Enhanced detection with bimodal sonar displays

Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) required to detect narrow-band signals in white noise were compared for bimodal and single-modality sonar displays at two levels of signal uncertainty and two degrees of spatial compatibility between the auditory and visual displays. In bimodal test conditions the auditory and visual signals were equated in detectability for each subject. An adaptive, two-alternative, forced-choice procedure was used to maintain a constant percentage of correct responses. The decrement in performance with increased signal uncertainty was significantly greater for visual than for auditory displays, suggesting that auditory displays offer advantages for real-world sonar operations. Bimodal displays produced a reliable advantage in SNR required for detection over single-modality displays. Increased compatibility between the visual and auditory displays did not increase the advantage of bimodal presentation, nor did increased signal uncertainty. It was concluded that bimodal displays enhance operators' perceptual sensitivity. The magnitude of the enhancement was consistent with optimal integration of information in the two modalities.     

Audibility of reverse alarms under hearing protectors for normal and hearing-impaired listeners

The question of whether or not an individual suffering from a hearing loss is capable of hearing an auditory alarm or warning is an extremely important industrial safety issue. The ISO Standard that addresses auditory warnings for workplaces requires that any auditory alarm or warning be audible to all individuals in the workplace including those suffering from a hearing loss and/or wearing hearing protection devices (HPDs). Research was undertaken to determine how the ability to detect an alarm or warning signal changed for individuals with normal hearing and two levels of hearing loss as the levels of masking noise and alarm were manipulated. Pink noise was used as the masker and a heavy-equipment reverse alarm was used as the signal. The rating method paradigm of signal detection theory was used as the experimental procedure to separate the subjects’ absolute sensitivities to the alarm from their individual criteria for deciding to respond in an affirmative manner. Results indicated that even at a fairly low signal-to-noise ratio (OdB), subjects with a substantial hearing loss [a pure-tone average (PTA) hearing level of 45-50 dBHL in both ears] were capable of hearing the reverse alarm while wearing a high-attenuation earmuff in the pink noise used in the study.     

基于耳蜗模型的舰船噪声谱分析

为提取舰船噪声听觉特征,应用被动长波模型对舰船噪声进行了分析,得到噪声信号的二维时空分布。给出了4种一维特征,它们能够分别从不同侧面反映舰船噪声时频幅特征,同时简化了特征的描述方式。大量实验表明：基于听觉模型特征分析结果,较全面地反映了舰船噪声的听觉特征,为被动声纳目标识别提供了新的特征分析方法。     

Masking in three-dimensional auditory displays.

The extent to which simultaneous inputs in a three-dimensional (3D) auditory display mask one another was studied in a simulated sonar task. The minimum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required to detect an amplitude-modulated 500-Hz tone in a background of broadband noise was measured using a loudspeaker array in a free field. Three aspects of the 3D array were varied: angular separation of the sources, degree of correlation of the background noises, and listener head movement. Masking was substantially reduced when the sources were uncorrelated. The SNR needed for detection decreased with source separation, and the rate of decrease was significantly greater with uncorrelated sources than with partially or fully correlated sources. Head movement had no effect on the SNR required for detection. Implications for the design and application of 3D auditory displays are discussed.     

Spatial audio displays improve the detection of target messages in a continuous monitoring task

OBJECTIVE: The detection of target messages in a background of competing speech and the identification of the color/number combinations in those messages were examined in a continuous monitoring task. BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown that if listeners know when and where to listen, speech-on-speech intelligibility is improved when signals are presented via a 3-D audio display as compared with a diotic display. However, the effect of display type on detection of infrequent target messages in a continuous monitoring task has not been examined. METHOD: Participants were required to monitor five communications channels conveying messages at random intervals under each of three audio display conditions: diotic, all channels in front, and channels separated in azimuth (3-D). RESULTS: Message detection sensitivity was significantly higher for the 3-D condition than for the in-front condition but did not differ significantly between the in-front and the diotic conditions. There were no differences in response criteria across conditions. Color/number identification sensitivity also was significantly higher for the 3-D condition than for the in-front condition but did not differ significantly between the in-front and the diotic conditions. CONCLUSION: A 3-D audio display enhances both message detection and message identification in a continuous monitoring task. APPLICATION: Three-dimensional audio displays would be particularly beneficial in environments such as aviation, in which the information conveyed to operators via the auditory modality can be crucial to the safe and effective performance of their work.     

被动声纳目标建模及实时仿真

通过分析舰船辐射噪声的水声特性,提出了工程上应用的舰船辐射噪声连续谱和线谱的数学模型,仿真得到了期望的舰船辐射噪声信号.利用通用的硬件资源和底层控制软件,开发了实时仿真软件,实时输出舰船辐射噪声的模拟信号,经有源信号衰减板衰减为微弱模拟信号.实验证明,得到的微弱模拟信号很好地再现了典型舰船辐射噪声的水声特性,作为被动声呐实时仿真的信号源,可用于半实物仿真及系统测试.     

Intelligibility of speech in a virtual 3-D environment

In a simulated air traffic control task, improvement in the detection of auditory warnings when using virtual 3-D audio depended on the spatial configuration of the sounds. Performance improved substantially when two of four sources were placed to the left and the remaining two were placed to the right of the participant. Surprisingly, little or no benefits were observed for configurations involving the elevation or transverse (front/back) dimensions of virtual space, suggesting that position on the interaural (left/right) axis is the crucial factor to consider in auditory display design. The relative importance of interaural spacing effects was corroborated in a second, free-field (real space) experiment. Two additional experiments showed that (a) positioning signals to the side of the listener is superior to placing them in front even when two sounds are presented in the same location, and (b) the optimal distance on the interaural axis varies with the amplitude of the sounds. These results are well predicted by the behavior of an ideal observer under the different display conditions. This suggests that guidelines for auditory display design that allow for effective perception of speech information can be developed from an analysis of the physical sound patterns.     

盲源分离与波束形成融合抑制方向性强干扰研究

针对强干扰严重影响线列阵声纳弱目标检测的问题,融合盲源分离（Blind source separation,BSS）与波束形成提出了一种抑制方向性强干扰的方法.首先在干扰方位形成波束得到干扰信号估计,然后对阵列接收信号的每个子带采用盲源分离方法得到分离信号和解混矩阵估计,并通过对分离信号和干扰信号进行子带谱相关抑制干扰,再将抑制干扰后的分离信号重构回阵元域信号,最后采用波束形成方法完成目标方位估计.利用模拟器数据和海试数据对方法进行了验证,结果表明,该方法能有效地抑制方向性强干扰,明显提高了弱目标信号的空间谱能量,增强了声纳检测弱目标的能力.     

基于CVI+FPGA的声纳目标回波模拟器研制

在对声纳目标回波模拟器的数学模型、目标回波模型和混响模型研究的基础上，研制了一种基于CVI+FPGA的声纳目标回波模拟器，该模拟器能够产生主/被动声纳测试、定检所需的主/被动声纳回波信号。目标回波信号包括主动声纳、目标发射噪声、海杂波等信号，并以声信号的形式输出。通过性能测试及与实际声纳系统联试，证明该模拟器达到了设计功能和性能指标要求，介绍了声纳目标回波模拟器的数学模型、系统硬件和软件的实现方法。     

Unconstrained underwater multi-target tracking in passive sonar systems using two-stage PF-based technique

A robust particle filter (PF)-based multi-target tracking solution for passive sonar systems able to track an unknown time-varying number of multiple targets, while keeping continuous tracks of such targets, is presented in this article. PF is a nonlinear filtering technique that can accommodate arbitrary sensor characteristics, motion dynamics and noise distributions. An enhanced version of PF is employed and is called Mixture PF. The commonly used sampling/importance resampling PF samples from the prior importance density, while Mixture PF samples from both the prior and the observation likelihood. In order to be able to track an unknown time-varying number of multiple targets, two Mixture PFs are used, one for target detection and the other for tracking multiple targets, and a density-based clustering technique is used after the first filter. This article demonstrates the applicability of the proposed technique for the passive problem, which suffers from the lack of measurements and the small detection range of the buoys, especially for weak signals. A contact-level simulation was used to generate different scenarios and the performance of the proposed technique called Clustered-Mixture PF was examined with either bearing measurement only or bearing and Doppler measurements, and it demonstrated its high performance.     

基于时频特征的抹香鲸Click与传统声呐信号的分类方法

正确识别与分类鲸类发出的叫声脉冲信号与主动声呐或通信信号,对提高海洋被动声学监测以及水下声呐探测或水下声学通信系统的稳定性和可靠性具有十分重要的作用。本文选取鲸声中具有代表性的Click信号和3类具有代表性的传统声呐信号作为研究对象,提出了一种基于时频特征的抹香鲸Click与传统声呐信号的分类方法。首先,利用滤波、小波去噪和端点检测方法实现鲸声去噪及信号自动摘取;然后,基于4类信号的短时傅里叶变换时频图,对信号时频轮廓进行多项式拟合,并提取多项式的系数作为信号时频特征;最后,分别使用反向传播(Back propagation,BP)神经网络和支持向量机对4类信号进行分类与识别。分类结果验证了所提算法和方法的有效性。     

Countering loss of vigilance in sonar watchstanding using signal injection and performance feedback

Sonar operators are confronted with a watchstanding task that demands high levels of vigilance for the appearance of weak or transitory signals. Maintaining vigilance is difficult because of very low target signal rates and an open loop system with (usually) no performance feedback. Four experiments were conducted to see whether operator vigilance, as reflected by target detection latency, could be enhanced through signal injection and performance feedback. In each of these experiments, target detection performance was markedly enhanced. The effects were operationally and statistically significant and generally increased with time on watch. The beneficial effects were shown not to be simply a function of increased signal rate due to signal injection. Analysis using a signal detection theory model showed that the target reporting threshold dropped under the experimental treatment and detection efficiency increased. In addition, it was shown that the subjects spent significantly more time observing the search display with signal injection and feedback. On the negative side, there was a modest increase in false alarms which was judged to be tolerable in view of the marked reduction in target detection times. Most false alarms were quickly recognized and reported as such. These beneficial effects were confirmed in a fifth experiment using trained sonar operators as subjects and prototype displays of an advanced sonar system.     

基于倒谱分析的被动水声目标原始信号重构方法

被动声纳捕捉的水下目标辐射噪声信号可视为由目标动力系统产生的周期性激励信号，以及该激励信号经由本身传输与扩散后的辐射信号与海洋传输信道的传递函数卷积构成 。要对水下目标进行分类识别，首先要滤除无用噪声对信号的干扰。本文通过同态分析实现这一目的，首先利用倒谱分析将各噪声分量变为线性相加关系，再利用时间窗整形
形与滤波器滤波实现信号分量及信道的分离，以便提取信号特征进行分类。实验证明，基于倒谱的信号重构法能够较为准确地复原包含目标传输特性的原始信号，便于对目标进行特征提取与分类识别。     

Signal Detection Theory Approach to the Multiple Parallel Moving Targets Problem

The problem of detection and line location estimation of multiple, parallel, dim, moving targets, such as the ones typically encountered when a geostationary satellite is tracking targets, is studied under the framework of signal detection theory. Part I of the paper considers two-dimensional data (or one frame of an image) and Part II considers an additional third dimension representing time. Optimal processors are derived for varying degrees of uncertainty in the data for the detection of parallel targets. The uncertainties include uncertainty in the knowledge of orientation, location, number, and direction of arrival of the targets. Performance of the optimal processors is presented in the form of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and compared, in Part I, with the Hough transform. The optimal 2-D processors perform better than the Hough transform under all cases of uncertainties. Likelihood-ratio-based optimal estimation algorithms resolve the location of targets under severe noise conditions. In Part II, ROCs for the optimal 3-D processors are compared with both 2-D optimal processors and the Hough transform that use the projected data. Simulation results indicate that substantial gains in performance can be achieved by processing the 3-D data directly instead of first projecting and optimally processing in 2-D. It is observed that the computational burden in optimally processing the 3-D data sequentially is comparable to the conventional techniques involving projection and the Hough transform.     

双基地声呐与干扰器对抗效能分析

在双基地声呐几何模型的基础上,从信号能量的角度,对水下目标利用干扰器进行水声对抗时双基地声呐接收端的信噪比进行了仿真计算,通过分析表明：双基地声呐可以利用自身的隐蔽性以及系统配置的灵活性获得优于传统收发合置声呐的检测以及抗干扰效果。     

被动声纳目标/背景建模与仿真

该文通过对舰船辐射噪声水声特性的分析，建立了舰船低频辐射噪声连续谱和线谱的数学模型，让迭加有线谱信号的白噪声通过一个有限冲激响应（FIR）数字滤波器，即可得到期望的目标舰船辐射噪声信号。该模型和海洋传播损失模型以及海洋环境噪声模型一起用于仿真被动声纳系统的接收信号。通过对仿真输出信号的处理和分析，给出了声场谱图，结果表明该方法能很好地再现被动声纳目标舰船辐射噪声的典型声学特征。该方法也可用于半实物仿真、系统测试以及水中兵器仿真等。     

干涉型光纤水听器虚拟检测软件的设计和实现

为达到虚拟检测光纤水听器信号的软件程序设计的目的,采用其输出信号特点,依据非NI采集卡特性,对3×3耦合解调原理和数学模型进行分析和比较,做了干涉型光纤水听器ITT虚拟检测方案,通过调用动态链接库开发基于Lab-VIEW的数据采集程序,编写数据处理和显示程序,开发光纤水听器3×3耦合器零差解调法虚拟检测系统。得到该虚拟检测系统具有很好的幅值适应性和低频特性的结论。     

一种MEMS水听器信号去噪的组合算法研究

针对MEMS水听器采集的数据"淹没"在强噪声场中的问题,提出采用LMS自适应噪声对消与Fourier变换滤波相结合的组合算法实现MEMS水听器的信噪分离。在信号频率已知的情况下,设计了一种自适应噪声对消和Fourier变换滤波组合算法的滤波器,对提取后的信号与理想信号做性能对比。仿真实验表明:该组合算法在-15 dB的强噪声场中仍有较高的分辨精度和提取效果,对搜寻类似于"黑匣子"等情况比较适宜,并将设计的滤波器用于中北汾机测试实验的信噪分离中,结果验证了该算法具有良好的高效性和实用性。     

一种V型阵列的二维波达方向估计的新方法

波达方向估计是阵列信号处理的一个重要研究方向,在雷达、通信、声纳、地震勘测等领域都有着广泛的应用前景.它已成为阵列无源探测和智能天线中的关键技术.针对二维信号,本文研究一种基于V型阵二维波达方向估计的新算法.该算法根据阵列结构的特点形成多个需要的相关矩阵,构造一个特殊大矩阵并经特征分解获得信号子空间的估计,最后利用2D-ESPRIT方法实现二维角度估计,可以解决β角兼并信号的波达方向估计问题,无需谱峰搜索且信号参数自动配对.最后用计算机仿真验证了该算法的有效性.     

基于改进能熵比的维纳滤波语音增强算法

为了提高低信噪比环境下语音增强的效果、算法的鲁棒性.在基于维纳滤波算法的基础上,结合基于频域特征的语音端点检查算法,提出了一种新的语音增强算法.端点检测算法使用小波包ERB子带的谱熵和改进的频域能量的能熵比法.其中,小波包ERB子带的谱熵考虑了人耳听觉掩蔽模型和语音与噪声信号之间的频率分布之间的不同;频域能量利用了有语音帧和无语音帧的能量不同.维纳滤波算法实时采集语音数据并使用新的参数来区别无语音段和有语音段,并在无语音段平滑更新噪声谱.实验结果表明,该端点检测算法能够很好的区分有语音段和无语音段,这就使得在低信噪比的情况下语音增强效果得到了提升,同时算法的鲁棒性和实时性也得到了保障.在与其他两种算法对比中,得到了更好的语音增强效果.