低温固相反应合成Zn2SnO4及其气敏性能

以SnCl4·5H2O,Zn(NO3)2·6H2O和NaOH为原料,用低温固相反应法合成尖晶石型复合氧化物Zn2SnO4纳米晶体.用X射线衍射、透射电镜表征粉末的晶体结构和形态.结果表明:固相反应完全,合成的前躯体经600℃煅烧1 h后可以得到单相的Zn2SnO4粉体,颗粒形状为球形,平均粒径约为50 nm.将合成样品制成烧结型旁热式气敏元件,测试了元件的敏感特性.气敏测试结果表明:尖晶石型复合氧化物Zn2SnO4为n型半导体气敏材料,在工作电压为5.0 V时,材料对浓度为30μL/L的H2S有较高的灵敏度,其灵敏度高达75倍.     

尖晶石型铁氧体CuFe_2O_4的制备及其Fenton反应效能研究

本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同煅烧温度下的尖晶石型铁氧体Cu Fe2O4系列样品。利用XRD、SEM对样品的结构、形貌进行了表征。结果表明,煅烧温度在800℃以上时,所合成的样品均为单相尖晶石型铁氧体CuFe2O4,样品的形貌呈现球状。在尖晶石型铁氧体CuFe2O4体系中加入H2O2,利用Fenton反应,能够有效地降解亚甲基蓝染料废水。     

MgFe2O4纳米复合氧化物的制备和气敏性能

用反滴定化学共沉淀法制备了纳米尺寸尖晶石型的复合金属氧化物MgFe2O4粉体.用X射线粉末衍射分析、透射电镜等手段研究了其结构特性.MgFe2O4粉体颗粒均匀,700℃煅烧1 h粉体平均粒径约为20 nm.研究表明煅烧温度对材料的结构及性能有较大的影响.以MgFe2O4纳米粉体为原料制备了旁热式气敏元件,测试了元件的敏感特性和响应恢复特性.结果显示,MgFe2O4是一种良好的n型半导体气敏材料,700℃煅烧1 h所得纳米粉体制作的元件在300℃工作温度时对CH3COCH3有较高灵敏度和良好的选择性,对体积分数为1 000×10-6的CH3COCH3的灵敏度可达36.87.并对气敏机理给予了解释.     

EuFeO_3纳米材料的制备及其气敏特性研究

以Eu_2O_3和Fe(OH)_3为反应前驱体,以NaCl为介质,采用固相反应法合成了稀土复合氧化物EuFeO_3纳米粉体。分别用XRD和TEM对粉体的物相和形貌进行了表征,并测试了其气敏性能。结果表明:反应物料于1000℃煅烧4 h可获得纯相EuFeO_3纳米粒子;在工作温度320℃时,以该纯相纳米EuFeO_3材料为基的元件对丙酮的响应强且选择性好,其灵敏度与丙酮气体的浓度的对数之间有良好的线性关系,元件对浓度为50 ppm(10~(-6))丙酮气体的灵敏度达26.2,响应-恢复时间为14 s和23 s。     

SmCoO3纳米材料的制备及其气敏性能研究

以Sm2O3和Co(CH3COO) 2·4H2O为原料,利用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法合成了具有钙钛矿结构的SmCoO3复合氧化物纳米材料.所得SmCoO3纳米材料为单相性很好的正交钙钛矿结构,其产物的平均粒径约为30nm,颗粒均匀.由其制成的气敏元件在200℃时SmCoO3纳米材料对H2S的灵敏度最高为20.5,且具有较好的选择性.     

溶胶–凝胶法制备碳纳米管-In_2O_3纳米复合材料及其气敏性

以碳纳米管（carbon nanotubes,CNT）为模板,在超声波辅助条件下,利用溶胶–凝胶法合成CNT–In2O3纳米复合粉体,用该复合粉体制备CNT–In2O3气敏元件。借助X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪和能量色散谱仪对产物进行表征,研究了CNT–In2O3气敏元件的气敏性。结果表明：CNT–In2O3纳米复合粉体是一种由In2O3纳米颗粒均匀包裹在直径约为20～30nm的碳纳米管上的纳米复合材料。CNT–In2O3气敏元件在低温对NO2有较高的灵敏度,该元件对NO2的灵敏度高于纯In2O。当CNT和InC13·4H2O的摩尔比为3：10时,CNT–In2O3气敏元件对NO2的灵敏度最大,且灵敏度随NO2浓度的增大而增大。该气敏元件在200℃时对NO2的响应时间为10s,恢复时间为70s。     

锌、钴氧化物及复合氧化物光催化降解活性染料的研究

研究了柠檬酸法制备的ZnO和Co3O4的单一氧化物,物理、简单化学复合氧化物和尖晶石型ZnCo2O4的光催化性能,及不同煅烧温度下ZnCo2O4的光催化活性.结果表明,催化活性顺序为物理复合氧化物＞简单化学复合氧化物＞单一氧化物＞尖晶石型复合氧化物.150 mg物理复合氧化物对20 mg/L染料的光催化降解效率可达100%.     

凝胶网格法制备纳米CdFe_2O_4粉体及其对CH_3SH的气敏性

以无机盐为原料,采用凝胶网格法合成了尖晶石型复合氧化物CdFe2O4的前驱体,并在700°C热处理后得到了纳米尺寸CdFe2O4粉体,利用XRD和TEM对粉体的形貌、结构进行了表征。研究表明,用凝胶网格法制备的CdFe2O4结晶良好,粒度分布均匀,平均粒径为21.3 nm。以CdFe2O4纳米粉体为原料制备了厚膜型气敏元件。CdFe2O4是电子导电型半导体,当加热电压为6.5 V时,该元件对甲硫醇具有较高的灵敏度,较好的稳定性和选择性。     

氧化铟纳米粉体的微乳液合成及其气敏特性

用微乳液法合成了纳米In2O3粉体,浸渍法制备了5％(in mass)La2O3掺杂In2O3。利用X射线衍射、透射电镜对合成产物进行了结构表征。采用静态配气法对氧化铟气敏元件的气敏特性进行了测试。结果表明：微乳液法合成的氧化铟经600℃,5h煅烧后,颗粒尺寸约为30nm,且分布均匀。氧化铟气敏元件对汽油、酒精、甲醛等有机蒸气具有较高的检测灵敏度,但选择性不好。氧化镧掺杂后,不同温度工作时,氧化铟分别对汽油、酒精有较好的选择性,且响应恢复快。     

SnO_2基甲醛气敏元件性能研究

以SnO2基底材料掺杂一定比例的TiO2,再掺入一定量的银离子(Ag+),制成复合基体材料,采用传统的旁热式气敏元件制造工艺,制作出甲醛气敏元件。对不同气体浓度、不同温度下元件的灵敏度及元件的响应-恢复时间进行了测试。结果表明,该气敏元件在工作温度为360℃下对甲醛气体的气敏性能最佳,灵敏度可达30,并且对乙醇具有一定的抗干扰性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.