同步辐射微束X射线荧光CT的计算机模拟

同步辐射微束X射线荧光CT是一种能无损、高空间分辨和高灵敏地探测样品内部元素含量和分布的新技术,是在建的上海光源(SSRF)硬X射线微聚焦及应用光束线站可开展的实验方法之一.本文简要介绍了同步辐射微束X射线荧光CT的基本原理和实验技术发展,对同步辐射微束X射线荧光CT实验进行了计算机模拟,用滤波反投影算法(FBP)、代数重构算法(ART)和加吸收修正的FBP算法重构了模拟样品的图像.对各种重构方法得到的图像质量进行了分析和比较,讨论了其适用性.     

硬X射线微探针及其应用

系统介绍了硬Ｘ射线的各种聚焦方法和在世界上各大同步辐射实验中的应用,以及硬Ｘ射线微探针的主要应用领域。     

同步辐射微束X射线荧光分析及其在生物医学中的应用

介绍了同步辐射微束X射线荧光分析的特点，主要的仪器设备和方法。介绍了在头发和病变组织中微量元素成分的扫描分析，细胞元素谱及其在外界物理、化学条件下的变化分析等。展示了同步辐射微束X射线荧光分析在生物医学研究中的广阔前景。     

同步辐射研究单个藻细胞对金属元素的摄取性能

本介绍了用同步辐射微束X射线荧光法对单个藻细胞的研究方法，在北京同步辐射荧光站上首次实现了单细胞水平的测量。报道了单个藻细胞摄取金属离子前后细胞内元素含量的变化。     

同步辐射X射线荧光分析的晶态物质衍射影响—以晶质与非晶质单斜辉石为例

同步辐射X射线（白光）微束激发晶态物质和非晶态物质时,其中晶态物质的衍射线将严重影响元素的X射线能谱分析,其最有效的解决办法是采用同步辐射单色光激发样品,或在样品与Si(Li)探测器之间入一准直器以消除衍射作用的影响。     

北京同步辐射X—射线荧光微束分析进展

论介绍了北京同步辐射X－射线荧光微束分析装置的最新进展，以及近年来在生物医学和石油地质领域的应用研究工作，重点报导了前不久在国内首次使用该方法，对单个流体包裹体探测的实验结果。     

用同步辐射共聚焦X射线方法研究古代彩绘样品的层状结构

同步辐射共聚焦X射线方法是一种元素成分及其化学结构的三维无损分析方法,在地质、考古、环境、生物及材料等领域具有重要的应用。在上海光源的硬X射线微聚焦光束线站(BL15U)建立共聚焦X射线实验方法,并用于故宫彩绘样品的制作工艺及层状结构分析。基于BL15U的K-B聚焦系统,在能散探测器前采用会聚毛细管半透镜实现与K-B聚焦镜焦点的共聚焦状态,深度分辨在8.04 ke V(Cu-Kα)为31.5μm,可以开展共聚焦微束X射线荧光(Micro-X-ray Fluorescence,Micro-XRF)和共聚焦微束X射线吸收精细结构(Micro-X-ray Absorption Fine Structure,Micro-XAFS)实验研究。对故宫斗彩陶瓷和彩绘样品进行了元素及其化学态的深度分布分析,获得了斗彩陶瓷特有的三层釉结构以及彩绘样品内部颜料的化学信息。实验结果表明,该系统具有较高的空间分辨和探测灵敏度,是文物样品三维无损分析的有力工具。     

基于EPICS的硬X微聚焦实验站数据采集系统

上海光源(SSRF)硬X射线微聚焦实验站在EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)软件环境下建立的控制和数据采集系统已成功用于微束X射线荧光分析、微束透射X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)和微束荧光XAFS等实验.使用和测试结果表明:该系统用户界面简捷、控制及数据采集的功能完整、可靠性高、能极大提高实验效率.     

利用同步辐射硬X射线微聚焦线站研究纳米树状分子载药行为

同步辐射光源具有非常高的灵敏度及空间分辨,使其在环境科学、纳米材料及生命科学中具有广阔的应用前景。本研究利用同步辐射光源硬X射线荧光成像技术研究纳米树状分子的聚酰胺-胺(polyamidoamine,PAMAM)的载药行为,首先对PAMAM表面的游离氨基进行乙酰化,然后进行Cu2装载,通过硬X射线荧光成像检测细胞内的Cu2研究PAMAM载带Cu2进入细胞的情况。结果显示,PAMAM能够增加金属离子或药物进入细胞内。本研究为利用同步辐射硬X射线荧光成像技术研究功能化修饰的PAMAM的靶向及多功能成像提供了思路。     

镍基合金受熔融氟化盐腐蚀的同步辐射XRF分析

采用浸入法在750℃熔融氟化盐(LiNaK-F)中进行Inconel 600、Hastelloy X、Hastelloy c-276镍基高温耐蚀合金的腐蚀实验.利用同步辐射微束X射线荧光分析(μ-XRF)及X射线衍射(XRD)对样品进行了分析测试.μ-XRF结果表明,镍基合金在熔融氟化物中的腐蚀主要为合金元素Cr的流失...     

Two approaches for irradiating cells individually: a charged-particle microbeam and a soft X-ray microprobe

We are developing two independent, but complementary microbeams for irradiating cells individually in vitro. Firstly, a charged-particle microbeam that uses a fine-bore glass capillary, combined with a transmission detector to precisely irradiate cells with exact numbers of energetic charge-particles and secondly, a soft X-ray microprobe that produces a very fine beam of carbon-K (278 eV) ultrasoft X-rays, focused to a spot size < 100 nm. X-ray focusing is achieved using zone-plate diffraction lenses developed initially for X-ray microscopy applications.     

High energy resolution PIXE with high efficiency using the heavy ion microbeam

An X-ray crystal spectrometer using a position sensitive proportional counter combined with tandem microbeam line at Osaka National Research Institute have been developed. This system realizes high energy resolution PIXE analysis using a heavy ion microbeam (E < 6 MeV) with reasonable detection efficiency. The design of the spectrometer, such as detection geometry, detectable energy range and energy resolution, are described. This system was applied to high energy resolution PIXE analysis of Ti, SUS and Si with 2 MeV proton and 5 MeV Si³⁺ focused or collimated beams. The best energy resolution was 2 eV for the Si K line.     

WDX-PIXE analysis of low energy X-rays using a microbeam

A high-energy resolution PIXE system developed at a heavy ion microbeam line was used to analyze low energy X-rays below 1 keV. The system is equipped with a plane crystal spectrometer with a gas flow position sensitive proportional counter (PSPC), which enables high-energy resolution PIXE analysis using a microbeam. In order to improve the detection efficiency for the low energy X-rays, the X-ray entrance window of the PSPC was replaced with a thin polymer film supported by a metal grid. As the result, the detectable energy range was extended to carbon K X-rays and chemical effect in Fe and Cu L X-rays could be detected. A preliminary result of high-energy resolution PIXE mapping of Cu mesh (#500) showed that it is possible to obtain the Cu L mapping image using a 2 MeV proton microbeam with the size of 20 × 20 μm.     

The Columbia University proton-induced soft x-ray microbeam

A soft X-ray microbeam using proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) of characteristic titanium (K_α 4.5 keV) as the X-ray source has been developed at the Radiological Research Accelerator Facility (RARAF) at Columbia University. The proton beam is focused to a 120 μm × 50 μm spot on the titanium target using an electrostatic quadrupole quadruplet previously used for the charged particle microbeam studies at RARAF. The proton induced X-rays from this spot project a 50 μm round X-ray generation spot into the vertical direction. The X-rays are focused to a spot size of 5 μm in diameter using a Fresnel zone plate. The X-rays have an attenuation length of (1/e length of ∼145 μm) allowing more consistent dose delivery across the depth of a single cell layer and penetration into tissue samples than previous ultrasoft X-ray systems. The irradiation end station is based on our previous design to allow quick comparison to charged particle experiments and for mixed irradiation experiments.     

On the interpretation of micro-PIXE measurements on a prototype microstructured reference material

In order to determine the beam spot size and scanning properties of ion microbeam systems, a novel reference material has been developed, consisting of permalloy (81% Ni, 19% Fe) strip patterns on silicon substrate. Due to the choice of substrate and pattern materials, these samples exhibit a high elemental contrast suitable for analysis with X-ray detection and ion scattering techniques. The microlithographic production scheme is briefly described. A prototype chip of this material was investigated with PIXE and RBS analysis in a scanning nuclear microprobe. It proved to be extremely useful in the routine to focus the ion microbeam and to determine its spot size. Due to the microscopic structure of these samples, a geometric dependence of matrix effects in the production of Si X-rays from the substrate material could be shown. Even dead-time effects in the counting electronics, showing up as an apparent thickness gradient, could be observed. Besides its primary role in microbeam diagnostics, this reference material can serve an educational role in developing the analyst's ability to correctly identify and interpret such artefacts.     

脉冲硬X射线能谱软化方法数值分析

基于轫致辐射原理,提出了通过轫致辐射靶优化设计软化脉冲硬X射线能谱的方法。采用MCNP程序模拟了复合薄靶和反射靶的输出参数,分析了复合薄靶中转化靶和电子吸收材料厚度对脉冲硬X射线能谱、转换效率以及透射电子份额的影响;给出了反射靶透射和反射X射线能谱、转换效率的差异及其随电子入射角度的变化规律。根据模拟结果分析了两种方法的可行性,并进行了实验验证,为轫致辐射靶的优化设计提供参考。     

用于HL-2A装置的新型硬X射线探测器

介绍了一种应用于托卡马克等离子诊断领域的新型硬X射线探测器,该探测器主要由硅酸钇镥(Lutetium-yttrium Oxyorthosilicate,LYSO)闪烁体和硅光电倍增管(Silicon Photomultiplier,Si PM)组成。基于项目应用需求,对探测器的选型和基于粒子输运蒙特卡罗仿真软件GEANT4的探测器设计加以阐述,并搭建了前端的探测系统,在HL-2A托卡马克装置上进行了现场诊断实验。实现了硬X射线空间能谱和辐射强度分布的诊断测量。实验表明该探测器阵列具有10 ms的时间分辨率,同时具有结构紧凑、使用方便等特点,能够满足等离子体诊断中硬X射线动态能谱和强度分布测量的诊断需求。     

复旦大学单粒子微束研制进展

建设了一基于复旦大学2×3 MV串列加速器的单粒子微束装置。离子束经分析磁铁30°水平偏转传输后再经90°偏转磁铁竖直上行至辐照终端,以内径1.5 μm的毛细玻璃管微准直器获取离子微束。采用薄膜闪烁体结合光电倍增管的探测结构对微束离子进行精确探测和计数,并以高压静电偏转开关快速关断束流以实现对离子数目的精确控制。目前实验已获得在质子能量为3 MeV时,能散（能量分布曲线中半高宽FWHM）<60 keV、束分辨<2.2 μm、定量照射精度>95%的质子微束。本文对复旦大学单粒子微束的束流管道设计、微束获取、束开关及单粒子探测等核心环节的研制进展进行介绍。     

单细胞单粒子微束的发展及放射生物学应用现状

综述了单细胞单粒子微束的发展及其在放射生物学方面的应用现状。通过准直或聚焦方式,可以将加速器粒子束流在空气中的束斑限定到微米或亚微米大小,而聚焦微束因其更高的空间分辨率和更快的电磁扫描照射速度成为发展主流;借助于先进的荧光显微镜及微速成像技术,当前的粒子微束能够对活细胞辐射诱导DNA损伤的早期响应进行在线可视化观测。微...