SF6/N2混合气体绝缘特性的实验研究

目前绝大多数气体绝缘开关设备采用SF₆气体绝缘,SF₆泄漏导致严重的环保问题,人们迫切希望少采用或不采用SF₆气体,以降低对环境的污染。为此,试验研究SF₆和SF₆/N₂混合气体在不同混合比、不同压力以及在不同电场结构下的击穿特性,并与SF₆气体的绝缘性能进行比较,试验结果表明：在N₂中注入20%~30%的SF₆气体后,SF₆/N₂混合气体绝缘性能指标可以达到纯SF₆气体的80%左右,但若继续增加SF₆气体的配比,则其耐电强度上升的幅度明显变慢;此外,试验研究还发现,极不均匀电场会大大降低气体的耐击穿电压强度。试验研究证明了采用SF₆/N₂混合气体代替纯SF₆气体的技术方案的可行性。     

SF_6/N_2混合气体电击穿特性仿真及实验

通过求解两项近似Boltzmann方程,得到SF_6/N_2的放电参数,并将该参数引入流体模型。结合有限元法和通量校正传输法对SF_6/N_2的流注放电过程进行循环迭代求解,计算其击穿电压。以均匀电场中压强0.1~0.6MPa、间隙5mm为例进行数值模拟,通过气体放电实验对计算结果进行验证。根据计算及实验结果得到不同混合比、压强下SF_6/N_2的协同效应系数,分析采用上述计算方法研究混合气体协同效应的准确性。为更全面地反映混合气体应用条件,进一步开展压强低于0.1MPa的SF_6/N_2击穿特性实验研究。研究表明:随着电子崩不断向前发展,放电间隙的空间电子数密度快速增长,SF_6放电过程中的空间电子数密度增长速度低于SF_6/N_2。0.1MPa下20%SF_6/80%N_2放电5ns时的电子数密度峰值达到4.6×1014m~(-3),而SF_6中该值仅为3.7×1012m~(-3)。当气压为0.1~0.6MPa时,SF_6/N_2击穿电压计算值与实测值的最大误差为9.23%,协同效应系数计算值随压强、混合比的变化趋势与实验结果相符,误差均值为5%。0.02~0.08MPa下SF_6/N2击穿电压、协同效应系数随压强、混合比的变化趋势与0.1~0.6MPa下的基本相同。     

不均匀电场下CF3SO2F混合气体的工频击穿特性

在球-球和尖-板电极下测量了新型环保绝缘混合气体CF₃SO₂F/N₂和CF₃SO₂F/CO₂的工频击穿电压，分析了气压、电极间距和电场不均匀度等因素对混合气体工频击穿特性的影响，并与SF₆进行了对比。结果表明：稍不均匀电场下CF₃SO₂F混合气体的工频击穿电压与气压为正向线性关系，随间距增长击穿电压出现微弱的饱和趋势。极不均匀电场下CF₃SO₂F混合气体的工频击穿电压随气压变化呈现“上升-下降-上升”的“驼峰”曲线，“驼峰”峰值对应的气压值在0.2～0.35 MPa之间。其中CF₃SO₂F/N₂混合气体的工频击穿电压整体大于CF₃SO₂F/CO₂混合气体。在0.3 MPa及以上，CF₃SO     

电场不均匀度对C4F7N/空气混合气体工频绝缘性能的影响

干燥空气作为性能优异的缓冲气体与C₄F₇N气体混合后具有替代纯SF₆气体的潜力。目前,关于C₄F₇N/空气混合气体的研究主要集中于均匀电场下的绝缘性能,对其在不均匀电场下的击穿特性研究较少。在6种不同电场条件下,通过工频击穿实验探究电场不均匀度、气压、混合比对C₄F₇N/空气混合气体工频绝缘性能的影响,计算分析了不同C₄F₇N体积分数的C₄F₇N/空气混合气体的液化温度及GWP值,给出了可替代纯SF₆气体的混合比例及应用条件。结果表明,电场不均匀度较低时,随着气压升高、C₄F₇N体积分数的增大,C₄F₇N/空气混合气体工频绝缘性能逐渐接近甚至超过纯SF₆气体,电场不均匀度较高时,C₄F_7...     

CF4/CO2混合气体工频击穿特性的试验研究

SF₆是目前电气设备中广泛使用的气体绝缘介质,但其产生的温室效应对环境影响极大,因此,研究能替代SF₆的环保型气体绝缘介质具有重要的意义。CF₄是一种具有低温室效应指数（global warming potential, GWP）和低液化温度的强电负性气体。通过工频击穿试验,研究了CF₄/CO₂混合气体的工频击穿特性,并对其协同效应和GWP值进行分析。结果表明：CF₄混合比为50%的CF₄/CO₂混合气体的绝缘强度能达到纯CF₄的90%左右,同时GWP值低,具有用于气体绝缘的潜力;CF₄/CO₂混合气体的协同效应值在0.12~0.38,表现出明显的协同效应。     

基于ETG-通量校正传输法的短间隙SF_6/N_2混合气体流注放电数值仿真

利用粒子输运方程及耦合泊松方程,研究了短间隙中10%~90%SF_6/N_2混合气体在不同阶段的流注放电特性。针对流注头部粒子空间分布出现陡梯度问题,基于不均匀的三角元网格剖分,采用Euler-Taylor-Galerkin(ETG)格式对粒子连续性方程进行时间离散,利用通量校正传输法(FCT)对离散后的方程进行求解,可以明显提高计算准确度和减小数值扩散。基于以上算法,考虑电子与SF_6/N_2中性混合气体的电离、复合、吸附以及光电离等过程,对短间隙气体流注放电过程进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,初始场强的大小影响流注的发展,随着流注发展,流注头部空间电荷加剧了两极板间的电场畸变,间隙击穿时流注头部电子浓度达到10~(20)/m~3,最大空间场强达到114k V/cm;光电离对加速流注的形成和发展有很大的影响;仿真结果也验证了ETG-FCT法应用于气体放电研究的有效性。     

均匀电场下SF_6/CF_4流注放电数值模拟

文中从气体放电过程中微观粒子的运动特性出发,针对均匀电场中SF_6/CF_4混合气体的流注放电特性进行数值模拟。基于两项近似求解Boltzmann方程的方法,得到不同压强、混合比下SF_6/CF_4的电子能量分布(electron energy distribution function,EEDF)。根据EEDF计算折合电离系数和折合吸附系数,将该放电参数引入流体模型,以气体压强0.1 MPa、间隙距离5 mm为例模拟SF_6/CF_4的流注放电过程,研究放电过程中空间电子数密度随时间和空间的变化规律。结果表明:混合比一定时α/N随E/N的增大显著提高,E/N一定时混合气体中CF_4体积分数越高α/N值越大;随着电子崩向前发展,崩头的电子迅速增长,放电5 ns时电子数密度峰值达到9.7×10~(12)m~(-3),当间隙完全击穿,电极间形成等离子体导电通道,此时空间电子数密度分布基本均匀,电子数密度达到10~(17)数量级。     

SF6/N2混合气体在126kV气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备中的应用

在役的大部分气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(GIS)使用绝缘性能较好的SF₆气体作为绝缘介质。为实现“双碳”目标,开展绝缘气体的替代研究以控制SF₆气体的使用与排放有助于提升电力设备的环境友好性。为实现SF₆/N₂混合气体在126kV GIS中的应用,首先确定126kV SF₆/N₂混合气体型GIS的基本参数,并通过建立各单元的有限元模型进行仿真计算,验证了设计的可行性。型式试验的顺利通过表明,在维持现有GIS结构的前提下,适当混合比及充气压力的SF₆/N₂混合气体能保证GIS的正常运行。     

SF6/N2混合气体替代纯SF6气体的145kV三工位隔离接地开关研究

SF₆气体是一种极严重的温室气体,在电力设备中被大量使用,如何有效减少SF₆气体的使用成为当前的研究热点。本文以SF₆/N₂混合气体作为研究对象,采用现有145kV三工位隔离接地开关进行SF₆气体替代研究。经过试验验证表明,若开关设备的隔板、壳体满足压力要求,使用SF₆/N₂混合气体能够替代纯SF₆气体,可以满足应用要求。     

同轴场域SF_6/N_2混合气体电晕放电特性的仿真研究

采用SF6/N2混合气体绝缘介质的气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路(GIL)作为电缆和架空线的有效补充,将在电力发展中起到重要作用。为更好地理解其放电特性,建立了同轴电场中流注电晕放电的二维流体模型,综合考虑了SF6/N2混合气体放电过程中空间光电离与阴极光发射作用,采用有限元-通量校正传输法(FEM-FCT)求解。仿真表明:流注电晕对空间电场有均匀作用,外施电压幅值低时流注电晕经过一段时间后会消失,幅值高时流注电晕容易发展为不稳定放电;SF6/N2混合气体起始放电时间较SF6气体迟,但绝缘性能较差;空间光电离作用强于阴极光发射的作用。     

Partial discharge and breakdown mechanisms in ultra-dilute SF6/N2 gas mixtures

With the goal of reducing SF₆ gas usage, we investigated partial discharge (PD) and breakdown (BD) mechanisms in ultra-dilute (0 to 1%) SF₆/N₂ gas mixtures. The experimental results and discussions are given in this paper. In particular, we focused our research on the transition characteristics of the electrical insulation performance with an extremely small amount of SF₆ content, the PD behavior on the applied voltage, and the relation among prebreakdown streamer, return stroke and BD. Moreover, we discussed the PD and so mechanisms with reference of space charge behavior. From these results, the transition threshold at which the influence of SF₆ gas on the discharge characteristics began to appear, was clarified to be SF₆ content k=10 ppm for a total pressure of 0.1 MPa     

Breakdown Characteristics of N2O Gas Mixtures for Quasiuniform Electric Field under Lightning Impulse Voltage

From the viewpoint of mitigating global warming by SF₆ gas, this paper discusses breakdown (BD) characteristics of different electronegative gas mixtures with N₂O gas as SF₆ gas substitutes for quasi-uniform electric field under lightning impulse voltage applications. Experimental results revealed the positive synergism in breakdown strength of binary N₂O / CO₂ and ternary N₂O / CO₂ / O₂ gas mixtures, respectively. Furthermore, N₂ gas as a retardant gas was also mixed with the electronegative gas mixtures in order to reduce the electron energy into the effective levels of electron attachment ability by the electronegative gas mixtures. As the result, ternary N₂O / CO₂ / N₂ and quaternary N₂O / CO₂ / O₂ / N₂ gas mixtures could exhibit the significant synergistic effect in breakdown strength. The optimum mixture rate of quaternary N₂O / CO₂ / O₂ / N₂ gas mixtures was consistent with that estimated by assuming the independent contribution of component gases to the improvement of impulse BD characteristics.     

Comparison of SF6/N2 and SF6/CO2 gas mixtures as alternatives to SF6 gas

The interest in SF₆ gas mixtures has been re-ignited in recent years by the issue of the greenhouse effect of the SF₆ gas, and most research work is now focused on a SF₆/N₂ gas mixture, which is suitable for application in electrical apparatus with slightly non-uniform fields. This paper presents a comparison of SF₆/N₂ and SF₆/CO₂ gas mixtures with a viewpoint of their possible applications to gas-insulated transformers, where both highly non-uniform field problems and partial discharges in gas/film insulation are inevitable. It is shown that in this case the dielectric strength of SF₆/CO₂ is superior to that of SF₆/N ₂ with a minor disadvantage related to the gas decomposition in SF₆/CO₂. However, this may not be a problem for the SF₆/CO₂ gas mixture to be used in gas-insulated transformers, where internal breakdown is not allowed     

SF6/N2 mixtures: basic and HV insulationproperties

The widespread use of SF₆ by the electric power and other industries has led to increased concentrations of SF₆ in the atmosphere. This causes concern as to possible effects on global warming, because SF₆ is a potent greenhouse gas. This paper first touches on this issue and then documents the behavior of high pressure gases such as N₂ and SF₆/N₂ mixtures that can be realistically considered as acceptable intermediate or long-term replacements for pure SF₆ in some HV applications. The possible use of dilute SF₆/N₂ mixtures as an alternative to pure SF₆ for some of industry's insulation needs (albeit at higher pressure) is documented, and existing knowledge on these mixtures and on the individual components (N₂ and SF₆), both basic and applied, is compiled. A guide to existing literature is provided     

Very fast transient overvoltages in GIS with compressed SF6-N2 gas mixtures

This paper discusses the characteristics of very fast transient overvoltages (VFTO) in SF₆-N₂ gas mixtures at different percentages of SF₆. A comparison of the VFTO characteristics of pure SF₆ with those of pure N₂ is also presented. The investigations are performed using a laboratory model GIS bus duct having a test gap used for simulating a switching event leading to the generation of VFTO. A capacitive voltage sensor is used to measure the VFTO peak magnitude and temporal characteristics. Measurements were carried out at two different gap spacings (0.20 and 0.61 mm) over a pressure range of 100 to 500 kPa. VFTO characteristics for N₂, SF₆ and SF₆-N₂ mixtures obtained from the experiments show similar trends. The level of surge peak magnitude is <2.0 pu for all cases when the gap was 0.20 mm, but it reaches a maximum of 2.41 pu at 0.61 mm gap. At 0.20 mm gap, in SF₆-N₂ mixtures, the difference in peak magnitudes is not significant for 10% and 20% SF₆ mixtures (between 200 and 400 kPa) and also for pure SF₆ and 40% SF ₆ (between 200 and 300 kPa). The occurrence of corona stabilization during breakdown of the gap may be the cause for such a behavior. Unlike the above observations at 0.20 mm gap, at 0.61 mm gap, the peak magnitudes strictly increase with pressure for the pure gases and gas mixtures. At 0.20 mm gap, the time to breakdown of the gap is found to be almost constant in all cases. But at 0.61 mm gap, the time to breakdown is seen to be dependent on the mixture, pressure, and breakdown voltage, and this observation is in accordance with Toepler's spark law     

AC particle-triggered corona discharge in low pressure SF/sub 6/ gas

This paper deals with AC particle-triggered corona discharge as a follow-up to our previous research with DC voltage to clarify the particle-triggered corona discharge process in SF₆ gas. Corona current pulses, charges associated with a corona current pulse, and corona light pulses were observed with an aluminum ellipsoidal particle suspended in a parallel plane electrode system under a SF₆ gas pressure range of 30 kPalesPles50 kPa by changing the particle position. Corona mode, phase (Phi)-charge (q) characteristics as well as corona discharge processes were discussed and the following results were obtained. AC corona mode depended on the instantaneous applied voltage, voltage gradient as well as the particle position and then, the Phi-q characteristics were also affected by those parameters. Charges flow into the floating particle due to coronas on the both tips of particle and excite field fluctuations around the opposite side of particle in addition to the applied AC field. The field fluctuation in SF₆ gas by the corona charges was about 4% of the applied field and much lower than that in air gap which was about 70%. That is, the corona development was suppressed effectively by high electron affinity of SF₆ gas even in the case of floating particle. The less effective interference between coronas on the both side of particle in SF₆ gas results in an obscure local minimum in the breakdown voltage characteristics as the particle is in the vicinity of electrode as contrasted with a drastic fall in the breakdown voltage by the particle in air     

Anomalous creeping flashover characteristics in N2/SF6 mixed gas under single pulse voltage

Creeping flashover characteristics for the needle electrode-plane electrode filled with N₂/SF₆ gas mixtures have been investigated. In the case of the needle-plane configuration, the flashover voltage was enhanced by an admixture of SF₆ into N ₂. On the other hand, by the insertion of a solid dielectric barrier between the needle and the plane, only the negative creeping flashover voltage was reduced drastically by the admixture of SF₆ gas into N₂ gas, and a highly emissive region at the top of a creeping corona was found in N₂/SF₆ gas mixture. This behavior is strongly affected by the creeping corona extension process, depending on the creeping distance and the gas pressure     

Applicability of simple expressions for electrical breakdownprobability increase in vacuum and gas

Simple analytical expressions for the law of breakdown probability increase are suggested. They are tested by comparing with experimental data obtained by impulse and DC breakdown. The pressure 10^-4 Pa and interelectrode gaps d<0.1 mm are used for vacuum, and the pressure 1 bar-5 bars and the interelectrode gaps 1 mm-50 mm are used for gas breakdown. The insulation gas was a SF₆, N₂ and gas-mixture: SF₆-N₂. It is concluded that such a simplified approach is not appropriate for vacuum. It is also concluded that, for gas, the BPI (breakdown probability increase) law, in the form of a simple expression, is valid in the considered range of relevant experimental parameters     

Recovery of SF6 from N2/SF6 gasmixtures by using a polymer membrane

The investigation of gas recovery from N₂/SF₆ gas mixtures using a polymer membrane has been reported. It has been shown that the purity of recovered gas, the recovery loss, and the gas handling speed depend on various parameters such as original gas mixing ratio, gas feeding pressure, gas flow rate, and temperature of the membrane. A gas recovering system with two membrane separators connected in cascade has proved to be very efficient in attaining high purity in a recovered gas, with negligibly small recovery loss and high handling speed for practical use. Furthermore, this system could be applied for CO₂/SF₆, He/SF ₆ and even for ternary mixtures such as N₂/CO₂/SF₆ without any modification in the system, where we expect much better performance in comparison with N ₂/SF₆