基于多目标遗传算法的风力机叶片全局优化设计

风力机叶片设计的目标多样性使得传统单一目标设计方法无法满足设计要求,大型风力机的高发电量与大负载之间的矛盾必须得到平衡。为此,以年发电量最大和叶片质量最轻为优化设计目标,通过多目标遗传算法设计5 MW大型风力机叶片,得到Pareto分布优化解集。与美国可再生能源实验室(National Renewable Energy Laboratory,NREL)设计的5 MW风力机叶片比较,结果表明,Pareto优化解集均一定程度优于参考叶片,年发电量最大提高量为3.3%,最大质量减少量为8.7%,其中优化设计叶片2在质量降低3.8%的基础上,提高了3%的年发电量,达到了优化设计的目的。优化设计叶片额定风况下推力系数和叶根弯矩均更小,最大功率系数更大。变风况下功率特性与参考叶片相差不大,低风速下设计叶片输出功率略高,推力系数更小。     

基于遗传算法的风力机叶片优化

绍了遗传算法的基本知识并提出了风力机叶片优化设计模型,采用全局优化的方法,以叶片各截面年发电量最大为设计目标,叶片各截面处的弦长和扭角为优化变量,使用遗传算法进行了搜索寻优。以1.5 MW 风力机为例,利用 MATLAB 软件中已开发的优化程序设计并优化叶片,把用全局优化方法设计的叶片与 Glauert 方法所设计的叶片进行了比较,同时把所设计的叶片与已有叶片相比,结果表明其输出功率明显增加,从而说明了该方法的有效性。     

基于改进的粒子群算法的风力机叶片优化设计

基于有限叶片变环量气动计算模型,加入攻角随风速的变化处理,根据风电场中来流速度的概率分布,并以风力机最大年发电量为目标,建立优化模型,使用改进的粒子群算法进行搜索,寻找全局最优解.采用改进的粒子群算法设计的优化程序,设计了1.3 MW定桨失速型风力机叶片,并与现有的风力机叶片作比较.优化后,风力机叶片的弦长明显减小,达到额定风速后的功率输出情况,也满足了定桨失速型风力机的功率控制要求,说明本文所述的优化设计方法的有效性和实用性.     

风力机叶片气动外形与主机运行特性耦合优化设计

在叶片的优化设计中,叶片的气动外形与风力机主机的稳态运行特性存在耦合设计关系,一方面叶片的外形形状决定主机的稳态运行特性;另一方面对不同外形形状的风力机叶片应设计与之相匹配的风轮转速、叶片桨矩角等主机稳态控制策略,进而才能准确的计算和提高叶片在低风速条件下的气动性能。基于高阶贝塞尔曲线和粒子群算法构建了叶片气动外形的优化设计模型,在最大叶根弯矩和风轮推力的约束条件下,以年发电量最大为目标对某1.5MW叶片进行了优化设计。结果表明,提出的优化设计方法可实现风力机叶片气动外形和稳态运行特性的一体化优化设计,提高了风力机在低于额定风速下的气动性能,研究方法可运用于低风速超低风速风力机叶片的设计中。     

基于Matlab与Solidworks方法的风力机叶片优化设计

为了提高风力机把风能转化为机械能的效率,本文依照Wilson优化设计方法得出风力机叶片优化设计的数学模型,并以Matlab软件为工具编写出叶片设计的计算程序。基于点的坐标的几何变换理论,对翼型坐标数据进行三维坐标变换,计算出叶片各点的三维坐标。用三维建模软件Solidworks进行精确的三维建模。该方法为风力机叶片和其它相似复杂形体的三维建模提供了依据,为叶片进一步分析奠定了基础。     

小型风电叶片优化配对技术研究

小型复合材料风力机叶片加工不均匀导致旋转风轮产生不平衡,为了控制装机后的风轮不平衡量,在安装前需要对风力机叶片进行合适的配对优选。建立风力机叶片配对力学模型和配对优化模型,设计并研制了小型风电叶片质量和质心位置检测系统,利用Visual Basic环境建立可视化软件平台,采用遗传算法开发配对优化程序。实例计算表明,遗传算法配对优化效率高、速度快,具有较强的工程意义。     

风力机叶片的形状优化设计

在风力机优化设计过程中,考虑法向力和切向力的叶尖损失,基于一维的动量叶素理论及传统的风力机空气动力学原理,推导并给出新的风力机轴向和周向因子的计算模型。探讨风力机成本和输出能量之间的关系,得到风力机成本及其年输出能量的计算模型,进而建立风力机单位输出能量成本的数学模型,以其为优化设计目标,以叶片的形状参数弦长、扭角和相对厚度为优化设计变量,提出叶片的优化设计数学模型。最后,应用该优化模型对某2MW风力机叶片进行优化设计,并对优化结果进行比较分析,验证了优化叶片的工作性能,很好地实现了风轮单位能量成本的降低。研究成果为大功率风力机叶片的设计开发提供了理论依据,奠定了风力机叶片的研究和工业应用前景。     

基于Wilson理论和粒子群优化算法的风力发电机叶片参数优化

为了提高风力发电机叶片的气动性能,在Wilson理论优化叶片弦长和扭角的基础上,以风力发电机的年发电量为优化目标,以叶片的弦长、扭角和翼型布置位置为优化变量,通过粒子群优化算法对风力发电机机叶片的参数进行优化。通过叶片参数优化,风力发电机的年发电量增大了0.189GWh,增幅为6%,风能利用效率同时得到提高。     

5MW风力机叶片结构力学特性有限元分析

随着风力机叶片大型化,叶片载荷水平不断提高,对其结构力学性能要求越来越高。以NREL 5MW风力机叶片为分析对象,利用叶素-动量理论及其修正方法编程计算叶片风载荷,采用有限元软件ANSYS开展叶片的静力学和模态固有特性分析,分析了叶片叶尖变形量与腹板厚度的关系,掌握了叶片关键部位的应力分布情况,获得了叶片低阶模态振动与固有频率,将为叶片结构设计、强度校核及优化提供数据基础。     

基于叶素-动量理论及有限元方法的风力机叶片载荷分析和强度计算

风力机叶片是整个风力发电机组的核心部件,其结构需保证风力机可以有足够的刚度、强度和稳定性.风力机叶片所受载荷是强度分析的关键.运用CATIA对风力机叶片进行三维建模,得到叶片的外型参数.基于叶素-动量理论(BEM)对风力机在正常工况下所受到的载荷进行分析和计算,并利用有限元软件(ANSYS)对其进行应力分析,得到了叶片上的应力分布规律,并对其进行了强度校核.分析结果可为风力机叶片载荷研究做参考.     

大型风力机叶片的耦合优化方法

为了降低兆瓦级风力机叶片的制造成本,通过耦合叶素动量理论与复合材料欧拉伯努利梁强度设计理论,综合考虑风能效率和成本,以叶片的风能效率成本最小化为优化目标,提出了大型风力发电机叶片的多学科优化设计方法。并基于该方法,对某50 m风力机叶片进行了优化设计。研究结果表明,该方法能够找到风能效率与成本的平衡设计点,叶片风能效率成本比传统设计方法设计的叶片减少了8.84%。     

风电叶片三维参数建模及振动分析

利用目前风力机叶片设计普遍采用的优化设计方法Wilson设计方法,通过MATLAB编程,开发了小型叶片气动设计的应用程序,并利用该程序设计了一台3kW小型水平轴风力机叶片.采用MATLAB和ANSYS共同建立了风力机叶片三维有限元参数模型,MATLAB编制的建模程序提高了初期设计效率,缩短了ANSYS分析前处理时间.在此基础上进行了叶片固有振动特性计算,分析了叶片的振动特性及其与结构参数之间的关系,分析方法和结果对风电叶片的结构设计和动力分析有一定的参考价值.     

Integrated aero-structural optimization design of pre-bend wind turbine blades

In the optimization design of a pre-bend wind turbine blade, there is a coupling relationship between blade aerodynamic shape and structural layup. The evaluation index of a wind turbine blade not only shows on conventional ones, such as Annual energy production (AEP), cost, and quality, but also includes the size of the loads on the hub or tower. Hence, the design of pre-bend wind turbine blades is a true multi-objective engineering task. To make the integrative optimization design of the pre-bend blade, new methods for the blade’s pre-bend profile design and structural analysis for the blade sections were presented, under dangerous working conditions, and considering the fundamental control characteristics of the wind turbine, an integrated aerodynamic-structural design technique for pre-bend blades was developed based on the Multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO). By using the optimization method, a three-dimensional Pareto-optimal set, which can satisfy different matching requirements from overall design of a wind turbine, was obtained. The most suitable solution was chosen from the Pareto-optimal set and compared with the original 1.5 MW blade. The results show that the optimized blade have better performance in every aspect, which verifies the feasibility of this new method for the design of pre-bend wind turbine blades.

     

Optimization of 5-MW wind turbine blade using fluid structure interaction analysis

The blade of a wind turbine is a critical component that can be damaged by extreme loads; thus, its structural safety is paramount. Further, because its manufacturing cost comprise a high proportion of overall wind power production cost, its weight should be optimized to save on production and material cost. Much research has been conducted on structural optimization of wind turbine blades; however, focus has only been on exterior design. In this study, we optimize the cross-sectional dimensions of a 5-MW wind turbine blade by performing 3-D fluid analysis of the blade and using the pressure distribution obtained as input loads to find the inner structural shape of its cross section. Subsequent 2-D and 3-D fluid structural analyses conducted to find the maximum stress on the overall blade and its cross sections confirm that the cross section of the blade is minimized and that it is structurally safe.

     

Design optimization of a wind turbine blade to reduce the fluctuating unsteady aerodynamic load in turbulent wind

Design optimization of the wind turbine of a NREL 1.5-MW HAWT blade was studied to minimize the fluctuation of the bending moment of the blade in turbulent wind. In order to analyze the unsteady aerodynamic load of a wind turbine, FAST code was used as the analysis code. To consider turbulent wind as the wind input model in FAST, TurbSim was used as a turbulent wind simulator. For effective geometrical representation of the aerodynamic shape of a wind turbine blade, the shape modeling function was used to represent the chord length and twist angle. The fluctuation of the out-of-plane bending moment at the blade root was minimized by maintaining the required power of the wind turbine. Through the redistribution of the section force in the radial direction between both the primary and tip regions, the magnitude of the fluctuation of the out-of-plane bending moment was reduced by about 20%, and the rated power of 1.5-MW was maintained. The local angles of attack for the optimized blade were near the point of the maximum lift-to-drag ratio in the primary and tip regions compared to the baseline blade. The fluctuating unsteady aerodynamic load in the optimized blade was reduced within the operating range of the wind speed. With the optimized blade shape, the wind turbine can be operated with decreased fluctuating aerodynamic loads and have a longer life in turbulent wind.     

Design optimization of wind turbine blades for reduction of airfoil self-noise

To reduce airfoil self-noise from a 10 kW wind turbine, we modified the airfoil shape and planform of a wind turbine blade. To obtain the optimal blade design, we used optimization techniques based on genetic algorithms. The optimized airfoil was first determined based on a section of the rotor blade, and then the optimized blade was designed with this airfoil. The airfoil self-noise from the rotor blades was predicted by using a semi-empirical model. The numerical analysis indicates that the level of the airfoil self-noise from the optimized blade is 2.3 dB lower than that from the baseline blade at the rated wind speed. A wind tunnel experiment was also performed to validate the design optimization. The baseline and optimized rotors were scaled down by a factor of 5.71 for the wind tunnel test. The experimental results showed that airfoil self-noise is reduced by up to 2.6 dB.     

Aerodynamic shape optimization of wind turbine rotor blades considering aeroelastic deformation effect

An aerodynamic shape optimization framework of two modules is developed for improving the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine rotor blades. The first module conducts CFD-based aeroelastic analysis for the complete blade configuration to evaluate the turbine performance and to extract the sectional flow conditions at selected blade sections. The second module performs 2-D shape optimization of blade sections to maximize the lift-to-drag ratio under given sectional flow conditions. When the optimization is completed for all selected blade sections, the performance and sectional flow characteristics of the new blade reconfigured from the optimized sections are evaluated again by the CFD-based aeroelastic analysis. The above procedure is repeated until the solution converges satisfactorily. Applications were made for the NREL phase VI and the NREL 5MW reference wind turbines. The results showed that the optimization framework can be effectively utilized in enhancing the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine blades.

     

三叶片直线翼垂直轴风力机非定常流场速度分析

垂直轴风力机在回转过程中,叶片尾流的相互干涉和叶片攻角变化,使垂直轴风力机周围流场异常复杂。为探明直线翼垂直轴风力机在二维流场中速度分布及风力机叶片迎风角度变化关系,在风洞试验中采用激光多普勒测速仪(Laser Doppler velocimetry,LDV)技术,对所设计的三叶片直线翼垂直轴风力机流场风速进行试验研究,获得了该风力机叶片周围流场的速度分布情况。在建立直线翼垂直轴风力机在不同转速下叶片迎风角度变化的数学模型基础上,应用仿真软件对被测风力机流场进行分析计算。通过数学模型得知,来流风速夹角随回转角的变化情况可用正弦函数近似表示, 并且随着叶尖速比的增大逐渐减小。风洞试验和CFD结果表明,风力机在回转过程中,叶片前缘场域有乱流生成,并且该域风速值偏大;而在叶片旋转内部以及下流区域内会形成一个宽大的低速区域,并且伴随叶尖速比的增加,低速区域具有扩大趋势。     

垂直轴风力机三维气动性能研究及优化设计

建立了五叶片垂直风力机三维模型,采用滑移网格技术对五叶片垂直风力机的气动性能进行分析。研究结果表明,叶片的半径和高度会对风力机外围的速度场及湍动能分布产生明显影响,进而影响风力机的风能利用率。不同转速的风力机随着叶片宽度的增加其风能利用率呈现先增加后减小的趋势,同时在风力机转速一定情况下,风力机的风能利用系数随着叶片高度的增加也呈现明显的先增加后减少趋势。