亚低温状态下脑多参数监测对重型颅脑创伤患者应用常规降颅压手段的评价

目的 分析亚低温治疗状态下对重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)患者进行脑多参数监测的结果,评估常规降颅压手段的临床意义.方法 42例sTBI患者(GCS＜8分)进行亚低温治疗.对42例患者随机分组,对其进行颅内压(ICP)、脑灌注压(CPP)、脑组织氧分压(PbtO2)和颈静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2)等指标连续监测并进行比较分析.结果 (1)42例患者在亚低温治疗后CPP、PbtO2和SjvO2水平明显上升,ICP水平明显下降.(2)亚低温状态下,以两种剂量(25 g及50 g)甘露醇对ICP＞ 20 mm Hg者进行脱水治疗.治疗30 min后,两组患者ICP均有显著降低,90 min后,25 g组ICP反弹明显,而50 g组ICP仍稳定在较低水平.(3)亚低温状态下,随着过度换气程度的不断增加,ICP降低的程度显著增加,但出现低PbtO2的比率也随之增高.(4)16例行去骨瓣减压术sTBI患者术后ICP明显下降,CPP、PbtO2及SjvO2均有不同程度增高.结论 亚低温状态下,对于颅脑创伤后ICP增高的处理,可供选择手段较多,在使用过程中,密切观察生命体征变化的同时,给予脑多参数监测,十分必要.     

重型颅脑伤病人脑氧和脑温的监护经验(附116例报告)

目的研究亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤病人脑组织氧分压(PbtO2)和脑温的变化规律及其临床意义。方法将重型颅脑损伤病人116例分为亚低温组和常温对照组各58例,对病人监测PbtO2、脑温,平均86h。结果24hPbtO2均值(13.7 ±4.94)mmHg,较正常值(16～40mmHg)低;亚低温组比对照组PbtO2恢复到均值的时间缩短(10±4.15)h(P <0.05);亚低温组存活率(60.4%)高于对照组(46.6%);复温后PbtO2随脑温升高而增加。手术组脑温与肛温的差距低于正常者占66.7%,非手术组脑温与肛温的差距高于正常者占52.9%,两组有显著性差异。结论亚低温治疗能提高严重脑伤病人的生存率。PbtO2、脑温直接监测技术安全可靠,对于判定病情和指导治疗有重要意义。     

重型颅脑创伤亚低温治疗中脑组织氧分压持续监测的应用

目的 研究亚低温治疗状态下重型颅脑创伤( sTBI)患者伤后早期脑组织氧分压(PbtO2)的动态变化及临床意义.方法 38例sTBI患者进行亚低温治疗,连续监测PbtO2、颈静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2)、颅内压(ICP)、和脑灌注压(CPP)等指标,对监测结果以及PbtO2和其他指标相关性进行分析,并记录患者伤后3个月的格拉斯哥预后评分.结果 在亚低温治疗初期,患者PbtO2、SjvO2和CPP明显上升,ICP明显下降,而治疗36 h和48 h后PbtO2及SjvO2无明显变化.亚低温治疗后ICP较治疗前明显下降,低PbtO2情况明显改善,ICP和PbtO2之间呈负相关；PbtO2及SjvO2水平明显上升,PbtO2与SjvO2呈直线正相关；PbtO2与CPP呈直线正相关.监测过程中,在SjvO2和CPP水平正常的情况下,仍有较大比例的患者出现低PbtO2情况.治疗过程中没有出现过低PbtO2水平的患者预后良好.结论 PbtO2是监测sTBI患者局部脑组织氧合的一项重要指标,具有很高敏感性,对于指导治疗和判断预后具有重要意义,而亚低温能够明显改善PbtO2降低的情况.     

重型颅脑损伤中脑温脑组织氧分压持续监测

目的研究重型颅脑损伤中脑温(BT)、脑组织氧分压(PbtO2)的持续变化及其意义.方法应用脑温、脑组织氧分压(PbtO2)探针脑白质温度、脑组织内物理性溶解的氧的压力.结果通过对10例重型闭合性颅脑损伤患者研究分析发现(1)在诱导低温后,直肠温度(RT)与BT的差异比正常体温时明显.(2)在重型颅脑伤后,PbtO2值降低,PbtO2＜10mmHg时,可认为是脑缺氧的阈值.(3)伤后24小时内PbtO2＜5mmHg预示病人预后不良.(4)脑组织氧分压测定技术可指导过度换气的应用.结论在低温状态下,RT与BT的差异加大,因此,在研究低温对脑外伤的影响时,最好能直接测量脑温.脑组织氧分压监测安全可靠,是脑组织氧合程度的一种灵敏的监测方法,它可以提示预后,并且对临床治疗具有重要的指导作用.     

脑组织氧分压脑灌注压及颅内压对重型颅脑创伤患者预后的影响

目的探讨脑组织氧分压、脑灌注压及颅内压对重型颅脑创伤患者预后的影响。方法观察112例重型颅脑损伤病人脑灌注压（CCP）、颅内压（ICP）、脑组织氧分压（PbtO2）的变化,比较CCP、ICP、PbtO2与预后的相互关系。结果 PbtO2（24h及72h）与预后有显著性相关,随着PbtO2的升高,预后良好的比例明显升高。ICP（24h及72h）与预后显著相关,随着ICP的升高,预后良好的比例明显下降。CCP（24h及72h）与预后有显著性相关,随着CCP的升高,预后良好的比例明显升高。结论 PbtO2、ICP、CPP与预后均有显著相关性,24h及72h的CCP、ICP对预后有显著影响。     

颅内压监测下亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床研究

目的研究颅内压监测下亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤患者的临床效果。方法将100例重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)患者按随机数字表法分为对照组与亚低温组,每组各50例。两组患者入院后均予以常规对症治疗;亚低温组患者加用亚低温治疗,控制直肠温度(RT)为32℃~34℃;对照组患者控制RT在36℃~37℃;均监测患者的脑组织氧分压(PbtO_2)和颅内压(ICP)。比较两组患者入院时、入院24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的ICP、脑组织PbtO_2及血乳酸、脑源性神经细胞营养因子(BDNF)水平的变化;治疗前、后给患者进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分;统计两组并发症发生率。结果 (1)入院时,两组ICP、PbtO_2比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);入院24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h,两组ICP均降低、PbtO_2均升高,亚低温组入院不同时间点ICP均低于、PbtO_2均高于对照组(均P0.05)。(2)入院时,两组血乳酸、BDNF水平比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);入院24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h,两组的血乳酸水平降低,BDNF水平上升;亚低温组入院后各时间点血乳酸水平低于、BDNF水平高于对照组(均P0.05)。(3)治疗前,两组NIHSS、GOS评分的差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);治疗后3个月时,两组的NIHSS评分均降低,GOS评分均上升,但亚低温组的NIHSS评分低于、GOS评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。(4)亚低温组的并发症发生率略低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ICP监测下亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤可快速降低患者的ICP,改善其神经功能及预后。     

β-七叶皂苷钠联合亚低温疗法对重型颅脑损伤患者脑组织氧分压影响的临床研究

目的观察β-七叶皂苷钠联合亚低温疗法对重型颅脑损伤患者脑组织氧分压(PbrO2)的影响。方法 60例急性重型颅脑损伤患者,随机分为常规治疗组(对照组)及β-七叶皂苷钠联合亚低温治疗组(观察组)。对两组患者的预后情况进行比较,同时分别测定和比较治疗前及治疗后24 h、48 h、72 h及7 d的PbrO2的变化。结果两组患者的预后及不同时间PbrO2水平的差异有统计学意义。结论β-七叶皂苷钠联合亚低温疗法能够提高重型颅脑损伤患者的PbrO2、改善脑组织代谢。     

亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人治疗机理及临床疗效研究

目的研究亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤病人的治疗机理及临床效果.方法164例病人,随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组.亚低温治疗组82例,均于伤后24小时内行亚低温治疗,直肠温度(RT)控制在32.0℃～35.0℃;脑温为32.5℃～35.0℃,持续1～7天,平均60.2±28.0小时.同时监测病人的生命体征、颅内压(ICP)、血糖、血乳酸、血气、血电解质以及脑组织氧分压(PbrO2)和脑组织温度(BT)、脑微循环血流(LDF血流值)和颈静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2).对照组82例,直肠温度控制在36.5℃～37.0℃,其他治疗同亚低温组.两组病人均于伤后3个月时根据GOS评估法判定疗效.结果与对照组相比,亚低温治疗组病人伤后早期的高ICP、高血糖、高乳酸血症分别显著下降(P＜0.05);严重的低PbrO2迅速上升并维持在正常水平;脑血供得到改善;生命体征、血气及血电解质无显著差异;无严重并发症;死亡率降低,恢复良好率提高,预后显著改善.结论亚低温具有肯定的脑保护作用,临床上用于治疗急性重型颅脑损伤病人,安全有效,可降低死亡率,提高生存质量,无严重并发症.直接监测PbrO2、BT、LDF血流值和SjvO2,对亚低温治疗更有指导意义.     

亚低温治疗重型外伤性颅脑损伤的临床对照观察

目的 比较亚低温治疗和常温治疗重型外伤性颅脑损伤的治疗效果,方法 50例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为常温组26例和亚低温组24例.入院后病人均持续监测颅内压7 d.对照组维持正常体温,亚低温组入院后在3～7 h内将肛温降至33℃左右,并维持3～7 d.比较2组GCS评分、颅内压、临床预后指标.结果 在伤后第7天,亚低温组和...     

血管内亚低温联合模拟高压氧治疗重型颅脑损伤远期疗效分析

目的探讨血管内亚低温联合模拟高压氧治疗对重型颅脑损伤(STBI)患者远期疗效。方法选取2014-03—2016-03郑州大学附属郑州中心医院收治的92例重型颅脑损伤患者,按建档顺序分为2组各46例。对照组采取常规药物与支持治疗,有手术指征者采取急诊开颅手术治疗,于此基础上观察组予以血管内亚低温+模拟高压氧治疗,比较2组治疗前、治疗后1周脑组织氧分压、颅内压水平,治疗后随访12个月比较2组神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)、脑功能障碍评分(DRS)、生活质量评分(SF-36)及预后情况。结果治疗后1周观察组脑组织氧分压水平较对照组提高,颅内压水平较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P0. 05);经随访,观察组治疗后12个月NIHSS、DRS评分均较对照组降低,且恢复良好率39. 13%(18/46)高于对照组17. 39%(8/46),差异有统计学意义(P0. 05); 2组治疗后12个月SF-36评分均较治疗前提高,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论联合采用血管内亚低温与模拟高压氧治疗重型颅脑损伤患者可明显改善其颅内压,促进其脑功能与神经功能恢复,提升其生活质量,具有良好远期疗效。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]