率增大、反应温度降低。拟合出了固化温度与固化时间之间的函数关系,当固化温度取60℃时,求得固化时间约为3.91天,与实际工程应用中的4~6天相符。     

非等温DSC研究Al/HTPB/TDI体系的固化反应动力学

采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了铝粉对端羟基聚丁二烯/甲苯二异氰酸酯体系(HTPB/TDI)固化反应动力学的影响.结果表明,HTPB/TDI体系的固化反应表观活化能约为51.826 kJ·mol-1,反应级数为0.926,指前因子为2.412×105 min-1; 加入铝粉后,体系的固化峰温降低,表观活化能、反应级数和指前因子分别提高至76.402 kJ·mol-1、0.944、2.53×108 min-1,机理函数仍遵循Avrami-Erofeev方程G(α)=[-ln(1-α)]n,只是方程中的指数n有所变化.铝粉对HTPB/TDI固化反应的影响表现为在反应程度18%前起加速作用,18%后起延缓作用.浅析了铝粉影响HTPB/TDI体系固化的原因.     

HTPB推进剂老化机理的分子模拟

为了研究HTPB推进剂的老化机理,采用量子化学方法,计算了端羟基聚丁二烯-甲苯二异氰酸酯(HTPB-TDI)固化体系中化学键的键能,搜索了HTPB推进剂老化过程中可能发生的四个氧化反应的过渡态。结果表明,与CH2基团相连的C—O键的键能最小,为244.95 kJ·mol-1,在老化降解过程最容易发生断裂。老化过程中可能发生的四种氧化交联反应的活化能均较小,小于HTPB-TDI固化分子降解断裂所需要的能量,说明氧化交联反应是HTPB推进剂老化的主要原因,其中生成三元环氧反应的活化能最小,为12.59 kJ·mol-1。     

PEG/IPDI与PEG/TDI固化反应动力学研究

用二正丁胺滴定法对聚乙二醇(PEG)/甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和PEG/异氟尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)反应体系分别进行了研究,得到了相应体系在不同温度下的反应速率常数和活化能;并探讨了PEG分子量、固化剂的活性、燃烧催化剂和温度等因素对固化反应动力学参数和活化能的影响。结果表明:异氰酸酯和PEG反应为二级反应;PEG/IPDI和PEG/TDI体系固化反应的活化能分别为46.89kJ.mol-1和41.12kJ.mol-1;两体系的反应速率常数随着固化剂的活性和温度的增加而变大。不同活性的固化剂和燃烧催化剂虽影响两体系的固化反应速率常数,但不影响反应级数。     

季戊四醇丙烯醛树脂体系固化动力学及流变特性

采用动态差示扫描量热法(DSC)对季戊四醇丙烯醛树脂体系的非等温固化反应动力学进行了研究。通过Kissinger方程和Crane方程对DSC数据进行了分析,得到固化反应的平均表观活化能为14.32kJ·mol-1,指前因子3.84×103 K,反应级数0.95,建立了该树脂体系的固化动力学模型,发现体系在10,15,20℃·min-1和30℃·min-1升温速率下的固化度分别为0.9503,0.9147,0.8871,0.8695,表明固化反应速率越慢,所得产物的固化度越高。采用粘度实验研究了季戊四醇丙烯醛树脂体系在341,347,353K和359K下固化过程的流变特性,并获得了该树脂体系的粘度模型。     

FT-IR法研究PBT粘合剂的固化反应动力学

为明确3,3-双(叠氮甲基)氧丁环-四氢呋喃共聚醚(PBT)粘合剂与常用固化剂的反应过程,利用傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱法研究了PBT/多异氰酸酯(N100)、PBT/甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和PBT/TDI/N100体系,50～80℃、TPB催化下的固化反应动力学。结果表明:PBT/N100在整个固化过程中遵循二级反应动力学规律,表观活化能63.10 kJ·mol~(-1),指前因子A=1.63×10~7h~(-1)。含有TDI的体系的固化过程均分为两段,但分段机理不同。PBT/TDI体系整个固化反应遵循二级反应动力学规律,但由于TDI上不同位置—NCO活性的差异,以转化率60%为界线分为两个阶段,转化率小于60%为第一阶段,转化率大于60%为第二阶段,相同温度下,第一阶段的反应速率明显高于第二阶段,两阶段的表观活化能分别为54.71 kJ·mol~(-1)和56.50 kJ·mol~(-1),指前因子分别为4.38×10~7h~(-1)和1.24×10~7h~(-1)。PBT/TDI/N100体系反应由于TDI和N100上—NCO活性的差异也分为两个阶段,转化率小于65%主要发生TDI扩链,表现为二级反应动力学,表观活化能为71.17 kJ·mol~(-1),指前因子A=4.58×10~8h~(-1);转化率大于65%主要发生N100交联,反应速率受扩散控制。TDI/N100复配时,指前因子较单一N100体系和单一TDI前后两阶段分别扩大了28,10,37倍,表明固化剂复配后反应活性位点增加。     

在线红外法研究季戊四醇丙烯醛树脂的预聚反应动力学

采用在线红外法研究了季戊四醇丙烯醛树脂的预聚反应动力学,在反应温度为338.15,348.15 K和358.15 K及催化剂硫酸二乙酯酸(DES)的用量为2%和4%时,监测反应体系中官能团=CH_2浓度的变化,计算得出了该聚合反应的动力学方程,并对固化产物的力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:该反应为二级反应,但该反应初期和后期的表观反应速率、反应活化能相差很大,当DES用量为2%时,反应初期和后期的活化能分别为36.5 kJ·mol~(-1)和49.6.kJ·mol~(-1);当DES用量为4%时,反应初期和后期的活化能分别为61.0 k J·mol~(-1)和69.1 kJ·mol~(-1);DES用量为2%和4%时,DES的用量对固化产物的力学性能影响不明显;反应温度对固化产物的力学性能有显著影响,当DES的用量为2%和4%时,出现在338.15 K时的最大抗拉强度分别为41.99 MPa和41.17 MPa,出现在358.15 K时的最大断裂延伸率分别为8.47%和7.27%。     

三-(硝基苯基)铋的合成与催化效果

以间硝基氯苯、对硝基氯苯与三氯化铋为原料,通过格氏反应和金属转移方法合成了三-(3-硝基苯基)铋(Ⅰa)和三-(4-硝基苯基)铋(Ⅰb)两种未见文献报道的含能铋络合物,其熔点分别为76~77℃和91~92℃。用差热分析(D TA)法研究了两种络合物对复合固体推进剂丁羟体系固化催化效果。结果表明,两种新型铋络合物对固体推进剂丁羟胶体系都有一定的固化催化效果,添加Ⅰb的丁羟胶体系固化温度为120.2℃,接近于常用的室温固化催化剂三-(乙氧基苯基)铋(TEPB)的放热峰温122.2℃。     

不同催化剂条件下HTPB/IPDI黏结剂体系的固化过程

为了解不同催化剂[二月桂酸二丁基锡(DBTDL)、乙酰丙酮铁(Fe AA)、辛酸亚锡(TECH)、三亚乙烯二胺(DABCO)、三苯基铋(TPB)、纳米氧化锌(nano-ZnO)]条件下HTPB/IPDI黏结剂体系的固化过程,采用黏度法研究了45℃时,不同催化剂作用下,端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)/异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)体系的黏度-时间关系,并探讨了固化反应速率的变化。结果表明,45℃时,无催化剂和不同催化剂作用下HTPB/IPDI体系的流变反应速率常数分别为:k_(blank)=0.002,k_(DBTDL)=0.045,k_(FeAA)=0.0439,k_(TECH)=0.0335,k_(DABCO)=0.0051,k_(TPB)=0.0036,k_(nano-ZnO)=0.0034。不同催化剂对HTPB/IPDI体系固化反应速率常数的影响效果为:DBTDLFe AATECHDABCOTPBnano-ZnO。在HTPB/IPDI体系中,使用DBTDL,Fe AA,TECH,DABCO,TPB,nano-ZnO作为催化剂时,黏结剂体系的适用期分别为0.3,0.7,1.9,6.7,16,18 h。通过固化过程中浆料适用期和反应速率常数k的变化情况分析,认为TPB更适合作为HTPB/IPDI体系的固化催化剂。黏度对数随时间的增长趋势均呈现出前期快后期慢,向图线右下方偏离的两阶段现象。造成这一现象的主要原因是由于IPDI中NCO基团反应活性的明显差异导致:IPDI中的伯NCO基受到环己烷环和甲基的位阻效应,其反应活性明显低于环上的仲NCO基的反应活性。     

PBT与BPS固化反应特性

为了解叠氮黏合剂/非异氰酸酯固化剂固化体系的反应特性,通过微量热法研究了3,3-双(叠氮甲基)环氧丁烷与四氢呋喃共聚醚(PBT)与非异氰酸酯固化剂-丁二酸二丙炔醇酯(BPS)黏结体系的固化反应过程,采用Kissinger法和Crane法计算了该黏结体系固化反应的动力学参数和特征温度,根据333.15、343.15、353.15和363.15 K四个等温条件下该黏结体系完全固化所需的时间拟合了完全固化时间与温度的方程.结果表明,PBT/BPS黏结体系固化反应的表观活化能为81.94 kJ·mol-1,指前因子为108.48 s-1,反应级数为0.93,固化反应热为-926.88 J·g-1;该黏结体系的凝胶温度为319.29 K,固化温度344.52 K,后固化温度为366.11 K;该黏结体系固化反应中存在自催化现象;拟合出的该黏结体系完全固化时间与温度之间的关系式为y=8.3345×104e-0.02309x-11.116.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Design and Implementation of One Missile Visual Simulation System Based on OpenGL

The implementation of a missile＇s visual simulation system is explained that is developed with OpenGL（open graphic library） and the flight path and flight carriage in different stages of the missile are displayed. The establishment problems of the 3D scene are circumstantiated including the construction and redeployment of the model, creation of the virtual scene, setting of the multi-viewports and multi-windows etc. The missile＇s data driver, system flow, the modules and their mutual relations of the missile visual simulation system are discussed. The missile flight simulation results and effect of the scenes are given.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Dynamic Encryption Technology in Ad-hoc Networks

A new dynamic encryption application in ad-hoc networks is proposed. The advantages of this method are its being able to use the previous ciphertext as a seed of a new encryption process, rendering the encryption process effective in all communication process by continuous dynamic key generation together with synchronization, and its capability to cut back on system bandages to a greater extent, which is valuable for the ad-hoc circumstance. In addition, the rationality and effectiveness of this novel encryption method have been verified by the test results.     

An Experimental Study on Electro Chemical Machining of Microelectrode

Puts forward a new method in machining microelectrode by electro chemical machining （ECM） and plastic deformed theory. The procedure of this method is to machine the microelectrode according to the basic rule of ECM theory at first. Then, with the change of ECM machining parameters, one of the microelectrode ends is exerted by a load. As a result, the elastic and plastic deformation is produced at the machining section and the microelectrode diameter is reduced. It has been proved that the proposed method can determine the optimum machining parameters to machine the microelectrode of Cu.     

Unscented Kalman Filter for Autonomous Warship Attitude Determination

To address a problem of autonomous attitude determination algorithm using gravitational field and geomagnetic field observation, a new recursive optimization autonomous attitude estimation algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is based on unscented Kalman fiher(UKF), and can synchronously provide the attitude rate information. The simulated results show that the measurement precision of the method could be increased by 2 times compared to that of the common methods.     

Error Coefficient Estimation of Inertial Platformin Its Calibration

The error coefficient estimation of inertial platform in the course of its consecutive ground calibration is studiedA separate-bias algorithm is adopted to estimate the error parameters effectively. The ill-conditioning problem of the equation solution caused by the huge state dimension is also resolved. And the simulation result shows its validity.