闽产巴戟天的本草考证及其鉴别

巴戟天是我国著名的"四大南药"之一,由于历代本草遗留下来的问题及各地用药品种和习惯的不同,来源植物涉及5科,11种;其中福建省有3种.为了鉴别闽产巴戟天的正品与代用品,对闽产巴戟天进行本草考证和来源、形态性状、显微结构和理化性质进行鉴别.结果表明:闽产巴戟天的正品与代用品在植物形态和结构方面,药材性状和理化特征方面都存在着差异,这些差异可作为巴戟天品种鉴定的依据.     

中药品种本草考证,正本清源,以正纠偏论

1中药品种本草考证的目的与重要性 中药品种的本草考证,是通过历代本草文献研究,结合当今药材市场调查鉴定,核实古今用药品种的延续与变迁,考订出传统药用正品和法定正品,使古为今用,以达到正本清源,辨明是非,澄清混乱,保证用药安全有效的目的.     

土茯苓、菝葜及萆薢的本草考证及其鉴别

通过对土茯苓、菝葜及萆薢原植物的本草考证,明确土茯苓等3种药材临床使用的正名,为临床用药提供文献依据,确保中医临床疗效。以谢宗万先生创立的中药品种理论为指导,运用中药品种本草考证的思路与方法,对这些相关品种从古至今的发展进行系统的考证研究;利用文献考证与植物标本、药材标本相结合的研究方法进行分析。土茯苓等3种药材品种的基原植物古今大致相同,早期文献中对几种药材的名称并未作严格区分,造成异物同名相互混用,其药材性状不尽相同。土茯苓等3种常见中药属同名异物,疗效不同。     

徐长卿的本草考证

[目的]考证徐长卿的主产地、药用品种及功能主治.[方法]查阅历代本草文献,调查目前使用状况,结合现代研究结果进行综合分析比较.[结果]历代本草记载的徐长卿的药用品种与目前一致,其功能主治有所增加.[结论]古今药用徐长卿是萝藦科植物徐长卿.     

补骨脂与木蝴蝶的本草考证及性状鉴别

通过对补骨脂及木蝴蝶原植物的本草考证,明确补骨脂及木蝴蝶临床使用的正名,为临床用药提供文献依据,确保中医临床疗效。以谢宗万先生创立的中药品种理论为指导,运用中药品种本草考证的思路与方法,对这2个品种从古至今的发展进行系统的考证研究;利用文献考证与植物标本、药材标本相结合的研究方法进行分析。补骨脂及木蝴蝶药材品种的基原植物古今大致相同,早期文献中对几种药材的名称并未作严格区分,造成异物同名相互混用。其药材性状不尽相同。补骨脂及木蝴蝶2种常见中药属同名异物,疗效不同。     

经典名方中巴戟天的本草考证

通过查阅历代本草、医籍、方书并结合近现代文献资料，笔者对巴戟天药材的名称、基原、产地变迁、品质评价、采收加工与炮制方法等方面进行全面梳理与考证，为含有巴戟天药材的经典名方品种开发与研究提供参考。经考证，巴戟天的产地在历史上经历了由北至南的大变迁，基原涉及11个科14个属的21种植物，而古代巴戟天的主流品种为四川虎刺Damnacanthus officinarum和虎刺D. indicus，近代以来巴戟天药材来源于广东等地所产的茜草科巴戟天属Morinda officinalis的干燥根；古今巴戟天的药用部位均为根部，且以连珠状多、肉厚、颜色紫者品质为佳。古代巴戟天采收加工通常在二月、八月采收，阴干，用时去木心，而现代为全年采挖，先除去须根，晒至六七成干，轻轻捶扁，晒干；历代炮制方法主要为盐制、醋制、酒制等。通过对巴戟天的系统考证，从临床用药经验、安全有效的角度考虑，建议经典名方地黄饮子开发时应选用近代以来的主流品种，即茜草科植物巴戟天M. officinalis的干燥根，去心入药。     

火麻仁品种与药用部位本草考证

目的:通过对火麻仁的本草考证,明确火麻仁药材品种及入药部位,为临床用药提供文献依据。方法:考证历代本草著作,结合现代研究资料进行分析。结果:火麻仁的基原植物古今一致,均为桑科大麻属植物大麻Cannabis sativa。而入药部位,早期文献中对本品的药用部位并未作严格区分,麻賁(雌花序或未成熟的果实)、麻子(果实)、麻子仁(种仁)三者相互混用;自陶弘景开始,逐渐认识到其果皮的毒性,其后历代本草、方书大都特别指出大麻入药须去除果皮,使用种仁。现代药学文献对火麻仁药用部位的记载,或果实,或种仁,较混乱。结论:火麻仁品种古今一致;种仁比果实更安全,其药用部位应为种仁。     

黄芩的本草考证

通过对黄芩历代本草的系统考证,结合目前黄芩的产销情况,证实我国历代药用黄芩的品种是以黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)为主的黄芩属的多种植物。道地产区的记载古今有差异。黄芩的功效及主治古今基本一致。     

黄药子的本草研究

黄药子为常用中药,目前临床上多用于治疗多种癌症、甲状腺肿、咳喘等,并用于止血。黄药子在市场上和使用中一直存在品种混乱现象,历代本草中亦屡经变迁。谢宗万曾考证过黄药子等药[1],并记述于《中药材品种论述》一书中,黄胜白、陈重明的《本草学》及《中药志》、《新华本草纲要》等著作亦均有论述考证,但仍有部分问题未明且存在众多争议。本文在系统研究古今文献的基础上,梳理其源流及变迁的同时重点对古今文献中的错误和争议     

石韦原植物、药材品种考证

目的:通过分析历代本草书籍,对石韦的基源进行考证。方法:查阅历代本草书籍以及标准进行整理,对石韦原植物及药材品种进行研究。结果:考证发现历代本草记载的石韦品种主要来源于石韦Pyrrosia lingua(Thunb.) Farwell、北京石韦Pyrrosia davidii(Gies.) Ching及庐山石韦Pyrrosia sheareri(Bak.) Ching,而今记载药用石韦主要来源于石韦属Pyrrosia十余种植物。2015年版《中国药典》收载石韦为水龙骨科植物庐山石韦Pyrrosia sheareri(Bak.) Ching、石韦Pyrrosia lingua(Thunb.) Farwell或有柄石韦Pyrrosia petiolosa(Christ) Ching的干燥叶,其中有柄石韦并未在古代本草书籍中有记载。结论:该研究为理清古今石韦来源、石韦的辨别、资源开发及临床应用提供了依据。     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。