术前肺功能对胸部肿瘤患者术后心肺并发症发生的影响

目的 观察术前肺功能对胸部肿瘤患者术后心肺并发症(PPC)发生的影响.方法 对112例胸部肿瘤手术患者进行术前常规肺功能及心电图的检查,术后对患者的各项生命体征进行24～96 h连续监测,观察术后PPC的发生情况.结果 本组112例患者中,术前肺功能检查肺功能正常85例,肺功能异常27例;术后发生PPC者38例(33.9％),分别为心律失常18例、肺不张9例、肺部感染11例,其中1例肺部感染因呼吸衰竭死亡.本组术前肺功能异常者术后发生PPC者20例(74.0％),其中心律失常、肺不张、肺部感染分别为9、5、6例;术前肺功能正常者,术后发生PPC者18例(21.1％),其中心律失常、肺不张、肺部感染分别为9、4、5例;两组比较,P均＜0.05.结论 术前肺功能异常可增加胸部肿瘤患者术后PPC的发生率,术前肺功能指标检测对术后PPC有一定预测价值.     

肺癌患者术后近期心肺并发症与肺功能的关系

对８６例男性肺癌患者进行围术期肺功能监测，研究术后近期心肺并发症与肺功能的关系，结果显示：术前通气功能和弥散功能异常组术后近期心肺并发症明显增加，术后３月内的换气功能降低，心肺并发症显著增多。认为肺癌术后近期心肺并发症的发生主要取决于术前弥散功能的储备情况及术后换气功能状态。     

心肺功能综合评估预测肺癌术后呼吸衰竭危险

目的探讨心肺功能综合评估预测肺癌病人手术后呼吸衰竭（呼衰）危险。方法260例原发性肺癌病人于术前行静息肺功能、心电图、运动心肺功能检测．将常用指标分别组合为静息肺功能、运动肺功能、心功能进行评分，并计算心肺功能综合评分。结果①全肺切除术后呼衰组运动肺功能、心功能、心肺功能综合评分均高于非呼衰组（P〈0．01），Logistic分析显示运动肺功能评分〉3分、心功能评分〉2分与术后呼衰的发生密切相关，其OR值、预测术后呼衰的敏感性、特异性和阳性结果预计值均高于VO2/kg，②肺叶切除术后呼衰组仅静息肺功能评分高于非呼衰组（P〈0．05），Logistic分析显示静息肺功能评分〉2分与其术后呼衰的发生密切相关。③FEV10〈60％、行肺叶切除术（低肺功能组）术后呼衰组运动肺功能评分和心肺功能综合评分高于非呼衰组（P〈0．01），Lositic分析显永心肺功能综合评分〉6分与其术后呼衰的发生密切相关，其OR值、预测术后呼衰的敏感性和阴性结果预计值高于VO2/kg。结论心肺功能综合评估较单项肺功能指标能更全面、准确地预测术后呼衰发生危险．尤其适于全肺切除和低肺功能、行肺叶切除术病人。     

肺部手术后死亡率和患病率的术前预测

肺部切除手术使未发生转移的肺癌患者有了长期生存的希望,但由于病人常合并慢性气道阻塞,增加了手术危险性,使其术后易发生心肺并发症。所以,如能准确预测术后通气功能变化将有助于确定病人可否接受手术。为此,作者对55例疑有肺部恶性肿瘤而需手术切除病人的肺功能和运动容量在术前及术后第3和第12个月进行了测定。55例中单侧全肺切除者18例,肺叶切除29例,胸廓打开而未行肺切除者6例,2例因肺功能严重受损未行手术。53例中术后发生心肺并发症者有16例(8例为单侧肺切除,7例为肺叶切除,1例胸廓打开未行肺     

风湿性心脏病二尖瓣病变患者瓣膜替换术后肺功能的改变

目的：了解风湿性心脏病二尖瓣病变患者二尖瓣替换术（ＭＶＲ）后肺功能的改变。方法：观察２６例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣病变患者ＭＶＲ术前和术后３～１２个月的肺功能改变。结果：ＭＶＲ后３个月的肺功能与术前相比，无明显好转。术后６～１２个月，患者的各通气功能指标均有明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５～Ｐ＜０．０１），但肺的一氧化碳弥散功能（ＤＬＣＯ）术后不但无增加，反而有下降的趋势。结论：ＭＶＲ术后３个月患者的肺功能与术前相比，无明显好转，可能与剖胸手术创伤有关。随着心功能的改善，术后６～１２个月，患者的通气功能逐渐改善，但ＤＬＣＯ并不增加，推测可能与患者术后肺泡毛细血管容量减少以及肺组织结构损害不可逆性改变有关。     

肺癌患者术前肺功能状况与术后生存质量分析

目的探讨肺癌患者术前肺功能状况对术后心肺并发症及生存质量的影响。方法同期对照分析19例肺通气功能障碍肺癌患者(9例轻度限制性通气功能障碍,10例小气道阻塞性通气功能障碍)与23例肺通气功能正常肺癌患者术后心肺并发症和出院后三月生存质量评分,进行t检验和卡方检验比较分析。结果两组术后心肺并发症总计、肺部感染、低氧血症和心律失常分别为57.89%、26.32%、36.84%、26.32%和30.43%、13.04%、13.04%、26.09%,P值分别为0.037、0.487、0.071和1.000。两组出院后三月生存质量评分分别为(16.18±4.65)和(12.60±4.04),P=0.035。结论肺通气功能障碍组术后常见肺部感染、低氧血症、心律失常较正常组无增高;而术后心肺并发症总计较正常组增高;出院后三月生存质量亦较正常组差。     

影响肺癌术后肺功能恢复的相关因素分析

<正>肺癌手术创伤较大,无论是行微创手术还是开胸手术,术中手术操作、麻醉单肺通气等特殊情况,常需要挤压肺组织,牵拉刺激肺门及支气管,反射性引起呼吸道分泌物增加、肺组织挫伤,不同程度引起患者肺通气及换气功能不全,同时术后发生肺部并发症也会造成不同程度的通气和换气功能障碍,影响患者肺功能的恢复。以下为影响肺癌术后肺功能恢复的相关因素分析。一、肺癌术后肺功能恢复的相关因素1.术前因素(1)一般情况:1年龄:研究表明:随着年龄的     

心肺运动试验预测肺癌侵及血管的患者术后呼吸衰竭的探讨

目的探讨心肺运动试验预测肺癌侵及血管的患者术后呼吸衰竭的探讨。方法术前采用运动负荷递增的方案对172例原发性肺癌患者行心肺运动试验,测定终止负荷运动时的功率（W％）、最大摄氧量（VO2％P）、公斤氧耗量（VO2／kg）、无氧阁（AT）、代谢当量（MET）、氧脉搏（VO2／HR）、呼吸频率（BF）、通气鼙（VE）。结果1．运动心肺功能试验各项指标在肺叶切除术后呼衰和非呼衰组间均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。全肺切除术而言,W％、VO2％P、VO2／kg、MET、VE、BF在术后呼衰组均较非呼衰组降低（P〈0．05或0．01）。2．W％、V02％P、VO2／kg、MET在行左全肺切除术术后呼衰组较非呼衰组降低（P〈0．05或0．01）。右全肺切除组仅BF在纰间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。3．x0检验显示,六项指标不同程度异常与全肺切除术后呼衰的发牛率有关,logistic回归分析娃示MET〈4和BF〈30次／分与全肺切除术后呼衰的发生密切相关,V02／kg〈14．6ml／min／kg与左全肺切除术后呼衰的发生关系密切。4．术后全肺切除组VO2％P〈60％、BF〈30次／分、VE〈35L／min的敏感性和特异性均〉60％,阴性预测值均大于90％。左全肺切除组W％、VO2％P〈60％的敏感性和特异性均〉80％,阴性预测值100％,均高于VO2／kg。结论运动心肺功能试验对于有血管侵及的肺癌患者行全肺切除术,特别是行左全肺切除术,预测术后的呼吸衰竭、为全肺切除术的适应症评估提供依据,均具有重要意义。选择VO2％P作为预测术后呼衰、评估手术适应症的指标。因MET〈4、VO2／kg〈14．6ml／min／kg与肺切除术后呼衰关系密切,应结合临床情况适当考虑。     

肺切除术前肺功能与术后并发症的关系探讨

目的　探讨术前肺功能与肺切除术后并发症的相关关系。方法　对 318例肺切除患者于术前行肺功能检查 ,观察其术后并发症的发生。结果　 76例患者肺切除术后发生并发症 ,1秒钟用力呼气量 (FEV1 )占预计值 %、最大通气量 (MVV)占预计值 %、术后预计 FEV1 (FEV1 - ppo)降低与术后并发症有显著相关性。术前心肺基础疾患亦是术后并发症的高危因素。结论　 FEV1 占预计值 % <70 % ,MVV占预计值 % <5 0 % ,FEV1 - ppo<1.0 L 时 ,全肺切除的危险性增大 ;FEV1 占预计值 % <6 0 % ,MVV占预计值 % <4 0 % ,FEV1 - ppo<1.0 L 时 ,肺叶切除危险性升高。     

静息肺功能状态对肺癌患者运动心肺功能的影响

目的：探讨静息肺功能状态对肺癌患者运动心肺功能的影响。方法：对20例健康者和140例肺癌患者和行静息肺功能，心电图和运动心肺功能测定。结果：（1）与健康组相比，肺癌患者的VO2％P、VO2／kg,,AT,VO2/HR%,VE,SpO2％降低（P＜0．05或0．01），VD／VT增加（P＜0．05），肺通气功能障碍的类型及弥散功能对其无明显影响；（2）与通气功能正常者相比，通气功能减负功能减退的肺癌患者存在W％，VO2％P，BP，SpO2%降低（P＜0．05或0．01），以通气功能显著减退的肺癌患者为著；（3）低氧血症组和氧合状态正常组的运动心肺功能指标间无显著差异。结论：静息肺功能正常的肺癌患者，就存在着运动通气受限，并成为运动中氧摄取量减少的主要原因，肺通气功能不同程度减退是肺癌患者运动心肺功能进一步减退的重要原因。     

Comparison of pre- and postoperative pulmonary function in obese and non-obese female patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: Various studies have suggested that body size and in-hospital mortality are related. However, only a few analysed the effects of obesity on pulmonary complications following coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The purpose of the present study was to assess early changes in lung volumes, respiratory complications and arterial blood gas tension following CABG in obese women. METHODS: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), treadmill exercise capacity tests (TM), arterial blood gases and pulmonary complications were studied in 124 obese (mean age 57.2+/-5.8 years) and 108 non-obese (mean age 58.6+/-5.9 years) female patients undergoing elective CABG. PFT, TM tests, arterial blood gas analyses and CXR were performed in the preoperative and postoperative periods and pulmonary complications were recorded. Breathing and coughing exercises, early ambulation and pulmonary clearing techniques were used by physical therapists to prevent pulmonary complications after CABG surgery. RESULTS: Postoperative PFT and TM tests deteriorated significantly in both groups (P<0.0001). The deterioration in the obese group was highly significant. The postoperative deterioration of blood gas measurements in obese patients was also statistically significant compared to non-obese patients. Early pulmonary complications developed in 21 (16.94%) of the obese patients and in 10 (9.25%) of non-obese patients. Duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit and hospital stays were longer compared to the non-obese patients (P=0.008, P<0.0001, P=0.0386, respectively). CONCLUSION: Obesity has a detrimental effect on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, blood gas measurements and complications rates in postoperative period following CABG surgery.     

Pulmonary function in patients with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary complications of diabetes mellitus have been poorly characterized. Although some authors have reported normal pulmonary function, others found abnormalities in lung volumes, pulmonary mechanics, and diffusing capacity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We studied pulmonary function in a group of patients with diabetes using a combined cardiopulmonary exercise test. Twenty-seven patients with diabetes aged 48 +/- 13 years participated in the study. RESULTS: Overall, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, and forced expiratory flow, midexpiratory phase, were within the predicted values, but the residual volume/total lung capacity ratio was slightly elevated. Comparison by diabetes type showed nonsignificant differences in forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced expiratory flow, midexpiratory phase. Residual volume/total lung capacity ratio was significantly elevated in type 1 patients compared with type 2. Carbon monoxide diffusion capacity (DLCO) was normal in both groups. There was no correlation between the results on pulmonary function test and duration of disease, presence of microangiopathy, or glycemic control. The DLCO was significantly lower in patients with microangiopathic changes, but not when DLCO was corrected for alveolar volume. On the cardiopulmonary exercise test, maximal workload, maximum oxygen uptake, and maximal heart rate were less than predicted, whereas anaerobic threshold and ventilatory reserve were normal. No significant differences were noted in diabetes type, and there was no correlation between parameters of cardiopulmonary exercise test and the other variables. CONCLUSION: Spirometric values are preserved in patients with diabetes mellitus, and there are no defects in diffusing capacity. Cardiovascular factors may account for impaired physical performance. There is no need for routine screening of pulmonary function among diabetic patients.     

Pulmonary function tests in preoperative pulmonary evaluation

Pulmonary function testing (PFT) has been used to evaluate the risk for postoperative complications since the 1950s. PFT including spirometry, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, oximetry, and arterial blood gases has been used to assess the postoperative risk of lung resection. In selected cases, additional evaluation may include radionuclide lung scanning, exercise testing, invasive pulmonary hemodynamic measurements, and risk stratification analysis. A new index, predicted postoperative product (PPP), was found to have strong predictive ability for mortality. We defined a new useful index, measured product (MP), to predict postoperative complications; MP had similar advantages of PPP. Since diffusing capacity at rest has been shown to be a good predictor of postoperative complications following lung resection, and since exercise testing has been also useful in preoperative evaluation prior to lung resection, we reasoned that evaluation of the effect of exercise on diffusing capacity would be helpful to evaluate the ability of the pulmonary capillary bed to expand and increase its capacity to transfer gas during exercise.     

Complications of lung resection and exercise capacity: a meta-analysis

RATIONALE: While exercise capacity, expressed as maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), has been proposed to be the best predictor of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications after surgical resection in lung cancer patients, the literature remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to use the meta-analytic approach to determine if VO2max, expressed as either ml kg(-1) min(-1) or as a percentage of predicted, differed between patients who develop postoperative cardiopulmonary complications versus those that do not. METHODS: Studies were retrieved via (1) computerized literature searches, (2) cross referencing from retrieved articles, and (3) expert review of our reference list. Trials were included if they reported preoperative VO2max values (ml kg(-1) min(-1) or percentage of predicted) and had patients in which postoperative cardiopulmonary complications occurred. RESULTS: Fourteen studies representing a total of 955 men and women met our criteria for inclusion. Across all designs and categories, random-effects modeling demonstrated that patients without postoperative pulmonary complications had significantly higher levels of VO2max in ml kg(-1) min(-1) (mean difference=3.0, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.9-4.0) as well as VO2max as a percentage of predicted (mean difference=8, 95% CI, 3.3-12.8). CONCLUSION: After a systematic review of the literature, we found that exercise capacity, expressed as VO2max, is lower in patients that develop clinically relevant complications after curative lung resection. These results are important for the practicing clinician because they answer the literature controversy on the usefulness of measuring preoperative exercise capacity and reinforce the current guidelines on decision making for lung resection.     

Preoperative maximal exercise oxygen consumption test predicts postoperative pulmonary morbidity following major lung resection

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary resection carries a significant morbidity and mortality. The utility of maximal oxygen uptake test (VO(2)max) to predict cardiopulmonary complications following major pulmonary resection was evaluated. METHODS: Following standard preoperative work-up and VO(2)max testing, 55 patients (49 male; mean age 59 years, range 20-74) underwent major pulmonary surgery: lobectomy (n = 31), bilobectomy (n = 6) and pneumonectomy (n = 18). An investigator blinded to the preoperative assessment prospectively collected data on postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. Patients were divided into two groups according to preoperative VO(2)max and also according to FEV(1). The frequency of postoperative complications in the groups was compared. RESULTS: Complications were observed in 19 (34.5%) patients, 11 of which were pulmonary (20%). There were two deaths (3.6%), both due to respiratory failure. Preoperative FEV(1) failed to predict postoperative respiratory complications. Five of 36 patients with a preoperative FEV(1) > 2 L suffered pulmonary complications, compared with six of 19 patients with FEV(1) < 2 L. Cardiopulmonary complications were not observed in patients with VO(2)max > 15 mL/kg/min (n = 27); however, 11 patients with VO(2)max < 15 mL/kg/min (n = 28) suffered cardiopulmonary complications (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: VO(2)max predicts postoperative pulmonary complications following major lung resection, and the risk of complications increases significantly when the preoperative VO(2)max is less than 15 mL/kg/min.     

Perioperative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation for patients undergoing lung volume reduction surgery

Although pulmonary rehabilitation is recommended for patients undergoing lung volume reduction surgery, the optimal method of pulmonary rehabilitation is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and safety of perioperative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation. We enrolled candidates for lung volume reduction surgery from 1999 to 2006 and retrospectively evaluated the feasibility and safety of perioperative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation for these patients. The program included the progressive exercise training on a treadmill for approximately 3 weeks. Two primary endpoints, feasibility and safety, were determined by the adherence rates of the program session and the adverse events. Pulmonary function and exercise capacity were evaluated at baseline and the termination of pre- and postoperative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation. Twenty-two patients were enrolled in this study. All patients completed our program without any serious adverse events. The mean values of adherence rates of the preoperative, postoperative, and overall period were, 89.1%, 95.1%, and 92.1%, respectively. All values of pulmonary function tests, except for forced vital capacity, significantly improved at the termination of postoperative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation in comparison to those at the termination of preoperative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation. The values of the 6-minute walk distance, total exercise time, and maximal workload on incremental exercise test were significantly improved by preoperative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation, and their values were maintained until the termination of postoperative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation. The results indicated that it is both feasible and safe to perform perioperative short-term pulmonary rehabilitation.     

Pulmonary function and complications following chemotherapy and stem cell support in breast cancer.

Pulmonary complications are frequent in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation for breast cancer or other solid tumours. This study analyses the development of lung toxicity, changes in respiratory function and occurrence of clinical symptoms in a group of 24 patients (mean age 46+/-7 yrs) who underwent high-dose sequential chemotherapy (HDS) with autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) support for high risk breast cancer. Clinical examination, chest radiography and lung function tests were performed before the HDS and 1 and 3 months following transplantation. Only one patient developed acute interstitial pulmonary disease which resolved after prednisone therapy. No patients developed infectious complications after transplantation. Baseline respiratory function was normal for most of the parameters. Only lung diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (TL,CO) and maximal inspiratory pressure were below the normal range. Following PBSC transplantation only one patient had an altered vital capacity while 72.3% of patients had reduced TL,CO values at 1 month and 54.5% at 3 months after transplantation. Maximal expiratory flow at 25% forced vital capacity, TL,CO and maximal expiratory pres-sure were significantly reduced after 1 month but recovered slightly by 3 months. Arterial oxygen tension between baseline and both follow-up evaluations declined significantly in patients seropositive for human cytomegalovirus. It is concluded that this high-dose sequential chemotherapy regimen is acceptably safe since no pulmonary related mortality or respiratory infectious complications were observed. The only lung function alteration induced was an isolated diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide impairment, clinically negligible and partially recovered within 3 months.     

Graded exercise testing and postthoracotomy complications

A controversy exists over whether or not preoperative exercise testing can predict postthoracotomy complications. This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of a presurgical exercise protocol in patients with lung disease, but no evidence of cardiac disease. Seventy patients underwent baseline pulmonary function testing and split function perfusion studies, when indicated, to calculate predicted postoperative pulmonary function. Noninvasive data were incrementally collected from 17 patients by using a treadmill exercise tolerance test that was designed to elicit maximal performance. Inhaled and exhaled gas flow and, volume, the partial pressure of O₂ and CO₂, maximal O₂ consumption (V̇O₂max), and maximal minute ventilation (V̇E Max) were measured. The breathing and heart rate reserves were calculated by standard formulae in an attempt to separate cardiac from pulmonary exercise limitation. Two patients had postoperative cardiopulmonary complications after thoracotomy and lung resection, and six patients had noncardiopulmonary complications. There was no significant prognostic relationship among V̇O₂ max, V̇E max. maximum O₂ pulse, and the incidence of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. The percentages of predicted V̇E max and predicted maximum heart rate were related to the occurrence of total complications, but not specifically to cardiopulmonary complications. The results emphasize the difficulty in attempting to exercise thoracotomy candidates with chronic lung disease to maximal performance. Excluding patients from further surgical consideration because of exercise limitation is not feasible based on these data.     

Indications for pulmonary function testing

Pulmonary function testing is needed to determine the pathophysiology present in the patient with cardiopulmonary disease. Blood gases and pH should be obtained during emergency situations and during cranial, thoracic, and extensive cervical or abdominal surgery. Lung function tests can be divided in global such as spirometry and diffusing capacity which study the ventilation and transfer of gases and regional determinations of ventilation and perfusion. Both types of tests complement each other and should be used together. The spirometry should consist at least of determination of the vital capacity and is determined in the first second to ascertain if there is obstructive lung disease. Some tests such as flow-volume curves, alveolar-arterial gradients and closing volume are very useful to detect early pulmonary disease before any symptoms or findings are present. This is probably one of the most important medical indications for pulmonary function testing. Before certain types of surgery pulmonary function testing is indicated; if the spirometry and diffusing capacity tests are normal, there is no pulmonary contraindication for the planned surgery. In chest surgery if there is significant compromise of the spirometry and diffusing capacity regional lung function tests are indicated to study the pathophysiology at regional level, thus trying to circumscribe the lung resection to the diseased areas.     

Preoperative assessment as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after lung resection

To refine the functional guidelines for operability for lung resection, we prospectively studied 55 consecutive patients with suspected lung malignancy thought to be surgically resectable. Lung function and exercise capacity were measured preoperatively and at 3 and 12 months postoperatively. Preoperative pulmonary scintigraphy was used to calculate the contribution to overall function by the affected lung or lobe and to predict postoperative lung function. Pneumonectomy was performed in 18 patients, lobectomy in 29, and thoracotomy without resection in six. No surgery was attempted in two patients who were considered functionally inoperable. Cardiopulmonary complications developed in 16 patients within 30 days of surgery, including three deaths. The predictions of postoperative function correlated well with the measured values at 3 months. For FEV1, r = 0.51 in pneumonectomy (p less than 0.05) and 0.89 in lobectomy (p less than 0.001). Predicted postoperative FEV1 (FEV1-ppo), diffusing capacity (DLCO), predicted postoperative DLCO (DLCO-ppo) and exercise-induced arterial O2 desaturation (delta SaO2) were predictive of postoperative complications including death and respiratory failure. In patients who underwent pneumonectomy, the best predictor of death was FEV1-ppo. The predictions were enhanced by expressing the value as a percentage of the predicted normal value (% pred) rather than in absolute units. For the entire surgical group a FEV1-ppo greater than or equal to 40% pred was associated with no postoperative mortality (n = 47), whereas a value less than 40% pred was associated with a 50% mortality (n = 6), suggesting that resection is feasible when FEV1-ppo is greater than or equal to 40% pred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)