相似路径台风"森拉克"与"蔷薇"降水分布差异及原因分析

0813号超强台风"森拉克"和0815号超强台风"蔷薇"的登陆地点相同,移动路径相似,但他们对浙江省造成的降水特征不同,特别是对浙北地区的影响有很大差异.利用常规的探空资料及NCEP 1°× 1°再分析资料,对比分析这两次台风过程的环境场、卫星云图、物理量场分析(水汽、热力和动力条件)和自动站地面风场的差异性.结果表明,台风与环境场的相互配置是造成两个台风降水差异的原因,特别是冷空气的影响状况是这两次相似路径台风对浙北造成不同影响的主要原因.     

相似路径台风“杰拉华”和“海葵”降水差异成因分析

利用常规资料、卫星云图和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对"杰拉华"(2000)和"海葵"(2012)两个路径相似但造成的降水有明显差异的台风进行对比分析。结果表明,登陆后台风环流维持的时间和强度是造成两次不同降水的主要原因,台风登陆后减弱快,维持时间短,则降水弱;反之,则降水强。台风登陆前及登陆时相对副热带高压位置是否孤立等环流背景决定了台风维持时间及降水强度。台风与海上季风气流连接,低层环流强使其南侧偏南气流强盛,移速慢、上升运动强均对降水有重要贡献。台风降水与海上水汽通道是否阻断有重要关系,且与其南边界、西边界水汽输入有很好的对应关系,北边界水汽对于降水影响不大。     

对强台风“纳沙”（1117）登陆海南岛前后降水非对称性的分析

利用NCEP 1 °×1 °再分析资料和卫星资料,以2011年强台风“纳沙”为例,分析了“纳沙”登陆海南岛前后的降水特征,并分析了“纳沙”周围TBB、湿度、水平风速和垂直速度在其路径两侧分布的不对称性,并从空间结构的分布上讨论了降水分布的可能成因。结果表明:登陆海南岛前后,“纳沙”的降水在其路径两侧的分布呈显著的不对称性,强降水主要集中在其路径左侧。“纳沙”除温度距平的分布较对称外,其它物理量在台风周围的空间结构均表现为显著的不对称性:（1）TBB,在路径左侧的强对流云系的强度和范围均比右侧大;（2）湿度,路径左侧的湿区范围比路径右侧大;（3）水平风速,台风位于海上和登陆时,路径右侧的最大风速比左侧强,台风登陆时其左右两侧最大风速相差20 m/s;在登陆前和登陆后路径右侧的相等大风速区范围比左侧大;（4）垂直速度,路径左侧的上升运动比右侧强,尤其在台风登陆时左侧的垂直上升速度比右侧大-2.4 Pa/s。通过对比上述物理量的非对称分布与降水分布可知,湿度可能是台风降水非对称分布的原因之一,而垂直速度可能是造成“纳沙”非对称降水的主要原因。另外,从垂直风切变作用进一步探究台风降水非对称性的形成机制,结果发现“纳沙”登陆前后的强降水均集中在顺切变方向及其左侧。垂直风切变可较好地解释路径左侧的强垂直上升运动和强降水区。此外海南岛的地形条件也导致“纳沙”在登陆期间海南岛西部的降水显著增加。      

“纳沙”、“尼格”强度和结构差异对海南暴雨分布的影响

2011年9月14日-10月5日,“纳沙”和“尼格”2个台风先后登陆海南,均产生了较强的区域性暴雨或大暴雨.利用常规资料,对这2个台风的移动路径和暴雨形成机制进行了对比分析.分析结果表明,台风登陆后,由于副高形态及其演变的不同,使得两个台风路径变化不同.利用0.5°×0.5°NCEP全球再分析资料和常规气象要素、中尺度自动站和日本静止卫星0.05°×0.05°TBB等资料,综合分析登陆台风“纳沙”、“尼格”强度和结构差异对海南暴雨分布的影响.结果表明:台风中心附近环境风垂直切变密集带的跨度变化与台风强度相关,日平均海表温度与热带气旋(TC)强度维持或加强密切相关;登陆TC动力结构和水汽辐合的不对称分布导致台风暴雨落区和强度存在显著差异,强降水与局地发生的对流云对应较好时表现为明显的对流性降水,对降水有增幅作用.     

岛屿地形和对流凝结潜热对登陆台风"黄蜂"影响的数值研究

采用广州有限区域数值预报模式,以登陆台风"黄蜂"(0214号)为例,研究海南岛屿地形和对流凝结潜热对登陆台风"黄蜂"的影响.结果表明,台风"黄蜂"从海南岛东侧附近经过时,海南岛屿地形对登陆台风"黄蜂"的移动路径影响不明显,但是对海南岛附近的降水有明显影响,模式中有无对流凝结潜热加热对台风"黄蜂"的移动路径和降水等均有明显的影响.     

乐清以北登陆台风“利奇马”和“阿贝”造成温州强降水差异的环境场特征分析

利用常规观测资料、加密自动站资料、中国气象局(CMA)热带气旋最佳路径数据集和欧洲气象中心ECMWF逐6 h的0.125°×0.125°资料,分析乐清以北登陆的1909号超强台风"利奇马"和9015号台风"阿贝"影响温州强降水的分布特征,以及造成温州南北暴雨强度差异的环境场特征。结果表明:(1)"利奇马"和"阿贝"台风的环境场特征相似,副高平均脊线位置高,研究区内台风主体没有与冷空气结合,降水主要由台风螺旋雨带造成;(2)台风登陆前动力场均存在中高层弱辐合和低层弱辐散,且东冷西暖的θ_(se)平流结构有利于强降水的维持,中高层水汽通量散度强度大于-4×10~(-5)g·cm~(-2)·hPa~(-1)·s~(-1)的区域与暴雨落区的形态和位置对应良好,中低层Q矢量辐合区和大暴雨落区对应良好;(3)台风过程累积雨量与台风中心距离和地形高度具有显著相关关系,温州北部雨量增幅比南部大;(4)该路径造成温州南北部降水差异大,北部暴雨量级比南部大、降水持续时间比南部长,北部乐清和永嘉交界的迎风坡出现超历史极值降水现象概率大。     

2009年热带风暴“天鹅”移动路径及特大暴雨降水分析

利用MICAPS3.0常规天气图、中尺度WRF模式﹑海南岛自动站资料对第0907号热带风暴"天鹅"异常路径及造成海南省北部﹑西部地区特大暴雨降水过程的原因进行分析,分析表明,造成0907号热带风暴"天鹅"的移动路径复杂变化和"莫拉克"的云系影响有关,两个热带气旋在一定距离内产生"双台风"效应;此次特大暴雨降水过程是由于中低空海南岛北部及西部有偏北气流与西到西南气流强辐合,西南气流把孟加拉湾东移来的水汽,聚积于海南省北部﹑西部地区,增强了水汽辐合;涡度场反映对流云团云顶高度深厚有利于强降水云团的发展及维持。另外,海南岛地形抬升作用使得西部地区降水明显增幅。     

2006年“04、05”号热带气旋的诊断分析

通过诊断“04、05”号热带风暴登陆后减弱成台风低压的变化特征，分析其路径相似却出现降水实况不同的成因，结果表明：台风低压暴雨主要决定于登陆后台风低压的移动路径和高低层结构维持时间的长短，稳定的湿舌、“湿锋”、台风低压辐合线的持续加强、急流的北推西进以及有利地形都可使降水得到明显增幅。     

强台风“纳沙”引发的特大暴雨过程数值试验

利用中尺度模式WRF对2011年9月29 30日1117号强台风"纳沙"登陆并穿过海南岛北部引发的海南岛西部特大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟和地形敏感性试验。结果表明,在海南岛北部登陆西行的台风降水量分布呈五指山以北地区多、以南地区少的特征,而北面的强降水带又是西部多、东部少。12 km水平格距模拟的48 h降水量和逐3 h降水量与实况基本相符,台风登陆时间与地点误差也较小,路径和强度模拟效果均较好。对比控制试验和地形敏感性试验模拟的24~48 h降水量发现,有地形时,海南岛西部地区24 h降水量普遍有50 mm以上的增幅,西部山区有150 mm以上增幅,西部山区主峰北侧有350 mm增幅。特别是强降水中心与西部主山峰紧密相连,地形的存在对台风"纳沙"在海南岛西部地区的降水量增幅明显。但受五指山脉地形的阻挡,处于台风环流中西北气流背风坡的海南岛东南部地区降水量有50~150 mm的减幅。从低层中小尺度流场和垂直速度的对比分析可以看出,控制试验与零地形试验结果存在明显差别,五指山脉西部的地形可以增强低层扰动,有利于产生中尺度对流小涡,从而增加台风降水。王下乡的特殊地形对台风降水显著偏多起到重要作用。     

台风“风神”暴雨落区的诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、气象卫星资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对0806号台风"风神"登陆后的暴雨强度和落区进行诊断分析。结果表明:台风暴雨主要发生在台风登陆后48 h内,水汽通量散度、垂直速度、绝对涡度的空间分布与强降雨落区有很好的对应关系;冷空气入侵低压环流西部触发不稳定能量释放,对降水起到了增幅作用;从湿焓及湿焓平流场上可以提前12 h做出能量累积和未来强降水落区的预报,高湿焓区是不稳定能量聚集区,而台风压能风对湿焓的平流较为准确地反应了24 h后的强降水落区。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on