大孔吸附树脂分离纯化番石榴叶总皂苷的工艺研究

研究大孔吸附树脂分离纯化番石榴叶总皂苷的工艺条件.番石榴叶用70%乙醇回流提取后,上D101型大孔树脂,水洗后分别用30%,50%,70%乙醇洗脱,以番石榴叶总皂苷的洗脱率为指标,考察大孔树脂分离纯化番石榴叶总皂苷的吸附性能和洗脱参数.番石榴叶总皂苷主要富集于30%、50%乙醇洗脱液部分,大孔吸附树脂的吸附容量为17.53 mg·g-1,洗脱率达70.42%,而50%乙醇洗脱时总皂苷纯度可达55.68%,优选洗脱条件为用水洗去水溶性杂质,50%乙醇洗脱总皂苷.     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化追风伞总黄酮的研究

以总黄酮的吸附量、回收率及解吸率为考察指标,研究了大孔吸附树脂分离纯化追风伞总黄酮的工艺条件。通过静态吸附实验比较了7种不同类型大孔吸附树脂的吸附特性,确定了D101型大孔吸附树脂用于追风伞总黄酮的纯化富集。通过动态吸附实验,确定了D101型大孔吸附树脂分离纯化追风伞总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为:上样液浓度1.839 mg.mL-1,上样流速为2.0 mL.min-1,洗脱剂为70%乙醇,洗脱剂用量为6 BV。在此条件下,D101型大孔吸附树脂对追风伞总黄酮的动态饱和吸附量为80.05 mg.g-1,纯化后追风伞总黄酮的纯度达到86.2%。D101型大孔吸附树脂可以较好地分离纯化追风伞总黄酮。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化荔枝核总皂苷的工艺研究

目的:研究D-101型大孔吸附树脂吸附提取荔枝核总皂苷的工艺条件及参数。方法:以荔枝核总皂苷为考察指标,研究不同浓度乙醇洗脱溶剂对其总皂苷分离纯化工艺条件的影响。结论:60%的乙醇为最佳的洗脱剂浓度。     

大孔树脂分离纯化沙芥黄酮的工艺研究

用大孔吸附树脂分离纯化沙芥总黄酮,比较了7种大孔树脂对沙芥总黄酮的静态吸附动力学特性,优选出D-4020型大孔吸附树脂分离纯化沙芥总黄酮,并对其进行动态吸附实验。结果表明,D-4020纯化沙芥总黄酮的最佳工艺参数为:上样液浓度0.4 mg/mL,pH值5,上样流速2 mL/min;使用4BV用量95%的乙醇作为洗脱剂,洗脱流速为2 mL/min。采用该工艺分离纯化沙芥总黄酮含量达40.91%。     

大孔树脂分离纯化沙芥黄酮的工艺研究

用大孔吸附树脂分离纯化沙芥总黄酮,比较了7种大孔树脂对沙芥总黄酮的静态吸附动力学特性,优选出D-4020型大孔吸附树脂分离纯化沙芥总黄酮,并对其进行动态吸附实验。结果表明,D-4020纯化沙芥总黄酮的最佳工艺参数为：上样液浓度0.4 mg/mL,pH值5,上样流速2 mL/min;使用4BV用量95%的乙醇作为洗脱剂,洗脱流速为2 mL/min。采用该工艺分离纯化沙芥总黄酮含量达40.91%。     

大孔吸附树脂纯化细梗香草总皂苷的工艺研究

筛选纯化细梗香草总皂苷的最佳大孔树脂,采用单因素试验和正交设计试验优化细梗香草总皂苷的大孔吸附树脂纯化工艺。结果表明,DM130型大孔树脂对细梗香草总皂苷的吸附性能良好,优化后的纯化工艺条件为:上样药液浓度0. 25 g生药·mL~(-1)(p H=8),上样流速4 BV·h~(-1),吸附0. 5 h,依次用蒸馏水、40%乙醇、70%乙醇洗脱4 BV,洗脱流速4 BV·h~(-1)。在此条件下,细梗香草总皂苷的洗脱率达92. 03%,纯度50. 37%。     

大孔树脂对川楝子总黄酮的分离纯化

通过对两种大孔树脂对川楝子总黄酮的吸附与解析性能研究,得出D101大孔树脂的吸附率与解析率较高,并优选出D101大孔树脂对川楝子总黄酮进行分离纯化的最佳工艺条件:上样浓度为3g/L,上样流速为3BV/h,洗脱剂为60%乙醇-水溶液,洗脱速率为3BV/h,洗脱剂体积为3BV。     

大孔树脂对二醇型、三醇型人参皂苷的纯化研究

分析大孔树脂与人参皂苷之间的吸附行为,优化大孔树脂分离人参皂苷的条件。选用6种大孔树脂(D101、HPD-100、AB-8、NKA-9、ADS-7、DM130),以二醇型人参皂苷(Rg₁、Re、Rg₂)和三醇型人参皂苷(Rc、Rb₁、Rd)的含量为评判指标,进行吸附率、解吸率与吸附容量比较,发现纯化人参皂苷的最适大孔树脂为HPD-100。然后对其静态吸附时间、吸附温度、吸附初始浓度与动态加载流速、加载量、洗脱溶剂等进行考察,筛选最佳纯化工艺。二醇型人参皂苷与三醇型人参皂苷在HPD-100大孔树脂上静态吸附量为109 mg/g,吸附率分别为99.93%与56%,解吸率分别为96.4%与98.5%,静态最佳吸附时间为190 min,吸附初始浓度为32 mg/mL,温度为35℃,动态加载流速为4 BV/h(每小时4个柱体积),加载量8 BV(柱体积),洗脱剂为40%和60%乙醇。最终三醇型皂苷的纯化率为66%,二醇型皂苷的纯化率为52%。表明HPD-100D大孔树脂可以用于二醇型人参皂苷和三醇型人参皂苷的分离纯化。     

大孔吸附树脂纯化紫花地丁总黄酮工艺研究

目的 :研究大孔树脂分离纯化紫花地丁总黄酮的工艺。方法:采用静态吸附-解吸法考察9种大孔树脂对紫花地丁总黄酮的吸附和解吸性能,筛选树脂型号;以总黄酮浓度为指标考察各因素对D101大孔树脂纯化紫花地丁总黄酮的影响。结果:选用D101型大孔吸附树脂,最佳工艺条件为:吸附流速为1 mL/min、上样量为110 mL(黄酮质量分数为1.93 mg/mL)和8BV的70%乙醇进行洗脱,并经3次工艺验证试验得紫花地丁总黄酮质量分数为61.84%、62.88%、61.96%。结论:该方法简单可行,分离效果好,可为工业生产提供参考。     

大孔树脂分离纯化三七叶总皂苷工艺的研究

目的 :探索以D101型大孔吸附树脂分离纯化三七叶总皂苷的工艺条件及参数。方法 :以总皂苷及人参皂苷Rb3的吸附率和解吸附率为指标,对大孔树脂分离纯化三七叶总皂苷的工艺条件进行考察,并对其吸附量和解析曲线进行了探索。结果 :药材与湿树脂量比为4:10,上柱流速为1.5m L/min,重复上样两次,分别用3倍体积的水、3倍体积70%乙醇洗脱,收集70%乙醇洗脱液,减压、浓缩、干燥,即得总皂苷提取物。提取物中总皂苷含量65%;人参皂苷Rb3含量3.5%,总皂苷提取物得率约为13%。结论该工艺简便、重复性好,可用于三七叶中总皂苷的提取纯化。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.