辅助材料设计参数对烤烟型卷烟烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响

为探索辅助材料与卷烟烟气化学成分之间的关系,研究了卷烟纸定量、卷烟纸透气度、成形纸透气度、接装纸透气度和滤棒吸阻对卷烟主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响,并通过辅材设计参数的组合设计,建立了辅材设计参数预测焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的数学模型.结果表明:①卷烟纸定量增加CO释放量增加;②卷烟纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量降低;③滤棒吸阻增加,焦油和烟碱释放量降低;④接装纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量显著降低;⑤成形纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量降低,降低程度与配合使用的接装纸透气度有关;⑥焦油、烟碱和CO释放量预测模型的预测值与实测值基本吻合.     

Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the mainstream smoke of selected international cigarettes

Objective: Survey of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) smoke deliveries from 77 cigarette brands purchased in 35 countries was conducted using a standardised machine smoking method. The goal of this study was to determine regional variations and differences in the tar, nicotine, and CO smoke yields of a cigarette brand manufactured by a leading transnational corporation and of non-US locally popular cigarette brands.

Design: The majority of the cigarettes were purchased in each of the participating countries by delegate members of the World Health Organization and forwarded to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for analysis. Smoke deliveries were determined using a standardised smoking machine method and subsequent gravimetric and gas chromatography analysis.

Results: The smoke deliveries varied widely. Mainstream smoke deliveries varied from 6.8 to 21.6 mg tar/cigarette, 0.5 to 1.6 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 5.9 to 17.4 mg CO/cigarette. In addition to the smoke deliveries, the cigarettes were examined to determine physical parameters such as filter composition, length, and ventilation levels.

Conclusion: Analysis of the smoke deliveries suggested that cigarettes from the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific WHO regions tended to have higher tar, nicotine, and CO smoke deliveries than did brands from the European, American, or African WHO regions surveyed.

     

淫羊藿滤嘴降低卷烟烟气中的有害成分研究

为研究淫羊藿滤嘴降低卷烟烟气中有害成分的作用,采用对比分析方式,先用吸烟机捕集卷烟烟气,收集主流烟气的总粒相物,再用超声波萃取方法对收集烟气粒相物的剑桥滤片进行萃取,分析烟气中的常规成分（烟碱、焦油、水分）,最后用GC/MS定量、定性分析烟气化学成分。结果表明,与空白样对比,淫羊藿滤嘴对烟碱、总粒相物、焦油量有降低作用,且分别降低了8.60%、10.86%和14.97%;对烟气中的一些有害成分,特别是促癌、致癌的酚类物质的截留效果比较明显,苯酚降低56.6%,对甲苯酚降低32.8%,4-乙基间苯二酚降低50%,2,2＇-亚甲基双-（4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚）降低29.0%。添加淫羊藿的卷烟滤棒能有效降低烟气中的有害成分,符合＂中式卷烟＂的发展方向。     

两种抽吸模式下卷烟烟气有害成分释放量与滤嘴通风率的关系

为了解不同抽吸模式下卷烟烟气有害成分释放量与滤嘴通风率的关系,考察了ISO和加拿大卫生部深度(HCI)两种抽吸模式下主流烟气中烟碱及乙醛、丙烯醛、苯、苯并[a]芘、1,3-丁二烯、一氧化碳(CO)、甲醛、N-亚硝基降烟碱(NNN)、4-(N-甲基-N-亚硝氨基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)、苯酚、巴豆醛、氢氰酸(HCN)和氨等13种有害成分的释放量与滤嘴通风率的相关关系,并进一步探讨了单位烟碱有害成分释放量与滤嘴通风率的相关性。结果表明:①在ISO抽吸模式下,除NNN、NNK外,其他有害成分的释放量与滤嘴通风率负相关;甲醛和巴豆醛的单位烟碱释放量与滤嘴通风率负相关,乙醛、CO、苯并[a]芘和氨的单位烟碱释放量与滤嘴通风正相关。②在HCI抽吸模式下,甲醛、巴豆醛、苯并[a]芘、苯酚和烟碱的释放量与滤嘴通风率负相关,HCN释放量与滤嘴通风率正相关,其余有害成分的释放量与滤嘴通风无显著相关性;乙醛、丙烯醛、巴豆醛、CO、HCN和氨的单位烟碱释放量与滤嘴通风率正相关。      

抽吸条件对卷烟主流烟气中氨释放量的影响

为考察不同抽吸条件对主流烟气中氨释放量的影响,在吸烟机上改变抽吸参数,分别抽吸了4种卷烟,并采用离子色谱法对4种卷烟样品主流烟气中氨的释放量进行了测试。结果表明:抽吸条件的变化对主流烟气中氨的释放量影响较大。在吸烟支数相同的情况下,采用减少抽吸容量、增加抽吸持续时间及抽吸间隔时间、提高滤嘴通风孔通风率以及增加烟蒂长度等方法均能降低主流烟气中氨的释放量,减少吸烟者对氨的摄入量,提高吸烟安全性。     

Effect of charcoal-containing cigarette filters on gas phase volatile organic compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke

Of the chemicals identified to date in mainstream cigarette smoke with known toxicological properties, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are considered the most hazardous group owing to their high abundance and toxicity. In this research we evaluate a recently introduced line of cigarettes that contain charcoal in their filters. The amount of charcoal in these filters ranged from 45 mg to 180 mg and were either dispersed among the filter material or contained in a small cavity in the filter segment. Charcoal has long been used for removing VOCs from both water and air. Our findings indicate that these cigarettes reduce machine generated mainstream smoke deliveries of a wide range of VOCs compared to a similar, non-charcoal filtered, cigarette. However, this reduction is dependent not only on the amount of charcoal present but also on the volume of smoke being drawn through the filter. While a brand with 45 mg charcoal reduces VOC delivery under ISO smoking conditions, charcoal saturation and breakthrough occur under more intense smoking conditions. Breakthrough is minimised for brands with the most charcoal. Overall, the brands with the most charcoal are effective at reducing VOC deliveries under even intense smoking conditions.     

抽吸参数对卷烟燃烧温度及主流烟气中某些化学成分的影响

用RM1/PLUS单孔道吸烟机结合高分辨的、快速纪录的红外热像仪AGEMA SC3000和GC研究了不同抽吸条件对卷烟燃烧温度及主流烟气中某些化学成分的影响。改变不同的抽吸曲线,发现抽吸时的最高温度随抽吸时流速的增加而升高。抽吸容量的增加能提高卷烟的最高抽吸温度,也使每支卷烟的烟碱、焦油、水分、CO和稠环芳烃的量有明显的增加;抽吸持续时间的增加能降低抽吸最高温度,但是每支烟的烟气输送量变化不明显;抽吸频率的降低能提高卷烟固相的抽吸最高温度,而抽吸最高温度的上升,使得每口主流烟气中的烟碱、焦油、CO等都有所增加,而稠环芳烃的量在所测的温度范围内随着温度的升高大致呈现先上升然后下降的趋势。      

Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of environmental pollutants created primarily from incomplete combustion of various organic materials including tobacco. Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of various classes of compounds, including numerous PAHs, in both the mainstream and the sidestream smoke fractions. We measured the levels of 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from unfiltered custom cigarettes made from individual tobacco types and 30 brands of domestic blended cigarettes using standardized smoking conditions, extraction from the Cambridge filter pads, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Differences in smoke PAHs from cigarettes with selected tobacco blends were identified and illustrate how blend composition contributes to the overall mainstream smoke PAH profile. The PAH levels varied among the different commercial cigarette brands, with the amount of total mainstream smoke PAHs ranging from 1 to 1.6 microg per cigarette. Under machine smoking conditions, the mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes had individual PAHs ranging from benzo[k]fluoranthene at levels below 10 ng/cigarette to naphthalene at levels of around 500 ng/cigarette. Low delivery cigarettes smoked with blocked filter vent holes dramatically increased the mainstream smoke PAH deliveries with respect to their unblocked counterparts. Inhalation of PAHs and other harmful chemicals from cigarette smoke are unique as they represent a routine voluntary exposure to common environmental pollutants.     

抽吸间隔时间对卷烟焦油释放量的影响

进行了抽吸间隔时间的长短对卷烟抽吸口数、烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响实验。抽吸间隔时间分别设置为 30、4 0、5 0、6 0、70、80、90和 10 0s ,测定了 2种牌号的卷烟。结果表明 :①抽吸间隔时间越短 ,每支卷烟的抽吸口数、焦油、烟碱和CO量越大 ,这与国外的研究结果比较一致 ;②无论抽吸间隔时间长短 ,每口烟气的焦油、烟碱和CO等化学物质的量基本上保持不变     

Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from U.S. brand and non-U.S. brand cigarettes

Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemical compounds, including many carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To determine the concentration ranges of PAHs in tobacco smoke and to understand what factors alter their levels, we quantitatively measured 14 PAHs in mainstream smoke from a transnational U.S. brand (Marlboro) and from locally popular brand cigarettes from 14 countries. We used standardized machine smoking conditions (35-mL puff volume, 60-s puff interval, and 2-s puff duration), extraction of total particulate matter from the Cambridge filters, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry detection. Deliveries of total PAHs in mainstream smoke of local brands were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) than Marlboros in seven countries. In four countries, Marlboro cigarettes had mainstream smoke total PAH levels that were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.01) than local brands. In the remaining three countries, the differences in PAH levels were not statistically significant. Under standard machine smoking conditions, PAH levels were negatively correlated with cigarette filter ventilation levels. We found that several local brands containing primarily flue-cured tobacco filler had relatively high mainstream smoke PAH deliveries, in agreement with findings by previous researchers that flue-cured tobacco typically delivers more PAHs than other tobacco types. We also observed that PAHs were inversely correlated with total carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nitrate content, but these correlations were not statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. The findings suggest that tobacco blend and nitrate levels may influence PAH deliveries, but other factors may confound this relation.     

凹凸棒石吸附剂在卷烟滤嘴中的应用实验

为寻求一种能够有选择性地去除卷烟烟气中有害物质的吸附剂 ,进行了凹凸棒石在卷烟滤嘴中的添加应用实验。在滤棒成形机上将 3%的凹凸棒石悬浊液均匀施加到开松后的醋酸纤维丝束上 ,制备成合格的滤棒样品 ,控制每支滤棒中的吸附剂含量约为 1.5mg ;取普通醋酸纤维滤棒作对照 ,与添加凹凸棒石吸附剂的醋酸纤维滤棒于同一卷接机组、同一原材料、同一卷制条件下卷接成烟支 ,进行卷烟烟气分析和评吸对比。实验结果表明 ,在醋酸纤维滤棒中添加凹凸棒石吸附剂 ,能使焦油降低 1.4mg 支 ,一氧化碳降低 1.1mg 支 ,而烟碱量保持不变 ,且卷烟的内在质量不受影响 ,能够保持卷烟原有的吸味风格。     

柠檬酸钾钠混合盐助燃剂对卷烟主流烟气的影响

为改进卷烟纸助燃剂的应用效果,采用柠檬酸钾和柠檬酸钠混合盐作为助燃剂,研究了混合盐的添加量和配比对卷烟主流烟气指标的影响。结果表明:①在助燃剂添加量0.5%～2.0%范围内,随着添加量的增加,抽吸口数、烟气中焦油量、CO量和烟碱量、CO/焦油均显著下降;单口烟气中焦油量和烟碱量增加,CO量降低;②柠檬酸钾助燃效果优于柠檬酸钠。通过调整二者在混合盐中的比例,可以在适当降低烟气焦油量的条件下,显著降低烟气中的CO量。     

醋纤和改性丙纤滤嘴对卷烟烟气成分的影响比较

采用气相色谱/质谱法对改性烟用聚丙纤维(PP)滤嘴和二醋酸纤维(CA)滤嘴卷烟烟气成分进行了对比分析。结果表明,个别PP滤嘴的降焦效果虽然已经接近CA滤嘴,但其降低烟气有害成分的能力明显不如CA滤嘴。     

抽吸模式对纸打孔细支卷烟烟气释放量的影响

为研究卷烟纸打孔细支卷烟的主流烟气,测定不同卷烟纸打孔参数的细支卷烟在ISO和HCI 2种模式下焦油和烟碱逐口释放量。结果表明:(1)ISO模式下卷烟纸打孔细支卷烟样品的焦油释放量有不同程度降低,而烟碱释放量变化幅度不明显;(2)HCI模式下,纸打孔样品焦油和烟碱总释放量均有不同程度升高,卷烟纸打孔对细支卷烟焦油和烟碱总释放量有不利影响;(3)前3口焦油增长率的变化反映了ISO模式下焦油逐口释放量的变化趋势较HCI模式大;(4)ISO模式下,纸打孔卷烟总烟碱/焦油比均大于对照样,且在打孔数目相同的情况下,总烟碱/焦油比随孔带宽度增加而增加,孔带宽度相同时,烟碱/焦油比随打孔数目增加而升高。而HCI模式下打孔卷烟与对照样烟碱/焦油比未呈现明显的变化规律。     

“三丝”掺兑量对卷烟主流烟气有害成分释放量的影响

为考察膨胀梗丝、膨胀烟丝或再造烟叶(简称“三丝”)掺兑量对主流烟气有害成分释放量的影响规律,在控制烟支硬度一致的条件下,制备了15种不同“三丝”掺兑量的卷烟,对其烟丝重量、吸阻、抽吸口数及主流烟气中焦油、烟碱、CO、氢氰酸、NNK、氨、BaP、苯酚、巴豆醛的释放量进行了测定,并建立了“三丝”掺兑量与上述有害成分释放量的回归方程.结果表明:①膨胀梗丝、膨胀烟丝或再造烟叶掺兑量增加10％,烟丝重量分别减少约1.8％,31％和1.3％,卷烟抽吸口数均减少约0.4口;膨胀梗丝或膨胀烟丝掺兑量增加10％,卷烟吸阻均增加约3.0％;②随着膨胀梗丝掺兑量增加,CO和巴豆醛释放量增加,其它7项有害成分释放量降低;随着膨胀烟丝掺兑量增加,巴豆醛释放量增加,焦油、烟碱、CO、BaP、氨和苯酚释放量降低;随着再造烟叶掺兑量增加,巴豆醛释放量增加,焦油、烟碱、氢氰酸、BaP、氨和苯酚释放量降低;③通过增加膨胀梗丝、膨胀烟丝或再造烟叶掺兑量,可以选择性降低卷烟主流烟气中的BaP、氨和苯酚.     

低焦油、低自由基、富硒烤烟型卷烟的研制

为了提高卷烟的安全性,本文研制开发了一种低焦油、低自由基、硒含量较高的烤烟型卷烟。在研制过程中,利用一系列工艺技术,如选择能够促进有机化合物裂解、减少干馏物形成的催化剂添加到卷烟烟丝中来降低焦油释放量;选择能够提高燃烧锥温度和燃烧速率的助燃剂;添加高效能的自由基捕获剂来捕获卷烟燃烧过程中产生的自由基;在叶组配方中使用一定量的富硒烟叶等。同时,在产品的设计中采用了高透气度盘纸、烟丝膨胀技术和有添加剂的卷烟滤嘴等卷烟降焦技术。研究结果表明:研制的卷烟焦油量在12 mg/支以下,自由基总量降低了40%,微量元素硒成功地导入到主流烟气中,研制的卷烟主流烟气硒含量比普通卷烟的硒含量增加了140%。      

低引燃倾向卷烟设计的影响因素

为研究低引燃倾向卷烟(LIP卷烟)设计过程中的影响因素,在不改变卷烟原有配方结构的基础上,利用不同的卷烟纸(普通卷烟纸和阻燃带卷烟纸)制备了相应的卷烟样品,并对样品进行了阻燃带扩散率、卷烟全长燃烧比例及主流烟气释放物等方面的测试.结果表明:在其他条件不变的情况下,①扩散率提高0.22cm/s,LIP卷烟的全长燃烧比例增大60％以上,主流烟气中的焦油、烟碱、CO的释放量分别减小4.0％,6.5％和6.1％;②助燃剂含量提高0.8％,LIP卷烟的全长燃烧比例增大约20％,主流烟气中的焦油、烟碱、CO的释放量分别减小9.3％,7.9％和12.7％;③在助燃剂含量高的情况下,阻燃带宽度/间距对卷烟全长燃烧比例的影响较大,但对卷烟主流烟气释放物的影响不明显.     

卷烟材料对烟气特征的预测模型

卷烟材料中卷烟纸、接装纸、成形纸和滤棒是影响卷烟烟气特征的主要因素。在卷烟材料对烟气特征影响的实验基础上,对所得的实验数据进行了深入分析,建立了滤嘴通风度、焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的预测模型,并利用多元非线性回归方法,求出了预测模型中的相关参数。结果表明,实验值与计算值之间有着较好的相关性,所得预测模型可以对卷烟设计中的材料选择起到一定的指导作用。     

不同抽吸模式卷烟主流烟气中常规成分和某些有害成分释放研究

对比研究了ISO抽吸模式和加拿大深度抽吸模式下不同卷烟主流烟气中焦油、烟碱和水分3种常规成分释放量及一氧化碳、氨和苯酚3种有害成分释放量。结果表明, 加拿大深度抽吸模式下, 卷烟主流烟气中焦油、烟碱和水分3种常规成分及一氧化碳、氨和苯酚3种有害成分释放量远远高于ISO抽吸模式下的释放量;随着滤嘴通风率的增加, 主流烟气常规成分和某些有害成分释放量的增加幅度越来越大;主流烟气中水分释放量的增加幅度远远大于焦油、烟碱、一氧化碳、氨和苯酚释放量的增加幅度。     

卷烟纸特性对细支烟主流烟气指标的影响

研究了不同透气度、定量、助燃剂含量的卷烟纸对细支烟主流烟气指标的影响。结果发现,在实验设计的水平范围内,卷烟纸助燃剂含量(以柠檬酸根计)、透气度与细支烟主流烟气焦油量、烟碱量、CO量具有显著的负相关性;卷烟纸定量与细支烟主流烟气CO量具有显著的正相关性,与细支烟主流烟气焦油量、烟碱量分别具有非显著及显著的负相关性。