高纯钛热变形的本构模型及微观组织演变

利用轴对称单向压缩法研究了纯钛在变形温度从723~873 K范围内、应变速率从0.001~1 s-1下的热压缩行为,并通过背散射电子衍射技术对不同热变形条件下的微观组织进行表征。研究结果表明,高温轴对称单向压缩下的纯钛经历从应变硬化阶段到稳态变形阶段的过程,在低的应变速率条件下材料流变应力出现平台,高的应变速率条件下,流变应力随变形过程逐渐增加。该合金流变应力的大小受变形温度、应变速率的强烈影响,随变形温度升高而降低,随应变速率提高而增大,高纯钛是一种具有正应变速率敏感性的材料。该合金高温流变应力σ可采用ZenerHollomon参数的函数来描述,函数表达式中参数A、α和n的值分别为1.84×1024s-1、0.013 MPa-1、12.66,其热变形激活能Q为415.69 k J/mol。不同Z参数条件下微观组织对比分析表明在高的Z参数条件下,材料未发生动态再结晶,在低的Z参数条件下,材料发生明显的动态再结晶,在Z值介于两者之间时材料发生部分再结晶。     

Cu-Ni-Si-Ag合金高温变形行为研究

通过高温等温压缩试验,对Cu-Ni-Si-Ag合金在应变速率为0.01～5s-1、变形温度为600～800℃的动态再结晶行为以及组织转变进行了研究。结果表明,在应变温度为750、800℃时,合金热压缩变形流变应力出现了明显的峰值应力,表现为连续动态再结晶特征。同时从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出了该合金高温热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和流变应力方程。并综合考虑应变速率与温度的影响,采用动态材料模型建立了该合金的热加工图,并利用热加工图分析了该合金不同区域的高温变性特征以及组织变化。     

Ti-5Mo-5V-1Cr-3Al合金的热压缩变形行为研究EI北大核心CSCD

采用恒应变速率热压缩模拟实验,对Ti-5Mo-5V-1Cr-3A1（简称1Cr）钛合金在应变速率0.001～1s-1、变形温度700～900℃条件下进行研究.结果表明：该材料的流变应力对温度与应变速率敏感：当变形温度为700～800℃时,真应力-真应变曲线呈现动态再结晶单曲线特征;当变形温度为800～900℃时,低应变速率（0.001s-1）的真应力-真应变曲线呈现动态再结晶多应力峰值曲线特征,高应变速率（0.01～1s-1）的真应力-真应变曲线呈现动态回复曲线特征.1Cr合金在等温压缩变形时的流变行为可用包含Zener-Holomon参数的Arrhenius本构方程描述,变形激活能为456kJ/mol.金相结果显示,材料在热压缩过程中的动态行为除了与变形速率、变形温度等加工参数相关外,也与相应温度、变形速率下材料的组织及相结构有关.合金在低应变速率0.001s 1下热压缩变形时,在接近相变点或以上（800～900℃）温度范围内仍呈现动态再结晶行为,这与材料在此阶段发生的应变诱发马氏体转变密切相关,马氏体相的析出促使材料在热变形时趋向于发生动态再结晶行为.     

含钪Al-Zn-Mg合金的热变形行为和显微组织EI北大核心CSCD

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对含钪Al-Zn-Mg合金进行热压缩实验,研究了合金在不同热压缩条件下的热变形行为和显微组织。结果表明:合金的流变应力随应变速率的增大而增大,随变形温度的升高而减小。该合金热压缩变形的流变应力行为可用Zener-Hollomon参数来描述,其热变形激活能为150.25kJ/mol。在变形温度为380℃,应变速率为1s-1条件下,合金组织中存在大量的位错墙,表明发生了动态回复现象。随着变形温度的升高,当温度为500℃时,合金中出现了再结晶晶粒,说明主要软化机制逐步由动态回复转变为动态再结晶。     

Cu-Cr-Zr-Y合金动态再结晶及微观组织演化

通过在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上进行高温等温压缩试验,对Cu-0.4Cr-0.15Zr-0.04Y合金在应变速率为0.001~10s-1、变形温度为650~850℃、最大变形程度为50%条件下的流变应力行为进行了研究。分析了该合金在高温变形时的流变应力和应变速率及变形温度之间的关系,并研究了在热压缩过程中组织的变化。结果表明,热模拟试验中,应变速率和变形温度的变化强烈地影响合金流变应力的大小,流变应力随变形温度升高而下降,随应变速率提高而增大。从应变速率、流变应力和温度的相关性,得出了该合金高温热压缩变形时的应力指数(n)、应力参数(α)、结构因子(A)、热变形激活能(Q)和流变应力方程,变形温度对合金动态再结晶行为有强烈影响。     

Cu-Ni-Si-P合金动态再结晶研究及组织转变

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上,对Cu-2.0Ni-0.5Si-0.03P合金进行高温压缩实验,应变速率为0.01～5s-1、变形温度为600～800℃,对其高温等温压缩流变应力行为进行了研究.研究结果表明:随变形温度升高,合金的流变应力下降,随应变速率提高,流变应力增大.在应变温度为750、800℃时,合金热压缩变形流变应力出现了明显的峰值应力,表现为连续动态再结晶特征.可采用Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦函数来描述Cu-2.0Ni-0.5Si-0.03P合金高温变形时的流变应力行为.从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出了该合金高温热压缩变形时的应力指数n,应力参数α,结构因子A,热变形激活能Q和流变应力方程.合金动态再结晶的显微组织强烈受到变形温度的影响.     

喷射成形Nb合金化M3型高速钢热加工性能的研究

利用喷射成形工艺分别制备了M3及Nb合金化的M3高速钢;在变形温度为950～1150℃、应变速率为0.01～10s-1、最大真应变为0.7的条件下,利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机研究了MN合金的热压缩变形行为和组织演变情况,得到该合金的热变形激活能并构建了其热变形本构方程。结果表明,喷射成形制备的MN合金组织均匀细小,有利于热变形加工;在实验条件下,MN合金均表现出动态再结晶特征,变形温度和应变速率对合金流变应力的影响显著,流变应力随着变形温度的降低和应变速率的增加而增大;变形温度对变形后碳化物分布影响明显,温度越高,其分布越均匀。     

曲轴用34CrNiMo6高强结构钢的热变形行为研究

采用Gleeble-2000热模拟试验机,在950～1150℃的压缩温度、0.001～1s-1的应变速率条件下,对一种曲轴用34CrNiMo6高强结构钢进行高温压缩变形试验,获得了该材料的流变应力曲线。通过分析研究数据,获得了该材料的热变形方程、热变形激活能、Z参数等相关数学模型;材料的流变应力曲线分析表明,34CrNiMo6钢的高温流变应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的增加而逐渐增加;在变形过程中,变形温度和应变速率均对34CrNiMo6钢的动态再结晶和动态回复产生重要影响,升高变形温度或降低应变速率,均有利于变形过程中动态再结晶的发生,有助于变形材料的晶粒细化。     

曲轴用34CrNiM06高强结构钢的热变形行为研究

采用Gleeble-2000热模拟试验机,在950～1150℃的压缩温度、0.001～1s-1的应变速率条件下,对一种曲轴用34CrNiMo6高强结构钢进行高温压缩变形试验,获得了该材料的流变应力曲线.通过分析研究数据,获得了该材料的热变形方程、热变形激活能、Z参数等相关数学模型;材料的流变应力曲线分析表明,34CrNiMo6钢的高温流变应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的增加而逐渐增加;在变形过程中,变形温度和应变速率均对34CrNiMo6钢的动态再结晶和动态回复产生重要影响,升高变形温度或降低应变速率,均有利于变形过程中动态再结晶的发生,有助于变形材料的晶粒细化.     

Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.3Zr合金高温塑性变形行为研究

以Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.3Zr合金为研究对象,采用热模拟等温压缩的试验方法,利用Arrhenius关系式,分析了合金应力与应变的关系,同时利用金相显微镜和扫描电镜,观察合金在热变形过程中组织的演变。结果表明,合金高温等温压缩变形的真应力-真应变曲线属于动态再结晶型,并且当应变速率ε一定时,温度升高,峰值流变应力下降,当温度一定时,应变速率ε增大,峰值流变应力和它所对应的应变值均提高;变形过程中随着温度的升高,合金发生不同程度的再结晶。当变形温度为623K时,组织变化以动态回复为主,变形温度提高到673K,开始出现再结晶现象,温度达到773K时得到完全再结晶组织。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.