SDS／C16 mimBr复配中相微乳液的δ-γ“鱼状”相图研究

运用δ-γ“鱼状”相图法,以SDS—C16 mimBr／正丁醇／正辛烷／2．5％ NaCl水溶液四元体系微乳液为例,研究了十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）与离子液体表面活性剂溴代1-十六烷基-3-甲基咪唑（C16 mimBr）复配体系的中相微乳液相行为,及有关物理化学参数的求算。     

羧酸盐型Gemini表面活性性剂的合成及表征

以脂肪胺、三聚氯氰、二乙醇胺、丁二酸酐为原料,三步法合成了,2种表面活性剂,用。HNMR、ESI—MS、IR对产物进行了表征,并用吊片法考察了目标产物水溶液的表面活性。实验结果表明,目标产物具有较好的表面活性,25℃时DXCeA和DXC。A的最低表面张力（7cmc）分别为31．85mN／m和28．76mN／m,临界胶束浓度（CMC）分别为2．32×10-4mol／L和1．41×10-5mol／L,表面活性优于传统表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）。     

季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以十二胺、环氧氯丙烷、十二叔胺等为原料,无水乙醇为溶剂合成了季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂,应用红外光谱表征其结构,并测定其熔程。考察了产物水溶液的表面活性,并计算出产品的饱和吸附量（Fmax）和单分子饱和吸附面积（Amin）。实验结果表明Gemini表面活性剂CMC为0．8mmol／L、γcmc为35．7mN／m、Amin为2．04nm^2,有较高的表面活性,与具有相同单尾基链的传统表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基氯化铵（DTAC）R十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）相比,其表面张力相当,但CMC分别比DTAC、SDS低约15、11倍,Amin分别比DTAC、SDS高约4倍。     

表面活性剂对氧化锌微晶形貌的影响

采用简单的低温液相法，通过添加表面活性剂成功制备出不同形貌的氧化锌微晶。用X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分别对产物的结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明，在反应体系中添加0．01mol／L的十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS），使生成产物的形貌由原来的棒状变为孪生螺帽状氧化锌；相同条件下用0．1mol／L三乙醇胺（TEA）替代SDS，则得到一种麦粒状氧化锌晶体。并初步探讨了表面活性剂SDS和TEA对氧化锌晶体生长的作用机理。     

邻苯二甲酸酯Gemini表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

研究采用N,N-二甲基乙醇胺与邻苯二甲酰氯反应得到二（二甲基胺基乙基）邻苯二甲酸酯（I）,然后（I）再与正溴代十六烷反应,经处理后得到邻苯二甲酸酯基Gemini表面活性剂SHZ16,收率83%（以邻苯二甲酰氯计）。用两相滴定法分析其纯度为99.2%。采用电导法测定了其CMC值为2.02×10-5mol/L,采用滴体积法测定了CMC为41.87mN/m, 并研究了其増溶性、粘度、乳化性能和泡沫性质,其性能优于传统表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）。     

N - 十六烷基硼酸二乙醇胺酯的合成及其复配性能的研究

以二乙醇胺与硼酸合成二乙醇胺硼酸酯（Ⅰ）,Ⅰ再与1-溴代十六烷合成一类新型的含硼两性表面活性剂N十-六烷基硼酸二乙醇胺酯（Ⅱ）。反应条件为：以无水乙醇为溶剂,n（Ⅰ）：n（1-溴代十六烷）：n（Na2CO3）=1：1：1,80℃反应8h,收率达88．0％。两步总收率达79．1％。产物通过红外和核磁确定。研究了Ⅱ-LAS、Ⅱ-CTAB两种混合体系胶束中表面活性剂分子间相互作用参数β^M和胶束中的组成,两混合体系的β^M值分别为：-6．20和-3．66。     

阴/阳离子表面活性剂复配微乳液体系的ε-β“鱼状”相图研究

用ε-β“鱼状”相图法研究了离子液体表面活性剂溴化1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑（C12mimBr）与十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）复配形成的SDS-C12mimBr/正丁醇/正辛烷/5%NaCl水溶液微乳液体系的相行为和增溶性能。阴、阳离子表面活性剂以不等摩尔比复配,由于强烈的静电作用,产生显著的协同作用,使复配体系的增溶性能比单一表面活性剂得到了显著的提高。     

12-3-12型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以十二叔胺与环氧氯丙烷为主要原料,在实验室合成12-3-12型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂,终产物用傅立叶红外变换仪和元素分析仪进行定性分析,并对表面活性剂的性能进行了详细讨论.实验合成的12-3-12型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂cmc为7.28×10-4 mol/L,表面张力γ cmc=39.53 mN/m;乳化力、增溶作用、发泡性及稳泡性均较十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(S 1831)、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(S 1631)好,但发泡性及稳泡性不及十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS).     

SDS／C16 mimBr复配中相微乳液的增溶性能研究

运用δ-γ"鱼状"相图法,以SDS-C16mimBr/正丁醇/正辛烷/2.5% NaCl水溶液四元体系微乳液为例,研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)与离子液体表面活性剂溴代1-十六烷基-3-甲基咪唑(C16mimBr)复配体系的增溶性能.     

表面活性剂对对羟基苯甲醛缩对氨基苯甲酸席夫碱Cu（Ⅱ）配合物形貌的影响、

为了实现特定形貌席夫碱配合物的制备,以对羟基苯甲醛缩对氨基苯甲酸席夫碱为配体,同醋酸铜反应并添加表面活性剂,制备了对羟基苯甲醛缩对氨基苯甲酸席夫碱Cu（Ⅱ）配合物,考察了表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对生成的对羟基苯甲醛缩对氨基苯甲酸席夫碱Cu（Ⅱ）配合物形貌的影响。扫描电镜（SEM）研究表明,十二烷基硫酸钠使配合物形貌效果最好,为规整的仙人球型,并进一部探讨了表面活性剂对配合物形貌的影响机理。     

Stabilization of natural gas foams using different surfactants at high pressure and high temperature conditions

Natural gas foam can be used for mobility control and channel blocking during natural gas injection for enhanced oil recovery, in which stable foams need to be used at high reservoir temperature, high pressure and high water salinity conditions in field applications. In this study, the performance of methane (CH₄) foams stabilized by different types of surfactants was tested using a high pressure and high temperature foam meter for surfactant screening and selection, including anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate), non-anionic surfactant (alkyl polyglycoside), zwitterionic surfactant (dodecyl dimethyl betaine) and cationic surfactant (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), and the results show that CH₄-SDS foam has much better performance than that of the other three surfactants. The influences of gas types (CH₄, N₂, and CO₂), surfactant concentration, temperature (up to 110°C), pressure (up to 12.0 MPa), and the presence of polymers as foam stabilizer on foam performance was also evaluated using SDS surfactant. The experimental results show that the stability of CH₄ foam is better than that of CO₂ foam, while N₂ foam is the most stable, and CO₂ foam has the largest foam volume, which can be attributed to the strong interactions between CO₂ molecules with H₂O. The foaming ability and foam stability increase with the increase of the SDS concentration up to 1.0 wt% (0.035 mol/L), but a further increase of the surfactant concentration has a negative effect. The high temperature can greatly reduce the stability of CH₄-SDS foam, while the foaming ability and foam stability can be significantly enhanced at high pressure. The addition of a small amount of polyacrylamide as a foam stabilizer can significantly increase the viscosity of the bulk solution and improve the foam stability, and the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the higher viscosity of the foam liquid film, the better foam performance.     

Use of Foam Flotation to Remove tert-Butylphenol from Water

Abstract

The surfactants cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were used in a study of an adsorptive bubble flotation process in batch mode to remove tert-butylphenol (TBP) from water. The TBP removal is maximized when the surfactant concentration is around the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Since micelles form above the CMC, this indicate that the higher the surfactant monomer concentration, the better the removal, but the micelles compete with the air/water interface for the TBP, resulting in micelles reducing removal efficiency. The addition of NaCl to the feed solution results in a significant reduction of the ability of CPC to remove TBP, while it improves the ability of SDS to remove TBP.     

电导滴定法测定离子型表面活性剂浓度

本文分别以十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（ＣＴＡＢ）作滴定剂,相互进行电导滴定,从得到的溶液电导率与滴定剂体积的电导滴定曲线,可以确定滴定终点,从而求出ＳＤＳ或ＣＴＡＢ的浓度,同时对低碳链离子型表面活性剂也能测定,这是电导滴定法优于两相滴定法之处。本文还将电导滴定法用于家用洗衣粉中阴离子表面活性剂的测定,结果与亚甲基蓝两相滴定法吻合。     

温度对高浓度SDS水溶液泡沫稳定性及分离的影响

高浓度表面活性物质的分离是泡沫分离过程的难题,也是制约泡沫分离技术应用于工业化生产的瓶颈.为了解决高浓度表面活性物质泡沫分离的难题,以阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)水溶液为体系,研究了在其临界胶束浓度(CMC)附近时,温度对SDS水溶液气泡直径、泡沫稳定性、富集比及回收率的影响.结果表明:温度对高浓度表面活性物质的泡沫分离有显著影响.当SDS水溶液浓度分别为1.2、2.3、3.5g·L-1,温度从30℃升高到70℃时,泡沫稳定性先增大后减小,在pH 6.9、表观气速2.4×10-3 m·s-1、装液量200 mL的操作条件下,气泡直径先减小后增大,富集比提高了3～5倍,回收率降低了34％～65％.     

Dissolution mechanism of polyelectrolyte complexes in aqueous surfactant solutions

The dissolution of polyelectrolyte (PE) complexes (PECs) in cetyl trimethyl–ammonium bromide (CTAB) or in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been investigated. It was verified that the complex divides first into its two components (anionic PE and cationic PE) in aqueous surfactant solution; then one of the components reacts with oppositely charged surfactant to produce a PE–surfactant complex. The dissolution property of the PEC mainly depends on the solubility of PE–surfactant, ie the PE–surfactant dissolves in its aqueous surfactant solution, the PEC also dissolves or otherwise it is insoluble. A tentative dissolution mode of PEC in aqueous surfactant solution is proposed. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

泡沫分离技术的实验研究——回收废液中的金

<正>泡沫分离是一种新的分离技术,在国外研究工作已取得了不少成果.Jorne和Rubin在研究金属离子泡沫分离的基础上,提出的Goug chapman扩散双电层理论,阐述了利用相反电荷的金属离子与表面活性剂离子之间的静电吸引作用,达到金属离子的泡沫分离.Rubin和Lapp、Charewicz和Grives等人通过对泡沫分离金属离子的研究表明:pH值是一个重要的影响因素.同时,离子强度可以改变表面活性剂的选择性.Bruner和Stephan采用泡沫分离方法脱除洗涤剂厂排放的一级及二级污水中的表面活性剂,试验结果表明:塔式泡沫分离装置比槽式装置有更高的脱除率.     

泡沫分离法脱除铜离子色素工艺

在水溶液中,相当一部分色素在一定条件下带正电荷或负电荷,因此文中以水溶液中的铜离子为色素研究体系,十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为起泡剂,探索泡沫分离法脱除水溶液中离子色素的工艺。单因素实验研究了铜离子色素脱除率和富集比随pH值、鼓泡气体流量、表面活性剂质量浓度及泡沫塔装液量的变化规律和机理,结果表明,十二烷基硫酸钠对泡沫分离法脱除铜离子色素具有良好的效果。在此基础上通过正交实验得到最佳操作工艺为:pH值5.0,气体流量80 mL/min,表面活性剂质量浓度0.15 g/L,装液量220 mL,此工艺下铜离子色素脱除率为99.4%,富集比为20.8。     

Bulk and bubble-scale experimental studies of influence of nanoparticles on foam stability

Influence of silicon oxide(SiO_2) and aluminum oxide(Al_2O_3) nanoparticles on the stability of nanoparticles and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) mixed solution foams was studied at bulk and bubble-scale. Foam apparent viscosity was also determined in Hele-Shaw cell In order to investigate the foam performance at static and dynamic conditions. Results show that the maximum adsorption of surfactant on the nanoparticles occurs at 3 wt% surfactant concentration. Foam stability increases while the foamability decreases with the increasing nanoparticle concentration. However, optimum nanoparticle concentration corresponding to maximum foam stability was obtained at 1.0 wt% nanoparticle concentration for the hydrophilic SiO_2/SDS and Al_2O_3/SDS foams. Foam performance was enhanced with increasing nanoparticles hydrophobicity. Air-foams were generally more stable than CO_2 foams.Foam apparent viscosity increased in the presence of nanoparticles from 20.34 mPa·s to 84.84 mPa·s while the film thickness increased from 27.5 μm to 136 μm. This study suggests that the static and dynamic stability of conventional foams could be improved with addition of appropriate concentration of nanoparticles into the surfactant solution. The nanoparticles improve foam stability by their adsorption and aggregation at the foam lamellae to increase film thickness and dilational viscoelasticity. This prevents liquid drainage and film thinning and improves foam stability both at the bulk and bubble scale.     

碳氢/有机硅/低碳醇三元系泡沫及抑制煤自燃的效果分析

泡沫灭火剂是常用的火灾扑救方法之一,但常规泡沫灭火剂存在半衰期短,析液、聚并迅速而影响灭火效能的问题,基于火灾化学和活性剂技术,提出碳氢表面活性剂SDS、有机硅表面活性剂LS-99和低碳醇的三元系泡沫体系,并系统探究碳氢/有机硅/低碳醇的复配配比。通过表面张力、发泡高度、稳泡系数的大量测试,发现LS-99的临界胶束浓度为0.0083%。LS-99和SDS二元系在降低表面张力、提升发泡高度和稳泡系数方面具有良好的协同增效作用。在此基础上引入适量浓度的能够延缓泡沫析液、聚并的异丁醇,设计出了性能优良的碳氢/有机硅/低碳醇泡沫灭火剂。LS-99、SDS和异丁醇的质量分数为0.1%时,测试结果表明SDS/LS-99/醇三元系泡沫的发泡倍数可达52.5倍,25%析液时间可达210 s,300 s时的稳泡系数高达0.958,半衰期远超常规泡沫。煤自燃的灭火抑制实验表明,SDS/LS-99/醇三元系泡沫作用下,煤自燃各反应阶段的活化能相较于空气氛围均增大,反应难度增强;最大失重速率下降,反应剧烈程度减弱。初期吸热阶段的吸热量为78.3 J/g,大于空气氛围下煤氧复合的吸热量,吸热增幅高达2.16倍。放热阶段的放热量为1765.4 J/g,相较于空气氛围放热降幅达到15.15%,表明SDS/LS-99/醇三元系泡沫对煤自燃具有良好的灭火效果。     

Experimental investigation on the spread of aqueous foam over ethanol surface

The presence of ethanol has an adverse effect on foam spreading, and ethanol fire is difficult to extinguish with aqueous fire-fighting foams. Thus, it is necessary to explore the foam formulation suitable for ethanol fuels and study the spreading behavior of foam over ethanol surface. In the current work, stable foams based on hydrocarbon surfactant (SDS), fluorocarbon surfactant (FC1157), and polymers (XG) were prepared by using the compressed-air foam system. The spreading behaviors of foam on polar ethanol and non-polar heptane surface were observed and compared. Furthermore, the effects of stabilizer concentrations, foam flow rates and expansion ratios on foam spreading performance were investigated, respectively. The results indicate that aqueous SDS foam can spread on the heptane layer continuously, but it is difficult to cover the ethanol surface. The addition of XG and FC1157 can synergistically improve the spreading performance of aqueous foam over ethanol. Depending on stabilizer concentrations, there are remarkable differences in foam spreading behaviors. Besides, different foam application parameters including expansion ratios and foam flow rates significantly affect the foam spreading rate, despite the same foam formulation. The research methods and results guide the optimal design of foam formulations as well as the practical application of aqueous foam for ethanol fire extinguishment.