双马来酰亚胺交联单分散聚苯乙烯微球的制备及表征

采用分散聚合法,以苯乙烯为单体,二苯甲烷双马来酰亚胺(BDM)为交联剂,制备了单分散交联聚苯乙烯微球(St/BDM)。研究了分散聚合反应中单体(St)、引发剂(AIBN)、分散剂(PVP)、交联剂(BDM)用量对微球粒径和粒径分布的影响。通过优化反应条件,合成了平均粒径为3.03μm(ε=0.05)的单分散交联聚苯乙烯微球。热稳定性分析和耐溶剂性实验结果表明,二苯甲烷双马来酰亚胺(BDM)交联的聚苯乙烯微球热稳定性和耐溶剂性能比线性的聚苯乙烯微球有了很大的提高。当失重5%时,聚合物的热分解温度由交联前的306℃上升到交联后的328℃。     

单分散大粒径P(GMA-St)微球的制备

以乙醇水溶液为反应介质,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,采用分散聚合法制备了粒径为4～9μm的单分散甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯/苯乙烯共聚物(P(GMA-St))微球。研究了分散聚合中单体配比及浓度、醇水比、分散剂及引发剂用量对微球粒径及粒径分布的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)对P(GMA-St)微球的表面形貌和化学结构进行了表征。     

固相微萃取涂层材料多孔聚二乙烯基苯微球的合成

以偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂、二乙烯基苯(DVB-80)为单体、二氯甲烷-甲苯为二元致孔剂,采用沉淀聚合法制备单分散多孔聚二乙烯基苯微球(PDVB),用作固相微萃取涂层材料。扫描电镜表明,合成的聚合物微球球形规整、粒径均匀,数均粒径3.00μm,粒径多分散指数为1.03;氮气吸附测试表明,微球呈现多孔性,Langmuir比表面积为667m~2/g;热重分析表明,微球具有良好的热稳定性。采用此方法合成的多孔PDVB微球适合用作固相微萃取涂层材料。     

氧化还原引发无皂乳液聚合制备单分散热敏性微球

在可聚合乳化剂甲基丙烯磺酸钠存在下,以过硫酸钾和亚硫酸氢钠为氧化还原引发体系,将苯乙烯和N-异丙基丙烯酰胺进行无皂乳液聚合,制得粒径大小在200 nm~300 nm范围内的单分散热敏性聚(苯乙烯/甲基丙烯磺酸钠/N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)微球。通过透射电镜观察微球形态和大小,并采用激光光散射粒度仪考察微球粒径大小随温度变化情况。探讨了水溶性单体/油溶性单体比、引发剂用量等对微球粒径大小的影响。结果表明,制备的乳胶粒粒径在32℃附近明显减小,呈现出热敏性质;微球粒径随水溶性单体/油溶性单体比的增大而减小,随引发剂用量的增大而增大。     

乳液聚合合成单分散纳米级PMMA微球

采用乳液聚合法制备了单分散性聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）纳米微球,分析了聚合过程中不同单体滴加时间、不同表面活性剂用量、不同引发剂用量以及不同引发剂种类等因素对聚合体系中微球的粒径以及粒径分布的影响,研究表明,PMMA微球的粒径随单体滴加时间、表面活性剂用量、引发剂用量的增加而减小;采用AIBN引发剂制备的微球的粒径较采用KPS引发剂大。     

无皂乳液共聚制备纳米微球

自制了苯乙烯单封端的聚乙烯醇(PEG)大分子单体,使其与苯乙烯进行无皂乳液聚合,进而制得了单分散的纳米微球.通过核磁共振和傅里叶红外光谱表征了大分子单体及共聚物的组成,用透射电子显微镜和激光光散射观察了微球的形态、直径和分布.并考察了大分子单体用量、引发剂用量和反应温度对微球粒径的影响.结果表明,增加乳液中大分子单体和引发剂的用量,提高聚合反应温度,可以控制微球的粒径大小,得到最小直径约为41nm的纳米微球,该微球保持较好的球形和单分散性.     

羧基化聚苯乙烯微球的制备及其自组装行为研究

采用分散聚合法,以乙醇、水为分散介质,苯乙烯为共聚单体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为稳定剂,AIBN为引发剂,丙烯酸（AA）为功能共聚单体,制备了粒径为100—1000nm羧基化聚苯乙烯微球,研究醇水比、分散剂、引发剂用量对微球粒径及分布的影响,分析微球表面形貌、粒径分布、表面羧基含量,结果表明,胶体晶体是面心立方密排结构,微球单分散性好,表面光滑,球形度好,表面羧基含量最高可达到0．206mmol／g。同时,用垂直沉积法制备出较大范围内呈现高度有序的密排结构聚苯乙烯胶体晶体。     

两性引发剂VA-057引发分散聚合制备PSG微球的研究

以苯乙烯(St)为主单体,甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯(GMA)为功能单体,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,乙醇和水的混合物为反应介质,选用两性偶氮二(N-2-羧乙基-2-甲基丙脒)水合物(VA-057)为该体系的引发剂,分散聚合制备了单分散的聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯)(PSG)高分子微球。考察了单体配比、引发剂及分散剂用量、醇水比等因素对高分子微球表面环氧基团浓度、粒径及单分散性的影响。研究表明,PSG微球粒径(6~9μm)和表面环氧基团浓度(2~4mmol/g)具有可控性。单体配比中GMA含量增加,PSG微球的表面环氧基团浓度和粒径均增大。乙醇/水介质中水含量增大或引发剂用量增多,粒径变大。分散剂用量增多,粒径变小。但引发剂浓度过高或单体St与GMA的质量比1时,会导致粒径分布变宽。     

聚合反应条件对颗粒形态与粒径影响的研究

以甲基丙烯酸单封端的聚乙二醇(MA-PEG)大分子单体为反应性分散稳定剂,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为自由基引发剂,在醇／水混合介质中与丙烯腈和苯乙烯(丙烯腈为主单体)进行三元分散共聚,制备得到了亚微米级,粒径均一,分散稳定,具有特殊形态的聚合物颗粒。采用透射电子显微镜和激光光散射仪等手段对产物进行了表征,发现该聚合物颗粒的形态和粒径大小可通过改变聚合反应条件加以控制。     

微米级聚苯乙烯微球合成过程反应条件的优化

用分散聚合法合成4~8μm的单分散聚苯乙烯微球,实验考察反应温度对体系的黏度、微球分子量及微球密度等结构参数的影响,同时考察反应温度以及单体、引发剂和稳定剂等分散聚合的主要组分对所合成的聚合物微球粒径及粒径分布的影响。结果表明,反应温度为70℃时,制备的单分散聚苯乙烯微球结构最致密,微球产率较高,微球耐有机溶剂的能力较强;随着初始单体浓度、引发剂用量的增加和反应温度的升高,最终得到的聚苯乙烯微球粒径虽有所增大,但微球粒径分布变宽;随着稳定剂用量的增加,最终微球粒径减小,粒径分布变窄。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.