复配型面包品质改良剂在板栗面包中的应用

首次利用面包品质改良剂对板栗面包的焙烤品质及延缓老化的作用效果进行了研究。依据各种改良剂对面包防老化效果的不同,确定出试验用改良剂为黄原胶、α-淀粉酶、单甘酯。分别以三种面包品质改良剂做单因素实验,实验结果表明:当黄原胶以板栗粉与面包粉总重量的0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%的比例添加到板栗面包中时,对板栗面包的感官品质及老化指标均产生了显著影响,当添加量为1%时,不但板栗面包具有良好的焙烤品质而且延缓了面包的老化;当α-淀粉酶按不同的比例添加时,在添加量为0.01%或0.005%时,板栗面包的抗老化效果及焙烤性能均较对照组好,但当添加量为0.03%、0.06%时,致使板栗面包芯发粘,面包醒发性能受阻;在单甘酯的单因素实验中,不同添加量的单甘酯对板栗面包的老化均有延缓作用,但对面包的焙烤品质均产生负面影响。选择几种改良剂的较优添加量做正交实验,实验结果表明:在板栗面包制作过程中按板栗粉及面包粉总重用量添加1.5%黄原胶、0%α-淀粉酶、0.3%单甘酯时,板栗面包具有良好的焙烤品质,且在贮存7d后,面包芯硬度比对照组下降44%,延缓了面包老化,延长了其货架期。     

响应面法优化板栗面包复合改良剂的研究

利用响应面分析法优化三种面包改良剂在板栗面包中的添加量.以板栗面包评分为评价指标,在考察单因素对板栗面包抗老化效果及面包评分影响的基础上,利用Box-Beheken响应面分析法确定三种改良剂的最佳组合.实验表明:在板栗面包制作过程中按板栗粉及面包粉总质量添加0％α-淀粉酶、1.1％黄原胶、0.3％单甘酯时,板栗面包具有良好的焙烤品质,且在贮存7d后,面包芯硬度比对照组下降46.4％,有效延缓了面包老化,延长了其货架期.     

板栗粉对面包老化及品质影响的研究

通过探讨板栗粉对面包焙烤品质、面包贮存过程中的老化程度的影响,结果表明,适量添加板栗粉可以增加面包的体积和比容,改善面包芯的硬度,对提高面包的营养和感官品质有促进作用,同时可有效地延缓面包的老化,延长其货架期.板栗粉最佳添加量为7.5%,体积增加55.7%,比容增加68.1%,硬度减少20%,老化速度减慢.     

复配型面包品质改良剂的实验研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验对延缓面包老化速度的一些添加剂进行了研究.试验表明,在面包制作中按面粉用量添加0.09%α-淀粉酶、1%脱脂大豆粉、2%黄原胶、0.3%单甘酯、0.1%丙二醇脂肪酸酯和0.1%三聚甘油单硬脂酸酯时,面包的老化得到了很大程度的控制,品质得到了保证.     

豆腐渣在面包中的应用研究

豆腐渣是加工豆腐、豆浆等产品的副产物,富含膳食纤维、蛋白质等营养成分,将其添加到面包中能够改善面包的营养价值。研究了豆腐渣粉、谷朊粉、异抗坏血酸钠、葡萄糖氧化酶、α-淀粉酶、单硬脂酸甘油酯、黄原胶添加量对面包品质的影响,结果显示,豆腐渣粉替代面粉的量以10%为宜,添加8%的谷朊粉能够显著改善豆渣面包的品质,添加1～5mg/100g的葡萄糖氧化酶、0.6mg/100g的α-淀粉酶、0.6%的单硬脂酸甘油酯或0.4%的黄原胶对豆渣面包品质有一定的改良作用。豆腐渣面包的最佳配方为：面包粉90g、豆腐渣粉10g、谷朊粉8g、酵母1.5g、食盐1.0g、砂糖10g、单硬脂酸甘油酯0.6g。     

板栗淀粉、蛋白质及全粉的特性及在面包中应用研究

基于淀粉和蛋白质对面包品质至关重要,分析板栗粉、板栗淀粉及板栗蛋白的特性,并探索对面包品质的影响。板栗粉中淀粉（52.87%）、蛋白质（6.58%）均低于高筋小麦粉。与小麦淀粉相比,板栗淀粉更易溶胀、糊化,但热稳定性较差。与小麦蛋白相比,板栗蛋白的α-螺旋含量(10.6%)较低,无规卷曲（34.4%）较高。这些特性正好反映了,随着板栗粉的添加量提高,板栗粉-小麦粉混合粉粉质品质和面包比容均呈下降趋势。当板栗粉添加量为10%时,面包体积最大、气孔细密、评分最佳。     

汤种和食品添加剂对面包老化的影响

本实验主要研究了面包汤种、海藻糖、羟丙基甲基纤维素、真菌α-淀粉酶对面包比容、硬度、水分含量、老化焓值及感官品质的影响。结果表明：汤种及食品添加剂的添加能够有效降低面包老化焓值,改善面包品质,当汤种制备水温为100℃、汤种制备面水比为1:1、汤种添加量为20%,海藻糖、羟丙基甲基纤维素、真菌α-淀粉酶的添加量分别为0.85%、2%、0.4×10-4%（以高筋粉计）,面包老化程度低,口感好,在4℃下贮藏23天后的老化焓值为575.4451 J/g。因此,汤种和添加剂能够有效延缓面包老化和品质下降。     

膨化黑米粉对面包品质影响研究

以膨化黑米粉为主要原料,通过探讨添加膨化黑米粉对面粉粉质、面包焙烤品质及面包贮存过程中老化程度影响,以期制作高质量黑米面包。试验结果表明,添加膨化黑米粉对面团流变性有一定副作用,在不超过8%添加量时影响很小,若超过8%添加量,则性质急剧下降,不适于生产,通过焙烤实验,添加膨化黑米粉可大大改善面包风味,结合储藏实验,在添加量不超过8%情况下面包各理化指标变化不大。     

复合添加剂对面包品质的改良作用

研究了葡萄糖氧化酶、α-淀粉酶、维生素C、谷朊粉单一添加与复合添加后对面团粉质曲线特性、拉伸曲线特性及焙烤特性的影响.结果表明当葡萄糖氧化酶添加量为40 mg/kg、α-淀粉酶添加量为3 mg/kg、维生素添加量为40 mg/kg、谷朊粉添加量为5‰时,面包的品质得到明显改善.     

两种乳化剂对冷冻麻薯坯及其烘烤品质的影响

为分别探究蔗糖脂肪酸酯及单硬脂酸甘油酯单独使用时对冷冻麻薯坯及其烘烤品质的影响,对添加不同乳化剂品种及用量的混粉进行糊化特性检测;对冷冻麻薯坯进行动态流变学特性以及水分分布检测;对冷冻麻薯坯烘烤后进行质构、比容测定和感官评价。结果表明：两种乳化剂均使混粉的衰减值与回生值降低,最大下降量分别为279.00 cP和173.50 cP;适量添加乳化剂可以改善冷冻麻薯坯的弹性模量、黏性模量以及水分分布状态,延缓水分迁移;烘烤品质中,加入两种乳化剂使麻薯面包硬度与对照组相比均降低;比容有所改善;当蔗糖酯添加量为0.40%、单甘酯添加量为0.15%时,综合感官评分分别为84.5和81.0,风味较好。因此,蔗糖酯添加量为0.40%和单甘酯添加量为0.15%对冷冻麻薯坯及其烘烤品质均有较好改善效果。     

Image Analysis of Gluten-free Breads Prepared with Chestnut and Rice Flour and Baked in Different Ovens

In this study, the effects of chestnut flour and xanthan–guar gum blend–emulsifier DATEM mixture addition on macro- and microstructure of rice breads baked in conventional and infrared–microwave combination ovens were investigated by using the images obtained by a scanner and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pore area fraction, pore size distribution, and roundness values of pores were determined. The highest pore area fraction values were obtained in breads prepared by replacement of 46 % of rice flour with chestnut flour containing xanthan–guar gum blend–DATEM mixture and baked in an infrared–microwave combination oven. On the other hand, rice breads containing no additives or chestnut flour had the lowest pore area fraction values. Infrared–microwave combination baking increased both pore area fraction values and total number of pores. Infrared–microwave combination baking caused approximately 23–28 % increase in number of the small pores (0–5 mm²) in rice breads and 71 % increase in number of the large pores (>10 mm²) in chestnut–rice breads. The fiber content and larger starch granules of chestnut flour contributed towards the stabilization of gas bubbles resulting in better crumb structure. More homogenous pore distributions were observed when additives and an infrared–microwave combination oven were used. When microstructure of gluten-free breads was investigated, it was seen that starch granules in chestnut–rice breads baked in an infrared–microwave combination oven did not disintegrate completely.     

Optimisation of formulations and infrared–microwave combination baking conditions of chestnut–rice breads

The main objective of this study was to design gluten‐free breads containing chestnut and rice flour and xanthan–guar gum blend to be baked in infrared–microwave combination oven. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise gluten‐free bread formulations and processing conditions. Weight loss, firmness, specific volume and colour change of the breads were determined. Rice flour mixed with different proportions of chestnut flour and different emulsifier contents were used to prepare breads. The gluten‐free formulations were baked using different upper halogen lamp powers, microwave powers and baking time which were varied from 40% to 80%, 30% to 70% and 9 to 17 min, respectively. Gluten‐free breads and wheat breads baked in conventional oven were used for comparison. Breads containing 46.5% chestnut flour and 0.62% emulsifier and baked using 40% infrared and 30% microwave power for 9 min had statistically comparable quality with conventionally baked ones.     

NaCl浓度、多糖以及小分子乳化剂对全蛋粉乳化性质的影响

以全蛋粉(WEP)为乳化剂制备水包油型乳状液,以乳化活性(EAI)和乳化稳定性(ESI)为乳化性质的指标,研究盐、多糖以及小分子乳化剂对全蛋粉乳化性质的影响以及不同乳状液在高温下的耐热性。单因素试验表明:全蛋粉乳化性质分别在NaCl、黄原胶以及单甘酯的添加量为0.5 mol/L、0.08%、0.06%时达到最大值。正交试验结果表明:各因素对全蛋粉乳化性质影响的主次关系为,黄原胶>单甘酯>盐浓度。在优化组合条件下全蛋粉的乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别提高了0.49倍和14.43倍;并且添加黄原胶和复合物后的乳状液耐热性显著提高。     

Influence of xanthan gum and gluten on in vitro digestibility and textural properties of rice bread

Starch digestibility of gluten-free bread has been expected to be suppressed for the purpose of decreasing glycemic response. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding xanthan gum and gluten on starch and protein digestibility of rice bread prepared using the developed recipe involving pickering stabilization of foams and emulsions. The extent of starch digestion of gluten-free bread was suppressed by adding 2% xanthan gum from 79.8% to 57.3%. This suppressive effect was diminished by using gluten and that of rice bread containing 2% xanthan gum and 20% gluten was 75.5%. The extent of starch digestion of gluten-free bread was similar or less than that of bread containing gluten. The gluten-free bread with 2% xanthan gum had significantly lower loaf volume, porosity, and sticker structure of breadcrumb than the control. The suppressive effects of xanthan gum on starch and protein digestion were mainly dependent on reducing accessibility of the enzyme into the inner structure.     

一种双歧杆菌复合乳饮料的研制

以发酵生产的嗜酸乳杆菌发酵乳、双歧杆菌发酵乳、增香普通酸乳为原料,通过复配得到一种双歧益生菌饮料.采用 CMC、果胶、黄原胶、单甘酯4种添加剂对其稳定性进行了优化,并确定了其最佳配方为:发酵乳80%、水12%、蔗糖8%、CMC 0.5%、果胶 0.1%、黄原胶0.1%、单甘酯0.15%.     

β-环糊精、单甘酯和黄原胶在鸡肉糜中的抗淀粉老化特性

利用流变仪研究了β-环糊精、单甘酯和黄原胶这3种淀粉抗老化剂在鸡肉糜中的抗老化特性。单因素试验结果表明:添加质量分数为0.2%β-环糊精抑制淀粉在肉糜中的老化作用效果较好;随着单甘酯和黄原胶质量分数增加,鸡肉糜抗淀粉老化的能力均逐渐提高。正交试验结果表明:当β-环糊精质量分数0.15%、单甘酯质量分数0.15%和黄原胶质量分数1.5%时,鸡肉糜抗老化效果最好。影响淀粉老化的因素顺序为黄原胶、单甘酯和β-环糊精。     

亲水胶体对发芽糙米面包品质特性的影响

研究添加不同浓度的胶体(羟丙基甲基纤维素、海藻酸钠、黄原胶)对发芽糙米面包品质的影响。结果表明,不同胶体对面包的改善作用不同,且不同食品胶适宜添加浓度不同。与未添加胶体的发芽糙米面包相比,添加2%的羟丙基甲基纤维素,面包比容增大25%,硬度降低35%,弹性增加9.5%,内聚性增加9.8%;添加0.1%的海藻酸钠,面包比容增大19%,硬度降低31%,弹性增加10%;而添加黄原胶,对高含量发芽糙米面包的品质无明显改善作用。     

黄原胶对馒头质构影响的研究

研究不同添加量的黄原胶对馒头质构的影响,采用TPA(Texture ProfileAnalysis)技术,研究黄原胶对馒头的硬度(Hardness)、弹性(Springiness)、粘着性(Adhesiveness)、内聚性(Cohesiveness)、咀嚼性(Chewingness)、回复性(Resilience)的影响。结果表明,馒头制作中添加一定量的黄原胶能够改善馒头的质构,提高馒头的品质。结果发现,黄原胶三个水平的添加量中0.10%的黄原胶改善馒头质构的效果最好。     

保鲜方便米粉抗老化研究

测定了多种添加剂对保鲜方便米粉的抗老化效果。试验结果表明：植物油、魔芋精粉、土豆淀粉、单甘酯、蔗糖脂、黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、谷朊粉、马铃薯变性淀粉、木薯变性淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）、等都有一定的抗老化作用，但自制酶制剂效果最好。     

How Do Xanthan and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Individually Affect the Physicochemical Properties in a Model Gluten‐Free Dough?

To better understand the physicochemical changes imparted by hydrocolloids on gluten-free dough, 2 hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses (HPMCs) and xanthan gum were added at 2%, 3%, and 5% to rice cassava dough without the addition of alternative proteins. The formulated doughs were analyzed using thermoanalytic and rheological techniques to determine the role of water and subsequent flow behavior upon hydrocolloid addition. The baked loaves were then measured for specific loaf volume and tensile strength to determine bread quality. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that hydrocolloid-added dough held water more tightly than the rice cassava control with an additional water distribution at 85 to 88 °C. Rheologically, the increase of elastic moduli in the low methoxy HPMC and xanthan-added dough became more pronounced with gum addition; however, both HPMC formulations had increased viscous moduli allowing the gas cells to expand without collapsing. In the bread, the final specific loaf volume increased with high methoxy HPMC (2% to 5%) and low methoxy HPMC (2%) but was depressed with increased addition of low methoxy HPMC (5%) and xanthan (3% and 5%). Crumb hardness was decreased in high methoxy HPMC loaves but was increased significantly in low methoxy HPMC (5%) and xanthan (5%) formulations. From the gums studied, it was concluded that high methoxy HPMC was the optimum hydrocolloid in the rice cassava gluten-free dough. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Two types of hydrocolloids, xanthan gum and HPMC, were individually added to a gluten-free rice cassava formulation. Based on the thermoanalytic and rheological studies on dough, as well as the bread quality studies, high methoxy HPMC at 5% addition was determined to optimally improve the bread quality when only gum addition was considered. This study indicates the potential use of high methoxy HPMC as an additive in gluten-free bread formulations prior to considering alternative proteins.