P2P VoD系统的关键技术研究进展

结合现有的对等网络视频点播系统,分析了P2P VoD系统的关键技术及其研究进展,主要包括视频点播系统结构的构建、节点失效时的修复策略、数据片断的缓存和调度策略、对VCR操作的支持策略、以及QoS保证机制等等.     

Measurement-based study on the relation between users’ watching behavior and network sharing in P2P VoD systems

P2P-based Video on Demand (P2P VoD) systems can provide higher quality video services than P2P live systems. However, owing to the unavailability of open source codes, the characteristics of P2P VoD systems have not been fully explored. For this purpose, in this paper, we first implemented reverse engineering to the protocols of two most popular VoD systems used in China. Peers’ watching behavior and network sharing were then studied through the measured buffer messages. Based on our study, we found that uploading-only peers were more than downloading peers, and smooth-watching peers were more than randomly-seeking peers in the current P2P VoD systems. This finding is significantly different from the existing P2P-based file dissemination systems and the results obtained in the previous work on VoD systems. Furthermore, this study revealed the relations between watching behavior and network sharing. It has been observed that randomly-seeking peers will provide more regular as well as rare chunks than smooth-watching peers. A simple mathematical model was established to analytically demonstrate the relation between the watching index (WI) distribution and network-sharing profile, and this relation was also validated by our measured data.     

Evaluation of a comprehensive P2P video-on-demand streaming system

Video-on-demand (VoD) streaming has recently become a popular service on the Internet, with several companies offering videos to a global audience. However, traditional client/server based VoD streaming systems can be very bandwidth intensive and expensive to maintain, especially for high quality video content. To improve the scalability these systems, the use of peer-to-peer (P2P) networking has been proposed, but despite the efficiency of applications such as BitTorrent for downloading of large files, it is not simple to use P2P techniques for streaming. Problems such as firewalls and freeloaders reduce the efficiency of both types of P2P systems, but for real-time services such as streaming, the result can be reduced playback quality. Other issues include the traffic load imposed on ISPs by P2P networks, which can motivate ISPs to interfere with the P2P traffic. Finally, protecting against malicious modification of content can increase overhead, response times, and startup delays.We consider these issues to be fundamental to the problem of P2P based VoD, but despite the large amount of research that has been done in this field, these issues have largely been ignored. To address this, we present an evaluation of the Streaming P2P Protocol (SPP) architecture. By studying the problem as a whole we have found a simple and comprehensive solution that addresses all the four issues listed above. To show that the system is not only scalable, but also that it can be implemented efficiently, we have used both simulations and experiments on PlanetLab for evaluation. The results show that the combination of cache nodes and use of end-user resources found in the SPP architecture can give a low load on servers and ISPs, even when firewalls are taken into consideration. Furthermore, we observed low startup delays and few playback errors during the PlanetLab experiments. The scalable and low-cost distribution of content possible with the SPP architecture should be suitable for both large-scale commercial distributors and users of community networks with limited resources.     

Modeling Video on Demand services taking into account statistical dependences in user behavior

The popularity of video services on the Internet, and moreover High Definition (HD) videos, has increased continuously in recent years. This growing demand for high quality video services can cause problems in current communication networks. For this reason, the characterization and modeling of video workloads have become essential factors in evaluating the performance of these services. This paper presents the implementation of a simulation model of a Video on Demand (VoD) service. The model takes into account both the behavior of the users and the server workload. While the former is analyzed through a real VoD service, the latter is analyzed through lab experiments. Nevertheless, the main contribution of our model is that it also considers the dependences among user interactions. The model has been validated using real data and evaluated in different situations. Results show that performance is influenced both by massive access to the contents and by the dependence structure of user interactions.     

DPVoD:基于P2P的视频点播体系结构

可扩展性和可靠性是视频点播系统大规模应用的关键,提出了一种P2P点播系统结构DPVoD.系统基于应用层组播,用户以订制的缓存为其他节点提供服务,并形成相对独立的共享并发流组播树,组播树之问根据拥有的视频数据的重合程度而建立不同的组邻居关系,以此为基础,采用多种机制来提高系统性能:组协同工作、父亲点选择策略、状态控制协议和失效恢复等.定义并分析了可能对系统性能有严重影响的结尾雪崩问题并提出解决方案.对系统基本性能进行了理论分析.仿真结果表明,在静态和动态环境中,DPVoD系统的并发流占用数和利用率、可靠性等性能均优于类似系统.     

基于云计算的电子邮件安全服务系统的设计与实现

目前电子邮件安全扫描软件正在被广泛使用,随着用户数量和系统流量的激增,传统的紧耦合同步处理IMHS系统整体效能、健壮性、可维护性、可扩充性上都存在着难以克服的问题。针对海量用户压力之下存在的系统瓶颈,确立了以“松耦合、异步、无状态”为设计原则,通过融合云计算及面向服务体系结构(SOA)技术,设计并实现了一个基于P2P协同的对等化电子邮件安全云服务系统。该系统支持服务过程动态协同,有效提高了资源使用效率和系统可伸缩性。最后在实际系统中通过典型操作实例测试分析了系统性能,验证了系统架构的可行性和有效性。     

基于P2P的流媒体直播系统研究与设计*

根据当前流媒体播放系统存在的问题,设计了基于对等网络模式的流媒体直播系统,其中每个节点既是服务的消费者同时又是提供者,克服了当前流媒体系统在大规模用户时存在的服务器瓶颈问题,具有对网络带宽和服务器处理能力要求低,容易部署和扩展性高的特点。     

多无线传感器网络互联技术研究

针对现有基于P2P的无线传感器网络互联技术存在的不足,提出了一种基于P2P的三层无线传感器网络互联技术。该技术采用P2P技术实现多无线传感器网络互联系统所需的伸缩性、鲁棒性、容错能力和自组织性;通过在系统中引入超级端,提高了传感数据的复用率,降低了通信复杂度,减少进出传感器网络的消息量,使得无线传感器网络的生命周期得以延长。     

一种基于帮助节点的可扩展P2P VoD服务

提出一种借助于帮助节点提升点播系统服务容量的策略来改善系统的可扩展性.对有帮助节点参与的点播系统进行建模分析,建立了系统对帮助节点的需求与各关键参数间的关系;在此基础上提出一个可行的帮助节点管理策略,该策略基于对系统运行中各关键参数的周期性观测完成对帮助节点的管理维护;并提出一个基于净收益最大化的数据调度策略与帮助节点管理策略配合共同实现在高效利用帮助节点的基础上降低媒体服务器负载,提升可扩展性的目标.     

P2P流媒体关键技术的研究进展

传统的流媒体系统建立在客户-服务器模式的基础上,系统伸缩性差,服务器常常成为系统的瓶颈．而最近兴起的P2P（peer-to-peer）技术在充分利用客户资源、提高系统伸缩性等方面具有巨大的潜力,基于P2P方式的流媒体的研究也逐步引起了人们的注意．讨论了当前P2P流媒体关键技术的研究进展,介绍了P2P流媒体的研究现状,最后指出了P2P流媒体的未来研究方向。     

基于视频块的结构化时移流查询模型

针对基于结构化P2P的时移流系统的维护开销较大、扩展性较差等问题,提出一个基于视频块的结构化时移流查询模型。根据节点缓存的首视频块进行分层,通过节点注册缓存中所有视频块的方法,降低层节点需要维护的路由信息,解决系统中缓存视频块不能完全找到的问题。实验结果表明,该模型具有较高的缓存命中率、较好的查询性能和较低的维护开销。     

基于P2P的流媒体技术研究

传统的流媒体系统建立在客户/服务器模式的基础上,网络带宽高,稳定性差,系统伸缩性差,服务器常常成为系统的瓶颈.而P2P技术在充分利用客户资源,提高系统伸缩性等方面具有巨大的潜力.针对这些问题,探讨了基于P2P的流媒体技术,并提出了一种基于P2P的流媒体传输模型,详细介绍了该模型所具有的优势.     

P2P异步传输点播系统设计与仿真

互联网上大规模Peer-to-Peer(P2P)点播服务存在高效资源调度和不可预知用户行为等挑战.借鉴BitTor-rent(BT)算法原理,提出基于异步传输的P2P点播系统.该系统采用集中式节点定位以及非结构化拓扑,通过异步传榆机制提升文件资源共享度和利用率,并引入视频数据块的优先级和稀有程度改进系统播放连续度.数据包及仿真实验表明本系统在播放连续度、启动时延以及服务器压力等性能指标上的良好性能,充分验证了点播系统中异步传榆机制的可行性.     

BitTorrent-like P2P approaches for VoD: A comparative study

The enormous popularity of Video on Demand (VoD) has attracted substantial research attention into the effective use of peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures to provide solutions at large-scale. In particular, the high efficiency of BitTorrent has inspired many P2P protocols for VoD. However, these protocols use different approaches to adapt the design of Bittorrent to VoD, and in most cases their performance has been evaluated separately and in limited scenarios. As a consequence, the research community still lacks a clear understanding of how these protocols compare against each other and how well each of them would work in real world conditions, where, for instance, peers have heterogeneous bandwidths, may freeride or may be located behind NAT/firewall.In this paper, we propose a simulation based methodology which aims at putting forward a common base for comparing the performance of these different protocols under a wide range of conditions. We show that, despite their considerable differences: (i) existing BitTorrent-like VoD approaches all share some characteristics, such as that their bandwidth reciprocity based methods to incentivize cooperation do not always yield an optimal overall performance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that (ii) in these protocols there is a trade-off between QoS and resilience to freeriding and malicious attacks. We also discover that, (iii) when peers doing streaming coexist with peers doing traditional file transfer, the latter actually benefit from this coexistence, at the expenses of the former. Finally, we show that (iv) early departures of peers from the system do not significantly affect the QoS delivered, while jumping to a different position in the file has a bigger negative impact. Overall, our findings provide important implications for both VoD service providers and future system designers. On the one hand, our results can guide VoD service providers in selecting the most appropriate protocol for a given environment. On the other hand, exposing the flaws of current approaches will help researchers in improving them and/or designing better ones.     

MSC: a multi-version shared caching for multi-bitrate VoD services

Recently, many Video-on-Demand (VoD) service providers try to attract as many users as possible by offering multi-bitrate video streaming services with differentiated qualities. Many researches focus on video layered coding (e.g., scalable video coding, SVC). However, SVC is not widely used in VoD industry. Another solution, multi-version videos, can be classified into online transcoding and pre-stored multi-version videos. Online transcoding is a CPU-intensive and costly task, so it is not suitable for large-scale VoD applications. In this paper, we study how to improve caching efficiency based on pre-stored multi-version videos. We leverage the sharing probability among different versions of the same video and propose a multi-version shared caching (MSC) method to maximize the benefit of caching proxy. If the desired version is not in the cache while the higher neighbor version is in, MSC transmits the higher version streaming to user temporarily. In this case, MSC can make full use of the caching resources to improve the cache hit ratio and decrease users’ average waiting time. Simulation results show that MSC outperforms the others in the cache hit ratio and the average waiting time.     

P2P网络下一种基于DHT的视频点播方案

在基于P2P的视频点播系统中,节点邻居选择策略对服务质量有很大的影响。提出一种基于DHT（Distributed Hash Table）的P2P覆盖网络下视频点播（Video-on—demand）的解决方案。通过网络坐标系统的拓扑发现能力,充分结合DHT网络高速搜索和VoD视频点播的特性、构造一种具有高效邻居选择能力、高用户自由度、高可靠性、扩展性的体系架构。针对架构设计中资源发布份发、资源的搜索、视频点播的实现等关键问题提出了解决方案,分析了系统的特性。     

动态段阈值机制在P2Cast VoD系统中的应用

本文对一种新型的视频点播系统P2Cast视频点播系统的关键技术进行了研究，针对段阈值在系统的可扩展性方面以及视频服务质量方面所起的重要作用，结合补丁流算法和客户节点的请求速率提出了一种嵌入动态调节段闲值机制的BF改进算法。该算法在一定程度上提高了P2Cast视频点播系统的性能。     

基于P2P的视频点播系统模型及算法研究

服务器带宽是Internet视频点播系统的瓶颈问题。文中设计了基于P2P的VoD系统模型,讨论了以该模型为基础的BTBM-Tree建立、维护的算法思想。对整个系统进行了性能分析,表明系统具有较好的稳定性、扩展性和延迟性,能较好地解决网络带宽瓶颈。     

An experimental analysis of Joost peer-to-peer VoD service

Despite strong interest in peer-to-peer (P2P) Video-on-Demand (VoD) services, existing studies mostly focus on peer-to-peer or overlay protocol design based on simulations under various topological constraints. We believe experimental studies on a real-life P2P VoD system will provide valuable information to ISPs, network administrators, and content owners. In this paper we present a comprehensive analytical and experimental study on Joost, one of the first commercial P2P VoD systems used for distributing various forms of video over the Internet. Our extensive experiments prove that Joost is a server-assisted peer-to-peer VoD system. With several envisioned typical scenarios we have further investigated the peer management in terms of time pattern, bandwidth consumption and locality considerations. Our major findings include: (1) the current Joost system is capable of providing high-quality VoD service through the use of an overlay network deployed with a set of centralized content servers; (2) inter-continental links are often used regardless of the number of local users, which may pose a high burden on the network providers; (3) easily reachable, high-capacity nodes are selected as main relaying nodes, similar to super nodes in Skype, to facilitate the traversal of symmetric NATs and firewalls. We also provide insights on the potential ways to construct more efficient P2P VoD systems (e.g. considering topological locality-awareness, using adaptive/layered video).