半球形Al-Mg-Sc合金超塑胀形壁厚分布的有限元分析

应用MARC软件对半球形Al-Mg-Sc合金的超塑胀形进行仿真,分析了正反向超塑胀形对于半球形件壁厚分布的影响,以及不同深度的凹模对胀形结果的影响。结果表明,采用合理的正反胀形可以很好地改善成形件的厚度不均匀性,试验验证了仿真和试验结果比较吻合。     

大型变壁厚TC4半球超塑胀形工艺研究

对大型TC4钛合金变壁厚半球壳体的超塑胀形工艺进行了研究。采用数值模拟手段先后分析了单向胀形和正反胀形后半球毛坯的壁厚分布规律,指出了正反胀形工艺在壁厚分布上的优势,并给出了反胀模具型面曲线优化的关键参数及其对成形壁厚分布的影响规律。用优化后的模拟数据结果指导实际实验参数设计,在理论分析基础上进行了实验验证。结果表明,数值模拟数据较好地预测了超塑成形后的半球壁厚分布,利用优化后的正反胀模具实现了半球实验件的壁厚按需分配。成形后材料强度略有下降,延伸率得到提升。正反胀形方法能够明显提高钛合金板材的材料利用率和后续毛坯的车加工效率,降低制造成本。     

5A06薄壁壳体超塑胀形过程壁厚分布规律及其控制

采用正反胀形法对薄壁壳体的壁厚分布进行了改善。首先通过数值模拟的方法,模拟了正胀形及两种不同反胀形模具气胀过程,进行了模具的设计制造;然后对正胀形及正反胀形进行了实验验证,并比较了两种不同反胀形形状对最终零件壁厚分布的影响,提出了用壁厚分布均方差判定壁厚均匀性的判据。研究表明,与正胀形相比,采用两种正反胀形法成形的零件的最小壁厚从0.69 mm增加到0.91 mm和0.89 mm,使零件的壁厚分布均方差从0.1236降低到0.0727和0.0642,证明了正反胀形法可以改善5A06铝合金壁厚分布均匀性。     

TC4钛合金锥形件叠层超塑成形工艺研究

为了提高锥形件超塑成形效率,提出了叠层超塑成形工艺及高温进出炉成形方案,并采用正反向超塑成形方法以提高壁厚分布均匀性。通过对超塑成形过程自由胀形阶段与贴模成形阶段进行的力学解析,得到了最佳等效应变速率条件下的气压加载曲线。以此为基础,对单层正向成形、单层正反向成形及双层正反向成形进行了920℃超塑成形实验研究。结果表明,正反向成形可显著改善锥形件壁厚均匀性。在双层正反向成形条件下,锥形件最大截面圆度为0.05 mm,最小壁厚为1.01 mm,型面尺寸及壁厚分布均满足使用要求,下层零件的壁厚均匀性较差。叠层超塑成形工艺及900℃装出炉方案可行有效,可使锥形件超塑成形效率提高1倍以上。     

DC04钢板胀形-渐进复合成形锥形件成形能力的实验研究

为了提高渐进成形过程中板料的成形极限和加工效率,提出了胀形-渐进成形的复合成形方法,通过胀形-渐进成形复合成形锥形件实验,研究了DC04钢板胀形-渐进成形复合成形锥形件和纯渐进成形锥形件的成形极限角和应变变化以及壁厚分布规律。结果表明:预成形高度为h=15 mm和h=25 mm时,复合成形零件的成形极限角分别为α极=66°和α极=69°;采用胀形-渐进成形复合成形锥形件,当胀形的最大减薄量发生在局部渐进成形区内,并且胀形和渐进成形的最大减薄量位置方向相反时,锥形件壁厚趋于均匀,提高了胀形-渐进成形的复合成形能力。     

TC4半环超塑正反胀形工艺研究

本文对钛合金半环的超塑成形技术进行了工艺研究。采用正反胀形方法来控制成形后半环的壁厚,并通过数值模拟手段,对壁厚控制的关键即正反胀形模具型面进行了优化设计,同时进行了试验验证。结果表明数值模拟数据较好的预测了超塑成形后的半环壁厚分布,利用优化后的正反胀模具实现了半环试验件的壁厚均匀化。该方法能够明显提高材料利用率和后续车加工效率,并降低制造成本。     

铝合金2A12-O的动态充液拉深

针对铝合金板材成形性差的特点,提出液体内向流动动态充液拉深新技术。采用铝合金2A12-O板材对成形过程进行了初步实验验证后,运用有限元方法探讨不同的径向压力和不同的预胀路线对成形零件壁厚分布的影响。结果表明,采用该方法可以显著提高铝合金2A12-O的成形极限,成功拉深出拉深比达2.85的杯形件;径向压力显著影响杯形件壁厚的分布,通常较大的径向压力下的壁厚也较大。     

超塑成形薄壁构件壁厚分布的预测

壁厚分布对薄壁构件的结构性能有重要影响。本文研究超塑成形件壁厚分布的预测技术,实现了超塑成形过程的有限元数值模拟的成形件厚度分布曲线的自动预测,以半球壳和矩形盒成形为例,为自由胀形和约束胀表两种情形形件厚度变化进行了分析,预测结果与实验数据吻合。     

5A06铝合金板材超塑气胀成形壁厚均匀性研究及模具设计

采用正反吹气胀超塑成形的方法,利用MARC有限元分析研究5A06铝合金板材在不同反吹型面下成形件壁厚均匀性。结果表明,优化的反吹减薄变形使成形件壁厚分布均匀性大大改善,最薄处壁厚从单纯正吹胀形时的0.64 mm提高0.94mm。根据数值模拟的最优预成形反吹型面完成某型号卫星件(按比例缩小)的模具设计。     

基于最大m值法的超塑性胀形最佳压力加载方式

采用最大m值法拉伸试验获得了随应变变化的最佳应变速率关系曲线,以控制钣金超塑胀形气压加载,使得板料变形集中部位的实际等效应变速率等于变化的最佳应变速率,而非等于恒应变速率拉伸获得的最佳应变速率定值,从而获得比目前基于恒应变速率超塑胀性更优良的成形性能。以2A12铝合金为研究对象,采用最大m值法拉伸实验获得其最佳应变速率关系曲线,以控制超塑性胀形,并与恒应变速率胀形进行比较;为改善壁厚均匀性,设计了正反胀形模具与工艺,并结合有限元软件MSC.Marc 2010,对整流罩进行单向和正反向胀形模拟,并进行实验验证。结果表明,对于单向胀形,基于最大m值法的简化应变速率胀形,其成形时间仅为760s,较恒应变速率胀形3 360s大幅缩短,而二者的减薄率分别为70.4%和70.9%,在降低减薄率的同时,极大的提高了胀形效率;基于最大m值法的简化应变速率正反胀形,零件最小壁厚为1.157mm,较基于最大m值法的简化应变速率单向胀形零件的最小壁厚0.887mm有一定程度增加,而不均匀性则由69.97%降为28.9%,有效改善了壁厚均匀性;实验证明,采用最大m值法的胀形件的最小壁厚有所提高,均匀性得到了有效改善,且壁厚分布与模拟结果相吻合。     

Deformation characteristics and cavitation during multiaxial blow forming in superplastic 8090 alloy

This work examined the effect of multiaxial stress on deformation characteristics of a superplastic aluminum alloy 8090 by deforming the sheet into a die with a cylindrical cavity. Several interrupted tests were performed to bulge the sheets to various depths for different strain rates, the formed parts were utilized to evaluate the deformation status, thickness distribution, local strain states, and cavitation. It was found that evolution of cavity volume fraction with forming time could be related to the thinning behavior of the deformed sheet during forming. Decrease in cavity volume fraction at the central region was observed in the later stage of forming as the thickness of the deformed sheet remained constant for all test forming rates.     

On Practical Forming Limits in Superplastic Forming of Aluminum Sheet

In this paper, the superplastic forming (SPF) potential of two fine-grained 5083 aluminum alloys were studied under various stress states with the use of both high temperature tensile testing and pneumatic bulge testing. Experiments with the pneumatic bulge test were performed at temperatures ranging from 475 to 525 °C under three different strain paths ranging from equi-biaxial to approaching plane strain. The effects of temperature on total elongation, m-value, final thickness distribution, dome height, and cavitation were investigated for the case of uniaxial and equi-biaxial stretching. Increased temperature in bulge forming was found to improve the thickness distribution in the formed parts, but did not have a significant effect on dome height. The shape of the forming limit diagram (FLD) was found to be significantly different than that of FLDs commonly used in room temperature stamping. Results indicate that determination of forming limits in SPF cannot be represented with a simple FLD and additional metrics such as external thinning and internal cavitation need to be considered to determine a material’s SPF potential. This article was presented at Materials Science & Technology 2006, Innovations in Metal Forming symposium held in Cincinnati, OH, October 15-19, 2006.     

加压路径对超塑胀形空洞的影响

本文用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和ｘ－射线小角度散射法分析了不同加压路径对超塑胀形微空洞形貌和分布的影响。结果表明，恒应变速率胀形的微空洞量多、细小、分布均匀，且处于亚稳定状态。恒压胀形的微空洞易由亚稳定变为稳定，且会迅速交连长大，形成网络。恒速胀形的微空洞形貌介于两者之间。     

铝合金覆盖件快速超塑性成形技术

快速超塑性成形技术是将热冲压和超塑气胀成形集成复合的新型工艺,通过对该工艺过程研究以及对复合工模具的优化设计,采用商用供货态工业铝合金5083板材成形出了某型号乘用车的引擎盖。结果表明,这种集成复合的快速超塑性成形技术工艺先进,切实可行。     

Modeling of Transformation Superplastic Forming of Ti Alloys

Transformation superplastic forming is an attractive alternative forming technique to microstructural superplastic forming, since it requires no special microstructures and, therefore, eliminates the limitation of superplastic forming capability to only expensive materials with stable high-temperature fine grains. Transformation superplasticity occurs through biasing the internal stress produced from an allotropic phase transformation by a small external stress. In this work, finite element modeling was implemented to study the transformation superplastic forming of domes from flat circular thin plate samples. The evolution and distribution of stress, strain, and dome thickness was analyzed in detail. The thickness distributions in the formed domes were compared with the theoretical predictions of two models, which assume different stress states in the domes. The appropriate stress state was identified through this comparison. Different gas pressure amplitudes were applied during forming to investigate the effect on the formed-dome apex height, when the forming time was fixed. This article was presented at Materials Science & Technology 2007, Automotive and Ground Vehicles symposium held September 16-20, 2007, in Detroit, MI.     

大型双曲率非等厚TC4钛合金壁板整体SPF/DB成形工艺及优化

针对大型双曲率非等厚TC4钛合金壁板整体SPF/DB成形工艺进行了研究.由于零件尺寸超过1800 mm,型面复杂(双曲率,弦高为330 mm),壁厚分布不均匀,成形后出现了严重开裂(多于6处)、明显缩沟(深度大于1.1 mm)和不贴模等缺陷,且在成形后难于通过化铣精确控制壁厚分布,提出了预变形、化铣、扩散连接和超塑成形...     

Bulge Testing under Constant and Variable Strain Rates of Superplastic Aluminium Alloys

The present paper deals with superplastic forming of aluminium alloy AA5083 sheet metals tested at specific strain rates, temperatures and counter pressures by means of bulge testing using circular and elliptical dies and by the cone-cup testing method. Further, differences from batch to batch can lead to a different strain rates at the maximum m value. It is shown by experimental investigations that pulsating strain rates can lead to higher m values and to increased thickness strains.     

Fracture types and thickness distribution in superplastic sheets formed with plastic injection molding

This paper investigates the fracture types and thickness ratio distribution in superplastic Zn/Al sheets formed during a hybrid process combining superplastic sheet forming with plastic injection molding. Three types of sheet fractures, edge cracking, central cracking and combined cracking, are observed. The success of forming superplastic sheets with rib features using injection molding with various parameters, including melt temperature, injection pressure and mold temperature, are investigated. They are presented in the form of a molding area with areas of various fracture types. Central cracks occur when superplastic sheets are formed with injection molding with higher melt temperature, while edge cracks occur with higher injection pressure. When the melt flow is parallel to the sheet rolling direction, the areas of edge crack are enlarged. The sheet thickness ratio distribution is obtained for various injection parameters and rib depths. Observation of the sheet thickness distribution for variation parameters, the tendency of the sheet fracture type can be generalized.     

Cavitation behavior in superplastic 5083 Al alloy during multiaxial gas blow forming with lubrication

Despite its importance for industrial applications, the effect of lubrication on the cavitation behavior of superplastic materials has been given little attention. In this paper, a series of experiments were performed regarding bulging superplastic 5083 Al alloy sheet into dies with a cylindrical (cup) and rectangular (pan) die cavity for forming with and without lubrication, the formed parts were then evaluated to determine the effect of lubrication on the cavitation level evolution, thickness distribution, and void distribution. It was found that void shrinkage took place in the overlaid region for both forming with and without lubrication. The maximum void volume fraction could be effectively reduced for forming with lubrication; however, reductions in the maximum void volume fractions for cup forming were less significant than those for pan forming.