150MD24Z7.5型电主轴动态误差和热变形实验研究

电主轴的动态误差和热变形是影响数控机床精度的重要指标,其对定位精度和工件表面加工质量的影响尤为显著。采用主轴误差分析仪,对150MD24Z7.5型主轴的各项动态误差及各方向的热变形量进行实验研究。通过试验结果数据分析,获得了主轴系统在不同转速下的同异步误差、热平衡时间及不同方向的热变形量等,为主轴动态误差补偿和热变形智能预测提供了准确的数据支撑。     

Equivalent thermal conductivity of heat pipes

In precision machining, the machining error from thermal distortion carries a high proportion of the total errors. If a precision machining tool can transfer heat fast, the thermal distortion will be reduced and the machining precision will be improved. A heat pipe working based on phase transitions of the inner working liquid transfers heat with high efficiency and is widely applied in spaceflight and chemical industries. In mechanics, applications of heat pipes are correspondingly less. When a heat pipe is applied to a hydrostatic motorized spindle, the thermal distortion cannot be solved during the heat transfer process because thermal conductivity or equivalent thermal conductivity should be provided first for special application in mechanics. An equivalent thermal conductivity model based on equivalent thermal resistances is established. Performance tests for a screen wick pipe, gravity pipe, and rotation heat pipe are done to validate the efficiency of the equivalent thermal conductivity model. The proposed model provides a calculation method for the thermal distortion analysis of heat pipes applied in the motorized spindle.     

热变形对电主轴电机转子与主轴过盈配合的影响

概述了电主轴的结构,分析了电主轴转子与主轴过盈配合存在的问题.通过对电主轴静态过盈量和动态过盈量的比较,针对高速电主轴在稳定温度场下的热变形对电主轴电机转子和主轴配合的影响,从理论上进行了研究,提出了在设计时对过盈量进行热变形误差补偿,为全面提出热公差配合理论奠定了良好的基础.     

Dynamic design for motorized spindles based on an integrated model

With increasing popularity in high-speed machining for its high efficiency, motorized spindles have been widely utilized in modern production facilities. Due to the combination of tools and built-in motors, the dynamic characteristics of motorized spindles are more complex compared with conventional spindles, and it is becoming necessary for engineers to thoroughly realize the influences of the system parameters to the system dynamics with considering the multi-physics coupling property. This paper presents an integrated model to study the electro-thermo-mechanical dynamic behaviors of motorized spindles. The integrated model consists of four coupled submodels as follows: bearing, built-in motor, thermal, and shaft model. Based on the proposed model, a design flow chart is developed and six design parameters are identified. The integrated model is validated experimentally and a design sensitivity analysis of the six parameters is then conducted based on a 170MD15Y20 type spindle. The results show that the integrated model is capable of accurately predicting the dynamic characteristics of motorized spindles, and the sensitivities of the six design parameters to the nature frequencies of the spindle system are obtained with and without the influence of the multi-physics coupling property. The coupling relationship among the electrical, thermal, and mechanical behaviors of the spindle system becomes clear from the results.     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">Roundness Error Prediction with a Volumetric Error Model Including Spindle Error Motions of a Machine Tool</Emphasis>

This paper proposes a modified volumetric error model that includes spindle error motions as well as geometric errors. The model is constructed using rigid-body kinematics and homogeneous transformation matrices and an additional error matrix describing spindle error motions is included. The suggested model predicts the positioning errors at a given axis position as a function of both the axis position and the engaged spindle rotation angle. Two circular interpolation tests (inner and outer circle of the same radius) are simulated and the machined part profiles are predicted. To verify the simulation results, machining tests are performed according to the ISO 10791-7 standard. The error model with spindle errors shows a better agreement, between the simulated and measured roundness errors, than the simple geometric model. It can be seen that the geometric errors determine the basic part profiles and the spindle errors change the basic profiles according to the magnitude of the errors and the spindle rotation angle.     

陶瓷球轴承高精密电主轴临界转速分析

主要研究陶瓷球轴承高精密电主轴动态性能。首先简化并建立轴承—转子系统模型,然后根据电主轴高精度要求选择合适的预紧力,并计算出前后轴承的径向刚度;将所建模型导入软件,根据径向刚度值进行模态分析,结果可以看出所设计电主轴在实际运转中不会产生共振;最后分析出电机转子安装位置变化对临界转速的影响不大,并对比跨距和悬伸量两个模态参数对临界转速的影响,跨距影响最大,悬伸量次之,而安装位置影响最小。该研究为电主轴的设计提供良好的理论依据。     

Spindle Thermal Error Optimization Modeling of a Five-axis Machine Tool

Aiming at the problem of low machining accuracy and uncontrollable thermal errors of NC machine tools, spindle thermal error measurement, modeling and compensation of a two turntable five-axis machine tool are researched. Measurement experiment of heat sources and thermal errors are carried out, and GRA(grey relational analysis) method is introduced into the selection of temperature variables used for thermal error modeling. In order to analyze the influence of different heat sources on spindle thermal errors, an ANN(artificial neural network) model is presented, and ABC(artificial bee colony) algorithm is introduced to train the link weights of ANN, a new ABCNN(Artificial bee colony-based neural network) modeling method is proposed and used in the prediction of spindle thermal errors. In order to test the prediction performance of ABC-NN model, an experiment system is developed, the prediction results of LSR(least squares regression), ANN and ABC-NN are compared with the measurement results of spindle thermal errors. Experiment results show that the prediction accuracy of ABC-NN model is higher than LSR and ANN, and the residual error is smaller than 3 lm, the new modeling method is feasible. The proposed research provides instruction to compensate thermal errors and improve machining accuracy of NC machine tools.     

Thermal influence of the Couette flow in a hydrostatic spindle on the machining precision

Hydrostatic spindles are increasingly used in precision machine tools. Thermal error is the key factor affecting the machining accuracy of the spindle, and research has focused on spindle thermal errors through examination of the influence of the temperature distribution, thermal deformation and spindle mode. However, seldom has any research investigated the thermal effects of the associated Couette flow. To study the heat transfer mechanism in spindle systems, the criterion of the heat transfer direction according to the temperature distribution of the Couette flow at different temperatures is deduced. The method is able to deal accurately with the significant phenomena occurring at every place where thermal energy flowed in such a spindle system. The variation of the motion error induced by thermal effects on a machine work-table during machining is predicated by establishing the thermo-mechanical error model of the hydrostatic spindle for a high precision machine tool. The flow state and thermal behavior of a hydrostatic spindle is analyzed with the evaluated heat power and the coefficients of the convective heat transfer over outer surface of the spindle are calculated, and the thermal influence on the oil film stiffness is evaluated. Thermal drift of the spindle nose is measured with an inductance micrometer, the thermal deformation data 1.35 μm after running for 4 h is consistent with the value predicted by the finite element analysis's simulated result 1.28 μm, and this demonstrates that the simulation method is feasible. The thermal effects on the processing accuracy from the flow characteristics of the fluid inside the spindle are analyzed for the first time.     

Comprehensive thermal growth compensation method of spindle and servo axis error on a vertical drilling center

This paper deals with the modeling of comprehensive thermal growth of spindle and servo axis. Thermal errors of a vertical drilling center TC500 were measured using a spindle error analyzer and a laser interferometer, thermal error of servo axis was decomposed, and each term analyzed. Spindle thermal growth model based on temperature variation including an identification method for the parameters of the suggested model was presented. Similarly, the servo axis models for thermal expansion error (TEE) in the stroke range and the thermal drift error (TDE) of origin were derived based on heat-transfer mechanism, and the parameter identification method was presented. The experimental results indicate that by applying the proposed model, high accuracy stability can be achieved, even when the moving state changes randomly. A specific machining process of the upper surface of a rectangular workpiece was designed to verify the effects of error compensation to the unaided eye. The machining results indicate that the proposed model has high accuracy and strong robustness in compensating the comprehensive thermal error.     

高速电主轴热态特性仿真分析

在分析电主轴温度场理论的基础上,建立某高速磨床电主轴系统的有限元模型,计算了电主轴热特性分析的边界条件,利用有限元软件ANSYS Workbench分析其热态特性,得到了主轴系统的稳态温度场分布和热变形情况;同时分析计算了不同转速对主轴系统温升及热变形的影响.结果表明:主轴转速越高,相应主轴单元的温升变化及主轴热变形也越大.此分析为改善电主轴温度场分布及减小热变形提供了理论依据.     

基于接触热阻的磨齿机电主轴热特性分析

大规格数控成形磨齿机高速电主轴系统在加工过程中产生大量热量,导致砂轮主轴产生相应热变形,影响加工精度。针对这一现象,提出了一种考虑接触热阻的瞬态热-结构耦合分析方法。该方法基于分形理论,利用W-M分形函数表征结合面接触状态,使用均方根测度法对分形参数进行识别。结合基体热阻和收缩热阻的影响计算结合面间总接触热阻,并计算热源发热量及各部件的对流换热系数,建立了综合考虑内部热源、边界条件和接触热阻的综合有限元模型,获得热误差仿真结果。分析电主轴温度及热变形在是否考虑接触热阻情况下变化差异。最后建立电主轴系统热误差测量试验平台,通过试验验证了该方法的准确性和可靠性。通过仿真得到温度及热位移量与实验值基本一致。     

龙门数控机床主轴热误差及其改善措施

依据ISO和ASME标准建立龙门数控(Numerical control,NC)机床热误差测试条件,通过主轴恒转速和变转速热误差试验分析主轴箱温度场分布及其对主轴热误差的影响趋势。建立龙门机床误差元素模型,分析影响机床各坐标轴加工精度的主轴热误差分量。研究发现,主轴热误差和主轴箱温度存在单调对应关系,温度对主轴轴向的热伸长误差的影响要远大于主轴径向的热漂移误差,但温度变化相对各坐标变形存在热延迟和热惯性等特性。对主轴径向精度影响最大的热误差分量是由机床生热产生的同方向的偏移误差和与之垂直的偏转误差;对轴向精度影响最大的则是轴向的偏移误差。针对热误差特点和分布规律,提出结构优化、热平衡、误差补偿建模等3种减小热误差的措施,并对其各自优点进行了分析。     

电主轴直接转矩控制系统的设计与仿真研究

基于高速加工机床用电主轴及直接转矩控制基本工作原理,设计了电主轴直接转矩控制系统。利用MATLAB/Simulink模块库中提供的各种基本模块及子系统封装技术,建立完整的高速加工机床用电主轴直接转矩控制系统模型。并对该系统模型在恒定负载和负载变化两种情况进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明,设计的电主轴直接转矩控制系统具有良好的动静态特性,将直接转矩控制方法应用于电主轴驱动控制系统是可行的,适应高速数控机床驱动控制系统的快速响应要求。     

变工况下基于迁移学习融合域内对齐的机床主轴热误差模型

热误差建模和补偿是提高机床加工精度的重要手段。 将得到的热误差模型应用到类似或相近任务中,对减少模型构建 和数据收集的成本具有重要意义。 本文提出了一种简易迁移学习(EasyTL)融合域内对齐的主轴热误差建模方法,以实现不同 工况下误差模型的迁移复用。 建立基于域内对齐和距离矩阵全组合择优的热误差迁移模型参数选取方法,获得最优组合。 进 一步分析不同类型的域内对齐和距离矩阵各自对模型迁移性能的影响。 最后,将迁移模型与 kNN 典型机器学习模型和卷积神 经网络深度模型进行比较验证,分别预测不同工况下主轴 Z 向和 Y 向的热误差。 此外,根据预测的主轴热误差进行工件补偿 加工实验。 该方法为热误差建模及补偿提供了一种新思路。     

高速立式加工中心电主轴的温升测试及分析

针对高速立式加工中心电主轴内置电动机的特点,分析了电主轴产生温升的热源。通过设计与搭建电主轴试验平台,采用DH5922动态信号测试分析系统,选择热电阻适调器组成的检测系统,完成了电主轴的温升测试试验。通过对试验结果的分析,验证了电主轴温升产生的原因,并提出了相关对温升进行实时监控的措施。     

基于有限元分析方法的高速电主轴温度场仿真

高速切削加工是先进制造技术的主要发展方向之一,高速电主轴作为高速加工机床的核心部件,由于其主电动机的散热条件较差,轴承温升比较高,由此引起的热变形会降低机床的加工精度。本文对高速电主轴的温度场进行了研究,建立了电主轴的有限元仿真系统。在对整个温度场的研究中,把内部空间域离散化为有限单元,对每个单元求解,可得出有限个热传导方程,对这些温度场求解得到了所需的温度场分布图。最终实现了对电主轴温度场的预测,并据此提出了改善其热态特性的措施。     

高速高精度电主轴温升预测模型

提出高速高精度电主轴温升预测模型,将有限元模型与试验数据相结合,精确预测不同工况下电主轴的温度场。建立电主轴流场、温度场有限元模型,分析冷却系统及润滑系统参数对电主轴温度场的影响;考虑电主轴运行速度、载荷,设计电主轴损耗测试方法,将测得的电主轴总损耗作为计算电动机、轴承生热依据;考虑冷却系统、润滑系统参数及环境条件对换热系数的影响,采用最小二乘算法,基于电主轴表面温度测试数据,优化电主轴换热系数,并将优化后的换热系数作为有限元模型的边界条件。建立170SD30-SY电主轴温升预测模型,将换热系数优化前后的温度场仿真数据分别与试验数据对比。结果表明,换热系数优化后的温升预测模型预测的精度提高了4.78%,提出的电主轴温升预测模型有较高的预测精度。     

高速高性能电主轴热态性能分析

基于高速电主轴的能量流模型,应用摩擦学和电磁学理论分别计算轴承的生热率和内置电机的电磁损耗;应用传热学理论,确定电主轴的热边界条件.在此基础上建立电主轴有限元分析模型,并对其仿真分析和求解.结果表明,前端轴承、主轴前端和定子是电主轴温升最严重的部位,且在主轴运行初始阶段,温升最快.因此要改善电主轴的热态性能,不仅要在温...     

Comprehensive measurement and evaluation system of high-speed motorized spindle

Reducing the manufacturing time is the trend of high-precision manufacturing, and the precision of a work-piece is very important for manufacturing industry. The high-speed motorized spindle is the most critical part and becoming more widely used in the machine tool at present, and its precision may affect the overall performance of high-speed cutting. Most of the studies on high-speed cutting are focused on the cutting force, the vibration of the spindle and effects of the spindle’s thermal deformations; hence, how to roundly measure and objectively evaluate high-speed spindle is an imminence question of it because the comprehensive dynamic properties and evaluation system of spindles directly affect the cutting ability of the whole machine tool before they are manufactured. This paper presents a comprehensive measurement and evaluation system of high-speed motorized spindle, which reflects the overall performance of motorized spindle and bases on international standard.     

高速加工中心电主轴热态特性研究

高速加工过程中,由电机生热及滚动轴承的摩擦生热而引起的电主轴的温升及热变形是影响加工中心精度的关键因素.对高速加工中心电主轴的热态特性进行了分析研究,详细论述了电主轴内部两大热源的生机理以及电主轴单元的传热机理最后总结并提出了改善电主轴单元热态特性的措施.