华南前汛期一次特大暴雨过程的数值模拟及其诊断分析

利用WRF3 DVAR同化常规观测和全国自动站资料的WRF模拟结果,对2010年6月18—20日华南前汛期一次特大暴雨过程发生发展的动力条件和热力条件进行详细的诊断分析和研究。结果表明,同化观测资料的WRF模式能较好地模拟出特大暴雨过程的强降水中心、雨带分布及降水强度的变化趋势。稳定的大尺度环流是特大暴雨发生的背景条件。高低空急流及其耦合产生的次级环流的建立是特大暴雨过程的主要动力机制。地面不稳定能量的累积和西南急流输送的充沛水汽和不稳定能量在强垂直运动作用下形成的湿上升,以及中高层冷空气在次级环流的下沉支作用下向低层侵入是特大暴雨过程的热力条件。湿位涡和锋生函数的诊断表明,对流层中高层的干冷空气在次级环流作用下向低层侵入与上升的暖湿空气相互作用,促使斜压不稳定和对流不稳定的释放和发展,是特大暴雨发生发展的触发机制。     

华南季风低压暴雨及其结构分析

文中对2005年夏季华南的一次季风低压大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,讨论了该季风低压的三维结构,并将其与南亚季风低压和梅雨锋上低压系统的结构进行了对比分析。结果表明,这次暴雨过程由华南季风低压直接引起,造成大暴雨的季风低压产生在有利的大尺度环流背景下。这次华南季风低压的三维结构特征为:在水平方向上,季风低压的南侧是一条对流云带,在对流层中低层,季风低压基本上处于对流不稳定并伴随有较强的上升运动;它对应中低层的湿舌、辐合区和很强的正涡度带。在垂直方向上,季风低压在对流层中低层有明显的气旋性环流,在300 hPa以上无反映。它对应低层辐合和气旋性涡度,高层辐散和反气旋性涡度。季风低压的上升气流可达对流层高层,主要上升运动区位于低压的西侧,主要下沉运动区位于低压的东侧。季风低压南侧有低空急流存在,但高层急流并不明显;季风低压的热力结构为上暖下冷。华南季风低压的轴线随高度向东南方向倾斜。这种种特征,与南亚季风低压和梅雨锋低压均有较大不同。     

Heavy Rainfall Associated with a Monsoon Depression in South China: Structure Analysis

A heavy rainfall associated with the deepening of a monsoon depression happened in the summer of 2005. This process was first diagnostically analyzed and the 3D structure of the monsoon depression was discussed~ then this structure was compared with those of the monsoon depression in South Asia and the low vortex in the Meiyu front. The results showed that the heavy rainfall directly resulted from a monsoon depression in South China~ and the large-scale environment provided a favorable background for the deepening of the monsoon depression. The 3D structure of the monsoon depression was as follows. In the horizontal direction, there existed a convective cloud band to the south of the monsoon depression, which lay in a convectively instable area, with a relatively strong ascending motion in the mid and low levels of the troposphere, and the ascending motion matched well with a moist tongue, a convergence area, and a band of positive vorticity in the mid and low levels of the troposphere. In the vertical direction, the depression had an obviously cyclonic circulation in the mid and low levels of the troposphere, but no circulation from above 300 hPa. The monsoon depression corresponded to convergence and positive vorticity in the low levels, but to divergence and negative vorticity in the upper levels. The upward draft of the depression could reach the upper levels of the troposphere in the west of the depression, while the descending motion lay in the east. There was a low-level jet to the south of the depression, while the upper-level jet was not obvious. The depression was vertically warm in the upper levels and cold in the low levels, and the axis of the depression tilted southeastward with height, whose characteristics were different not only from the monsoon depression in South Asia but also from the low vortex in the Meiyu front.     

“05.6”华南暴雨中低纬度系统活动及相互作用

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY-2C卫星逐时云顶亮温资料(分辨率为0.05°×0.05°)及射出长波辐射资料(分辨率为0.5°×0.5°)、实时地面加密观测和实况探空资料等,对"05.6"华南持续性暴雨过程期间南海季风活动、副热带高压演变、冷空气影响、高低空急流耦合等进行深入分析,探讨中低纬度不同尺度系统的活动特征及相互作用。结果表明:"05.6"华南暴雨是在中纬度地区位势高度场稳定的北高南低背景下,由东亚沿岸槽和青藏高原短波系统引导中纬度冷空气与低纬度地区季风系统相互作用下产生的;南海副热带季风的活跃与100°～120°E处越赤道气流通道的消失密切相关,其两次大规模向北推进是过程开始和结束的重要标志;副热带高压较多年平均明显偏南且强度达到最强,700 hPa中纬度冷空气的明显南侵对暴雨过程有重要贡献;高空急流入口区右后方与低空急流左侧由于强烈的高空辐散和非地转平衡强迫,构成一支横跨低空急流的经向次级环流,高低空急流耦合的正反馈机制是华南暴雨异常的重要原因之一。     

2005年夏季的主要天气及其环流分析

简要讨论了2005年夏季的主要天气过程和形势。2005年夏季全国大部分地区降雨量接近常年同期或偏多,特别是新疆地区降雨异常偏多,华南地区出现严重洪涝,而长江流域出现了空梅。造成6月华南地区强降雨的影响天气系统为切变线和地面静止锋,主要为从东北和西北来的冷空气与暖湿气流交汇于华南地区而形成。2005年与1994、1998年环流的对比表明,1998年西南季风强度比1994、2005年都要弱,但2005年梅雨期东阻位置在贝加尔湖东侧,比1998年的鄂霍次克阻高偏西,中纬度地区多小槽活动,贝加尔湖地区没有长波槽建立,中高层西风急流带偏北大约10个纬度,低层西南风急流也偏北,有利于北方降水的发生。2005年夏季登陆我国的台风偏多,强度较强,这是又一特点。华北地区的暴雨过程多与登陆或西太平洋上活动的台风有关;东北地区多低涡活动。与2004年对比,2005年华北地区的高温日数偏多,而且出现持续闷热天气,江南部分地区的高温天数也偏多。     

形成2015年浙江省梅汛期暴雨的控制环流及梅雨锋结构

本文利用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析逐日资料、地面观测资料和自动站降水资料,在分析了2015年浙江省梅汛期强降水特征、水汽输送和局地环流的基础上,从西南季风进退、副热带高压、南亚高压及西风带波动等方面对2015年形成梅汛期暴雨的控制环流进行了分析。结果表明：2015年整个浙江省梅汛期降水量较常年显著偏多,浙江中部地区降水量比历史同期偏多接近一倍。丰沛的水汽从孟加拉湾经中南半岛向东输送,与西太平洋副热带高压西侧的西南气流相合并,在梅雨锋南侧形成异常辐合,为强降水提供了水汽条件。这次持续强降水由三次强降水过程构成并由西风辐合型锋生引起。第二次强降水过程中大气强对流性不稳定利于梅雨锋上中尺度对流系统发展,导致强降水呈现明显的局地性。而第一次和第三次过程中梅雨带附近大气基本处于对流稳定或中性,以斜压性降水为主。在对流层低层,副高较常年偏东偏南,其西北侧西南暖湿气流与北侧冷空气交汇于浙江省,利于梅汛期强降水集中期的出现。在对流层上层的南亚高压较常年位置偏东,其北侧的西风急流强度偏强,东亚急流核入口区右侧的强辐散利于造成强烈的上升运动。在对流层中层,贝加尔湖阻高的东侧有明显的波动能量向东向南传播并在长江中下游积聚,利于浙江地区扰动的维持,形成持续稳定的梅雨锋和中低空切变线,造成梅雨强降水过程的持续。2015年春夏季热带中东太平洋海温正异常分布有利于梅汛期降水偏多的异常环流的形成。     

On the onset of the south china sea summer monsoon in 1998

1.IntroductionChinesescientistshavepointedoutsincethe1980sthattheAsiansummermonsooniscomposedoftheSouthAsian(Indian)monsoonsystemandtheEastAsianmonsoonsystem,whichhavetheirparticularcharacteristicsrespectivelybutalsointeractoneachother;andtheAsiansummermonsoonbreaksoutintheSouthChinaSea(SCS)regionatfirst,thenspreadsnorthwestwardandnorthwardrespectively,finallytheSouthAsiansummermonsoonandtheEastAsiansummermonsoonaresetup(TaoandChen,1987;JinandChen,1985;Zhuetal.,1986).Muchattentionhasbe…     

武汉地区少梅年一次局地强降水中尺度系统 特征的分析

2000年以来长江流域未见到很典型的梅雨暴雨,尽管如此,所谓"不典型"的区域性致洪暴雨仍时有发生,甚至造成严重洪涝。利用NCEP资料、常规和SCHeREX计划期间的6h一次的高空探测资料和大量的地面自动站资料、多普勒雷达、FY-2C卫星黑体温度资料及NOAA的CMORPH资料,分析了2009年6月29日00:00(协调世界时,下同)至30日00:00引发武汉严重洪涝的强降水。结果表明,尽管中高纬环流和槽脊系统有"错位"现象,但东亚地区鞍形场的存在有利于高原东侧中尺度低压(扰动)的发生发展。随着高原槽东移和西太平洋副热带高压突然西伸,在四川—重庆地区诱生出中尺度涡旋及明显的低空急流,同时上层冷干、下层暖湿空气叠置而形成较强的位势不稳定层结,在低层辐合场的触发下,使致洪暴雨得以发生。该年有较好的水汽输送条件,主要源地在南中国海。因此,即使在大尺度环流不是非常"典型"的情况下,一旦武汉地区存在有利的天气尺度和中尺度系统,且有足够的水汽供应,暴雨仍有可能发生。     

Heavy rainfall caused by interactions between monsoon depression and middle-latitude systems in Australia: a case study

The heavy rainfall caused by interactions between the monsoon depression and the middle-latitude systems in Australia has been investigated in this paper. For a better understanding of the Australian monsoon depression (AMD) and its synoptic-scale interaction with the middle-latitude systems, some key meteorological parameters have been calculated, including the vorticity budget, moisture budget, temperature advection, frontogenesis function and potential vorticity. The results show that interaction between the lower and mid-latitude systems does exist leading to the merging of the extratropical low with frontal systems and the AMD, meanwhile both the low-level cold air from the mid-latitude and the warm moist air that was lifted by the front were very favorable for the formation and the intensification of heavy rainfall, which was quite different from the rainfall caused by the AMD alone. Second, the obvious temperature advection and gradient were detected, so the baroclinicity was favorable to the intensification of the front, as well as to the development of the upper-level jet. Next, isentropic analysis revealed that the south-west cold-flow sank and met the warm flow coming from the northern part of Australia, thereby forming the obvious baroclinic zone in the lower troposphere. A high-PV anomaly area located in the upper level of the troposphere, which overlaid the low-level frontogenesis zone, also existed. The upper-level PV maximum extended downwards forming a vertical PV column when the extratropical low intensified. Furthermore, the AMD is a warm-cored vortex located in middle and upper troposphere with a deep and thick moisture layer, and there were some differences in the vorticity and moisture budgets of the two different stages. Finally, based on the above-mentioned analysis, a conceptual model describing the interactions between the lower and middle-latitude systems in the southern hemisphere was proposed.     

On the Diurnal Cycle of Heavy Rainfall over the Sichuan Basin during 10–18 August 2020※

A sustained heavy rainfall event occurred over the Sichuan basin in southwest China during 10–18 August 2020, showing pronounced diurnal rainfall variations with nighttime peak and afternoon minimum values, except on the first day. Results show that the westward extension of the anomalously strong western Pacific subtropical high was conducive to the maintenance of a southerly low-level jet (LLJ) in and to the southeast of the basin, which favored continuous water vapor transport and abnormally high precipitable water in the basin. The diurnal cycle of rainfall over the basin was closely related to the periodic oscillation of the LLJ in both wind speed and direction that was caused by the combination of inertial oscillation and terrain thermal forcing. The nocturnally enhanced rainfall was produced by moist convection mostly initiated during the evening hours over the southwest part of the basin where high convective available potential energy with moister near-surface moist air was present. The convective initiation took place as cold air from either previous precipitating clouds from the western Sichuan Plateau or a larger-scale northerly flow met a warm and humid current from the south. It was the slantwise lifting of the warm, moist airflow above the cold air, often facilitated by southwest vortices and quasi-geostrophic ascent, that released the convective instability and produced heavy rainfall.     

Study on a Mesoscale Convective Vortex Causing Heavy Rainfall during the Mei-yu Season in 2003

The strong heavy rainfall on 3-5 July 2003 causing the severe flooding in Huaihe River basin (HRB), China is studied. It is noted that there are sometimes mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in East Asia during the mei-yu season. Simulation results from the ARPS (Advanced Regional Prediction) data analysis system (ADAS) and WRF model were used to study the development of the mesoscale convective system (MCS) and mesoscale convective vortex (MCV). It is confirmed that the MCV formed during the development of a...     

我国低纬高原地区初夏强降水天气研究I·2001年5月印缅槽维持期间云南暴雨及其中尺度特征

2001年5月云南除东北部的昭通地区外,先后出现了1949年以来罕见的大雨、暴雨和连阴雨天气过程,其中以5月30日1200 UTC~6月2日1200 UTC的暴雨过程最强。本文采用常规资料、加密的降水和卫星资料对其进行了分析。结果表明,此次强降水过程是在有利的环流背景下,由中尺度系统造成的。云南有着特殊的地理位置和气候条件,其降水过程与我国的东部及华南沿海大不相同,主要结果如下:1)印缅槽与东亚冷槽的相互作用,有利于西南地区暴雨的发生。2)低空急流的产生和加强与暴雨之间存在一定的关系,它不但为暴雨提供了丰富的水汽,还有可能造成位势不稳定层结,且急流上扰动可诱使对流不稳定发展,致使强降水的发生。3)在有利的大尺度背景下产生的近地层中尺度辐合线以及它们之间的相互作用是产生此次强降水的重要系统,这类辐合线与我国东部的降水系统有很大的不同,与云南的地形特点密切相关。4)云南及其周边的特殊地形为此次强降水的产生提供了帮助。雨团大部分在原地生消,移动较少,形成了两个少动的雨强中心,中尺度对流云团的产生和发展与中尺度辐合线相交区关系密切。5)对降水区三维结构的分析表明,中尺度对流系统强烈发展区的低层为强辐合、正相对涡度,高层为强辐散、负相对涡度;存在整体的上升气柱,并在其左右两侧为下沉气流,且此气柱是高湿、低层存在对流性不稳定。6)对水汽来源和收支分析表明,这次云南强降水的水汽可能主要来自于孟加拉湾。     

2005年7月一次大暴雨过程的模拟和诊断分析

基于2005年7月9—10日河南、安徽等地一次大暴雨的巨大影响,利用中尺度模式（MM5）对此次过程进行了模拟,并使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和模式输出产品作了多种物理量诊断分析,结果表明,贝加尔湖附近阻高、下游的东北冷涡及其伴随的高空槽造成了有利的环流形势,低层切变线及急流是此次暴雨过程的最主要影响系统。散度、涡度、垂直速度、螺旋度及位温的分布和演变反映出在此次降水发生过程中,暴雨区出现了很强的辐合上升运动,中低层大气层结不稳定性强,上下层大气物质交换强烈,在暴雨区上空螺旋度呈＂下正上负＂的垂直结构,螺旋度正的大值区对应强降水中心;水汽通量散度的分布说明暴雨区有充足的水汽供应,而锋生条件为降水的形成和维持提供了一定的能量。     

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF TYPHOON POLLY(No.9216)*

We partition the observed wind field into rotational and divergent wind fields to analyze the stream field of Typhoon Polly(No.9216),which landed on 31 August 1992 and caused severe weather and large damage in the eastern China.The results indicate that the preservation of typhoon intensity after landing and the heavy rainfall took place onthe northern periphery of typho on are due to the strong divergent winds on the regions of low level jet(LLJ) and high level jet(HLJ) around the typhoon.The direction of divergent winds in the LLJ is perpendicular to the observed wind.But,the direction of divergent winds around the HLJ axis is parallel to the observed winds.The stream function and the rotational wind corresponding to the horizontal vorticity display the vertical circulation associated with the heavy rain,which is stronger than the vertical circulation around the typhoon center.The three-dimensional trajectories exhibit the warm and moist air parcels of LLJ traveling northward into the heavy rainfall region and ascending,then turning eastward in the HLJ.     

2017年梅雨期浙江中部连续暴雨过程的环流特征

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°的FNL再分析资料和FY-2E卫星云图资料对2017年梅汛期前后浙江中部大尺度环流背景进行分析,同时对梅汛期三次强降水过程的梅雨锋结构、对流层低层风场对中尺度对流系统发展的影响以及中尺度云团特征等进行了诊断分析。结果表明：1） 进入梅汛期,贝加尔湖长波脊发展及长久维持,带状分布的西太平洋副热带高压较常年偏强,有利于冷暖空气交汇于浙江一带,形成范围大、持续时间长的强降水;2） 在垂直方向上,高空西风急流的入口区右侧与低空急流核左前方相叠加,高低空急流耦合作用明显,为中尺度对流系统维持提供了必备的不稳定机制;3） 三次强降水过程均具有正涡度带随时间东移的现象,揭示了梅雨锋区低值系统沿切变线东移的特点。其中,第三次暴雨过程正涡度东移特点最明显,对流层低层的有利动力条件导致中尺度对流系统的发展及强降水的出现;第二次过程的副热带西风急流中心风速明显较第一次和第三次小,但西风急流中心位置南移至30°—35°N,正好位于梅雨锋区上空,补偿了因急流风速减小对高层辐散的影响。     

Advances in the South China ffs heavy rain research

Heavy rain (HR) or even exceptional heavy rain (EHR) usually takes place during the first flood season in South China in every April-June. In spring, cold air coming from north often brings about a normal HR over a large area in South China. However, EHR is mainly caused by tropical weather systems, the warm moist SW current from the Bay of Bengal-southern/central parts of the South China Sea,as well as the warm moist SE current from the NW Pacific Ocean. Investigations show that the fields cf flow and moisture in the lower troposphere play a more important role in HR rather than the potential height-temperature field. The ageostrophy and pulsation of SW jet stream in lower level have a distinct effect on the occurrence of HR and its non-uniform distribution in time-space. The sea/land breeze effect is obvious in South China. This is one of the important causes for very heavy rain to easily occur in South China and the different time of rain peak between coastal and interior regions.     

2012年7月北京一次大暴雨过程的湿Q矢量和湿位涡分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料和常规气象观测资料,对2012年7月21日发生在北京地区的一次大暴雨天气过程进行非地转湿Q矢量(Q*)和湿位涡等物理量诊断分析,研究暴雨期间Q*散度、锋生函数和湿位涡的时空分布特征,以及它们与强降水之间的关系。结果表明,Q*在850 hPa高度层上对暴雨表现出良好的诊断特性,冷、暖气流的汇聚加强了锋生作用,强锋生中心出现几小时后即出现暴雨。暴雨区位于Q*辐合区内,Q*散度对6 h后暴雨的落区有很好的指示意义。暴雨落区基本位于MPV1正、负值交界处的等值线密集带上以及MPV2负值区内。暴雨区上空,从近地面到对流层低层的对流性不稳定与条件性对称不稳定同时存在,两者共同作用,这很可能是此次暴雨的中尺度对流系统发生发展的重要条件之一。     

"8·16"暴雨过程的湿位涡诊断分析

本文利用实况资料和T213输出资料,对发生在2005年8月16日～17日的华北暴雨过程进行了湿位涡数值诊断分析,结果表明,强降水落在湿相对位涡的负值中心附近,且湿相对位涡场的特征主要取决于其正压项的贡献。在暴雨出现前期,湿对称不稳定主要在高层,湿位涡的下传可能是产生暴雨的重要原因之一。湿位涡的负值中心与中低层涡度的增大及暴雨的增强存在密切的关系。     

华北一次西南涡暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用一日4次1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料和常规观测资料,分析了2010年7月19日发生在华北地区的西南涡暴雨过程。结果表明：此次暴雨过程是不同尺度系统共同影响的结果,低空急流将水汽源源不断地向暴雨区输送,云水含量大值区与强上升运动和强降水时段有较好的对应关系,高、低空急流的耦合作用促进了上升运动,暴雨期间对流层低层有自南向北发展的高能舌维持,存在对流性不稳定层结,上升运动自低层向上发展,将低层的暖湿空气向上输送,使得大量的不稳定能量释放,为暴雨区提供了持续的能量。     

闽中南罕见冬季锋前暴雨个例特征分析

利用福建省逐小时加密自动站资料、风廓线、S波段双偏振雷达与雨滴谱等新型探测资料以及NCEP逐6 h的1°×1°大气再分析资料,分析了2017年2月21—22日福建中南部一次预报失败的冬季暴雨过程。结果表明:(1)此次暴雨过程类似于锋前暖区暴雨,自2000年以来仅此一例,十分罕见,是在低空急流偏强并长时间维持的背景下产生的,并未受到南支槽和冷空气的影响。(2)闽中大到暴雨带和闽南暴雨区的对流系统相互独立,有多个对流系统影响闽中地区,仅两个对流系统影响闽南地区。降水有较明显对流特征,属暖云弱对流降水,容易导致预报员对雨强估计不足。(3)此次冬季暴雨过程的水汽主要来自南海地区,低层水汽条件与汛期暴雨相当,但整层水汽条件较汛期略差;低空急流对暖湿气流的输送使暴雨区趋于不稳定,但对流不稳定度较汛期弱。(4)高空辐散低层辐合的配置为冬季暴雨带来了有利的动力抬升条件,但暴雨区涡旋性不强,无明显正涡度柱。其中,闽中大到暴雨主要与条件性对称不稳定有关,是在湿斜压作用下倾斜上升运动中产生,而闽南暴雨区既存在对流不稳定,也存在条件性对称不稳定。