基于滑动时间窗的稠密子图发现算法研究

针对在滑动时间窗中发现稠密子图的问题,提出一种有效的动态算法,结合时间窗将网络时间线划分为k个非重叠的间隔,间隔内包含最大密度的子图.算法输入是一个边流,输出是一系列稠密子图及相应的时间间隔.现有技术在图更新时需要迭代整个图,所提算法仅影响图的有限区域,只需要局部更新稠密子图.结合理论分析,证明了该算法比基线KGOPTDP和KGOPTDS更快.多组数据集上的实验结果表明,该算法具有很高的效率和很好的扩展性,可用于处理大规模时态图.     

基于子图同构的三维CAD模型局部匹配

针对整体相似性检索算法无法实施精确的局部结构匹配的问题,提出一种基于子图同构的三维CAD模型局部结构匹配算法.该算法通过提取CAD模型的B-Rep信息,将其表示为以面作为节点的属性邻接图.在局部匹配过程中,用户输入的局部结构被表示成"子图".待匹配的整体CAD模型被表示成"大图";则在整体CAD模型中.检索局部结构的问题就被转换成在"大图"中寻找同构"子图"的问题.子图同构是NP完全问题,通过利用CAD模型的面特征将图顶点有效细分,并利用已匹配顶点之间的邻接关系动态裁剪搜索空间,实现了快速的同构匹配.实验结果表明,该算法能实现精确的局部结构匹配,并且检索效率能满足实际应用要求.     

最大团问题的改进遗传算法求解

最大团问题是组合优化中经典的NP完全问题,该问题的枚举算法只适用于求解中小规模的图。提出了基于遗传算法的最大团问题求解算法,引入概率模型指导变异产生新的个体,并结合启发式局部算法搜索最大团。经算例测试,获得了较好的效果。     

基于邻接图的离群数据聚类算法

离群数据是数据中的小模式,因其固有的少数据与稀疏性等特征,使得基于距离或基于统计等常规聚类方式不适用于对离群数据的分类。该文根据离群对象关键域子空间的重合度,定义了离群共享属性集与离群相似度等概念,提出-离群簇分析技术。通过构建离群邻接图并将其稀疏化,将-离群簇搜索与相应的离群邻接图的最大完全子图搜索一一对应,给出一种基于邻接图的离群数据聚类算法。算例及实验结果表明,该方法具有较高的效率及良好的直观性。     

基于并行约束规划的最大团识别研究

为提高大数据平台下大规模图例的最大团问题求解效率,提出一种基于并行约束规划的最大团识别算法.通过BMT图划分策略将一个复杂图例分割为若干个可独立计算的子图,并将其分配给Spark集群中的计算节点,每个计算节点采用约束规划方法对分割产生的子问题分别进行建模和求解,实现最大团问题的并行化处理.引入时间预测模型,设计基于任务运行时间预测模型的并行图划分方法,从而有效解决计算节点的负载均衡问题.实验结果表明,与基于BMC图划分策略的最大团并行识别算法相比,该算法具有更高的求解效率,可取得近似线性的加速比.     

一种基于邻近性和团的异常数据检测算法

随着数据科学研究的不断深入,异常数据对数据分析工作的干扰也越来也大,如何有效检测异常数据已成为数据研究的关键问题之一.目前传统基于距离的方法仅考虑单个对象的异常性,缺少对正常对象之间如何抱团的分析,针对此问题,论文提出了一种基于邻近性(Proximity)和团(Clique)的异常检测算法——PCOD(Proximity Cliques Outlier Detec-tion)算法.该算法引入了图论中团的概念,通过团来解释正常对象之间的连接,根据数据对象间的连接性来分析数据点是否为异常点.PCOD算法主要包括两个步骤:首先,根据数据对象之间的邻近性,将数据中各个对象表示为存在边的无向图;再递归搜索图获取所有团集合,对所有的团进行分析并检测出没有抱团的异常点.最后,使用Arrhythmia、Pima、Vowel等UCI数据集进行实验,实验结果表明PCOD算法在精确率方面优于同类异常检测算法.     

一种求解图着色问题的优化组合遗传算法①

图着色算法是一种典型的NP-完全问题。在逆序算子、对偶算子和矩阵遗传算子的性能研究基础上,采用自然数与二进制相互转换的编码方案,应用图着色问题的约束条件建立适应度评价函数,将具有良好局部搜索性能的矩阵遗传算子与具有良好局部搜索性能的逆序与对偶组合算子优化组合应用,构造了一种用于求解图着色问题的优化组合遗传算法,保证了算法的全局收敛性。与基本遗传算法相比较,实验结果表明,该算法对图着色问题有较好的求解性能。     

基于不确定性PPI网络的最大稠密子图挖掘*

研究表明使用PPI数据进行蛋白质功能预测是很有意义的。然而,从生物学实验得到的PPI数据一般是含有噪声的、不完全的和不精确的,这使得将PPI网络作为不确定图来处理变得更加合理。提出了一种基于深度优先搜索策略和点扩展的挖掘算法,它可以有效地从不确定的PPI网络中挖掘最大稠密子图。该算法使用了几种高效的剪枝技术来提高挖掘的时间效率。在酵母菌PPI数据上的实验结果表明该算法在精度和效率上都有很好的表现。     

求图符号控制数的完全算法研究

确定图的符号控制数是NP-难度的问题。针对求解该问题的完全算法即能求得精确最优解的算法进行了研究,提出了几个启发式的限界策略,给出了两个完全算法:回溯算法和A算法。计算实验表明,针对随机产生的问题实例,用这两个算法求解时所生成的结点数目还不到其状态空间树中结点总数目的千分之五。对这两个算法也进行了比较。     

挖掘不确定频繁子图的改进算法的研究

鉴于图结构能简单方便地描绘复杂的数据以及实际应用中图数据的获得具有不确定性,不确定频繁子图挖掘算法得到广泛的研究。目前一个典型的图挖掘算法是MUSE,但MUSE算法存在期望支持度计算消耗大、时间效率不够高等问题。针对此问题提出了一种基于划分思想混合搜索策略的不确定子图挖掘算法EDFS,它用改进过的GSpan算法进行不确定的子图数据预处理,用裁剪子图模式的搜索空间裁剪不确定子图数据,用基于划分思想的混合策略进行频繁子图的挖掘。子图同构与边存在概率的实验结果证明了EDFS算法能更高效地挖掘出不确定数据频繁子图。     

传输子网选择:度数有界最大支撑子图逼近

研究了源于无线网状网络的度数有界最大支撑子图问题:给定连通图G=(V,E)和正整数d≥2,求G的一个最大支撑子图H,满足对V中每个顶点v,v在H中的度数dH(v)不超过d。这里,支撑子图指图G的一个连通而且包括G中所有顶点的子图。就输入图的边是否带权,分别设计了多项式时间近似算法。当输入图为无权图时,证明了近似算法的近似比为2;当输入图为赋权图时,证明了算法输出一个最大度数不超过d+1、权重不低于最优解权重1/(d+2)的支撑子图。算法输出的度数有界支撑子图可以用作无线网状网络的传输子网。     

Finding maximum cliques in arbitrary and in special graphs

The classical problem of finding a clique of largest cardinality in an arbitrary graph is NP-complete. For that reason earlier work diverges into two directions. The first concerns algorithms solving the problem for arbitrary graphs in reasonable (but exponential) time, the other restricts to special classes of graphs where polynomial methods can be found. Here, the two directions are combined in a way. A branch and bound algorithm is developed treating the general case. Computational experiments on random graphs show that this algorithm compares favorable to the fastest known method. Furthermore, it consumes only polynomial time for quite a few graph classes. For some of them no polynomial solution method is given so far.     

求解图的最大团的一种算法

图的最大团问题是一个著名的ＮＰ－完全问题．现有求解图的最大团的算法或者只适用于某些特殊的图,或者需要指数级时间代价,效率较低．以图的区间表示的概念为基础,提出了一种求解最大团的算法．该算法能够适用于任意的简单图,并且在一定的条件下,该算法只需要多项式时间就可以完成运行.     

Approximating the maximum weight clique using replicator dynamics

Given an undirected graph with weights on the vertices, the maximum weight clique problem (MWCP) is to find a subset of mutually adjacent vertices (a clique) having the largest total weight. This is a generalization of the problem of finding the maximum cardinality clique of an unweighted graph, which is the special case of the MWCP when all vertex weights are equal. The problem is NP-hard for arbitrary graphs, and so is the problem of approximating it within a constant factor. We present a parallel, distributed heuristic for approximating the MWCP based on dynamics principles. It centers around a continuous characterization of the MWCP (a purely combinatorial problem), and lets it be formulated in terms of continuous quadratic programming. One drawback is the presence of spurious solutions, and we present their characterizations. To avoid them we introduce a regularized continuous formulation of the MWCP and show how it completely solves the problem. The formulation naturally maps onto a parallel, distributed computational network whose dynamical behavior is governed by the replicator equations. These are dynamical systems introduced in evolutionary game theory and population genetics to model evolutionary processes on a macroscopic scale. We present theoretical results which guarantee that the solutions provided by our clique finding replicator network are actually those sought. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Diversified top-<Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis> clique search

Maximal clique enumeration is a fundamental problem in graph theory and has been extensively studied. However, maximal clique enumeration is time-consuming in large graphs and always returns enormous cliques with large overlaps. Motivated by this, in this paper, we study the diversified top-k clique search problem which is to find top-k cliques that can cover most number of nodes in the graph. Diversified top-k clique search can be widely used in a lot of applications including community search, motif discovery, and anomaly detection in large graphs. A naive solution for diversified top-k clique search is to keep all maximal cliques in memory and then find k of them that cover most nodes in the graph by using the approximate greedy max k-cover algorithm. However, such a solution is impractical when the graph is large. In this paper, instead of keeping all maximal cliques in memory, we devise an algorithm to maintain k candidates in the process of maximal clique enumeration. Our algorithm has limited memory footprint and can achieve a guaranteed approximation ratio. We also introduce a novel light-weight \(\mathsf {PNP}\)-\(\mathsf {Index}\), based on which we design an optimal maximal clique maintenance algorithm. We further explore three optimization strategies to avoid enumerating all maximal cliques and thus largely reduce the computational cost. Besides, for the massive input graph, we develop an I/O efficient algorithm to tackle the problem when the input graph cannot fit in main memory. We conduct extensive performance studies on real graphs and synthetic graphs. One of the real graphs contains 1.02 billion edges. The results demonstrate the high efficiency and effectiveness of our approach.     

Common subgraph isomorphism detection by backtracking search

Graph theory offers a convenient and highly attractive approach to various tasks of pattern recognition. Provided there is a graph representation of the object in question (e.g. a chemical structure or protein fold), the recognition procedure is reduced to the problem of common subgraph isomorphism (CSI). Complexity of this problem shows combinatorial dependence on the size of input graphs, which in many practical cases makes the approach computationally intractable. Among the optimal algorithms for CSI, the leading place in practice belongs to algorithms based on maximal clique detection in the association graph. Backtracking algorithms for CSI, first developed two decades ago, are rarely used. We propose an improved backtracking algorithm for CSI, which differs from its predecessors by better search strategy and is therefore more efficient. We found that the new algorithm outperforms the traditional maximal clique approach by orders of magnitude in computational time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Algorithms for maximum weight induced paths

A family of graphs is a k-bounded-hole family if every graph in the family has no holes with more than k vertices. The problem of finding in a graph a maximum weight induced path has applications in large communication and neural networks when worst case communication time needs to be evaluated; unfortunately this problem is NP-hard even when restricted to bipartite graphs. We show that this problem has polynomial time algorithms for k-bounded-hole families of graphs, for interval-filament graphs and for graphs decomposable by clique cut-sets or by splits into prime subgraphs for which such algorithms exist.     

一种基于子图近似同构的e-Learning学习资源本体匹配方法

针对e-Learning学习资源本体异构问题, 提出一种基于子图近似同构的本体匹配方法。该方法对现有本体匹配方法进行扩展, 综合编辑距离、层次关系等特征, 计算本体的结构级相似性, 以点、边有序交替匹配来判断实体的有向图近似同构问题, 实现本体匹配判定。演示算法处理过程, 给出算法时间复杂度理论分析, 说明其有效性。     

An efficient approximation algorithm for finding a maximum clique using Hopfield network learning

In this article, we present a solution to the maximum clique problem using a gradient-ascent learning algorithm of the Hopfield neural network. This method provides a near-optimum parallel algorithm for finding a maximum clique. To do this, we use the Hopfield neural network to generate a near-maximum clique and then modify weights in a gradient-ascent direction to allow the network to escape from the state of near-maximum clique to maximum clique or better. The proposed parallel algorithm is tested on two types of random graphs and some benchmark graphs from the Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science (DIMACS). The simulation results show that the proposed learning algorithm can find good solutions in reasonable computation time.     

Apriori算法用于频繁子图挖掘的改进方法

AGM算法最早将Apriori思想应用到频繁子图挖掘中。AGM算法结构简单,以递归统计为基础,但面临庞大的图数据集时,由于存在子图同构的问题,在生成候选子图时容易产生很多冗余子图,使计算时间开销很大。基于AGM算法,针对候选子图生成这一环节对原算法进行改进,减少了冗余子图的生成,使改进后的算法在计算时间上具有高效性;测试了在不同最小支持度情况下改进方法的时间开销。实验结果表明改进算法比原算法缩短了计算时间,提高了频繁子图的挖掘效率。