重轨钢连铸坯内部质量控制技术

针对攀钢大方坯连铸机投产初期重轨钢连铸坯中心疏松、中心偏析等内部缺陷较严重的问题,研究应用了提高重轨钢连铸坯内部质量的控制技术,包括凝固末端动态轻压下、结晶器电磁搅拌、二冷动态控制、连铸拉速与钢水温度优化控制等核心工艺技术.生产实践表明,重轨钢连铸坯综合合格率达到99.97%,铸坯中心疏松≤1.0级,中心偏析≤1.0级,中心缩孔≤1.0级,中心裂纹≤0.5级,中间裂纹≤0.5级,角部内裂≤0.5级,中心碳偏析指数≤1.05,由连铸坯轧成重轨的内部质量和力学性能满足时速350 km高速铁路用钢轨的要求.     

高速轨用钢连铸坯内部质量控制的关键技术

简述了攀钢提高350 km/h高速轨用钢连铸坯内部质量的控制技术,包括大方坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌技术、二冷控制技术和凝固末端动态轻压下技术及其在重轨钢连铸中的应用效果.近3年的生产实践表明,课题研究解决了重轨钢连铸大方坯中心疏松、中心偏析、中心裂纹等内部缺陷较严重的技术难题,重轨钢连铸坯内部质量优异,铸坯收得率达到98.55%,铸坯合格率达到99.97%,铸坯中心疏松≤1.0级,中心偏析≤1.0级,中心缩孔≤1.0级,中心裂纹≤0.5级,中间裂纹≤0.5级,中心碳偏析指数≤1.05,为攀钢开发生产350 km/h高速铁路用钢轨提供了合格铸坯.     

中厚钢板探伤不合格的原因及预防

针对邯钢Q345RT中厚板生产中出现的钢板探伤不合格缺陷,并且在钢板缺陷处取样,断口有时存在层状现象.采用化学分析、气体含量检验、铸坯低倍检验、金相组织分析和扫描电镜、断口形貌分析等方法,分析钢板探伤不合格的原因.结果表明：铸坯中心偏析严重,因偏析产生的少量马氏体、贝氏体组织导致轧后应力集中,在冷却速度较快的条件下钢板产生微裂纹,以条状MnS和CaO-A12O3为基体的硫化物夹杂和硅酸盐类夹杂物较高,铸坯中氢含量偏高引起氢致裂纹,均可导致钢板探伤不合格.通过控制炼钢工艺过程,减少了铸坯中的夹杂物和氢含量,该中厚板探伤合格率由92％提高到98.2％.     

含磷高强IF钢热轧轧裂的形成原因及控制

观察了高强IF钢热轧轧裂缺陷的微观形貌及热卷拉伸试样断口情况,分析了轧裂形成原因主要始于铸坯的中心偏析造成的中部裂纹及中部缩孔等内部缺陷。按照目前现行的连铸工艺,提出改善措施为控制过热度在30℃之下以及加大轻压下量至4mm,可有效改善铸坯内部质量,减轻中心裂纹及缩孔的产生,有效避免了轧裂的产生。     

堆垛缓冷对连铸坯中心偏析的影响

研究了轧制前堆垛缓冷处理对连铸坯中心偏析的影响。通过对试验铸坯横断面的低倍硫印检验和沿铸坯厚度方向上的化学分析以及对轧后钢板的断面组织观察,发现轧前堆垛缓冷处理减轻了铸坯中心碳偏析和轧后钢板带状组织。堆垛缓冷48 h的铸坯中心偏析级别由C类2.0下降到C类1.5;堆垛缓冷36 h的铸坯轧后钢板与堆垛缓冷24 h的试样相比,其断面带状组织明显减轻,且没有明显连续的珠光体带状组织。     

高强IF钢冷轧过程轧裂原因及机理研究

本文观察了含磷高强IF钢冷轧轧裂缺陷的微观形貌及热轧卷拉伸试样断口情况,分析了轧裂形成原因主要始于连铸坯的中心组织及元素异常。采用热酸浸实验、铸坯刨层化学分析实验等方法发现铸坯心部存在偏析带和缩孔,中部磷偏析度为1.15。根据现有连铸工艺条件提出了控制过热度低于30℃以及加大轻压下量至3 mm等改善措施,可有效改善连铸坯内部质量,减轻中心裂纹及缩孔的产生。     

电磁搅拌在大方坯合金钢连铸机上的研究与应用

通过对结晶器电磁搅拌的各工艺参数进行了重新优化、设定,调整后的工艺参数大大提高了铸坯内部质量,中心缩孔、疏松、中间裂纹等常见缺陷的等级都控制在0.5级以内,中心偏析指数由原来的1.18降到1.03,铸坯中心等轴晶率比原来提高38%。     

AH32船板超声波探伤不合格原因探讨

对中厚规格AH32船板钢探伤不合格的铸坯和探伤不合格的缺陷钢板进行各种检验分析,探讨了产生探伤不合格缺陷的原因.指出引起AH32船板探伤不合格的主要原因是铸坯中存在较严重的局部中心疏松、偏析遗传至成品钢板上,表现为未焊合的疏松孔洞或在热应力和组织应力作用下产生的偏析裂纹.提出了加强精炼控制、应用轻压下技术和优化电磁搅拌参数、优化坯料设计、延长加热时间、采用提高道次压下量、轧后缓冷等解决办法.     

攀钢360mm×450mm大方坯连铸关键技术开发

简述了攀钢自主开发的360 mm×450 mm大方坯连铸集成技术及其效果.通过研究开发合理的连铸二冷技术、凝固末端动态轻压下技术和结晶器电磁搅拌技术,提高了铸坯内部质量,解决了大方坯中心疏松、中心偏析、内部裂纹等内部缺陷较严重的技术难题;通过研究设计合理的结晶器结构和冷却工艺制度,以及开发性能优良的连铸保护渣,提高了铸坯表面质量,减轻了大方坯表面凹槽和凹坑缺陷.两年多的生产实践表明,攀钢360 mm×450 mm大方坯连铸机生产的铸坯,中心疏松、偏析、缩孔、裂纹等内部缺陷的评判级别均小于1.0级的综合比例达到99.03%,中心碳偏析指数为1.01～1.05(平均1.03),铸坯表面无缺陷率平均达到99.54%.研究成果为促进攀钢品种结构调整和开发高质量、高性能、高附加值产品提供了重要的技术支撑.     

160mm×160mm轴承钢连铸小方坯轻压下工艺优化

摘要：针对轴承钢GCr15连铸小方坯断面的中心缩孔、中心偏析等常见内部质量缺陷，确定了轻压下区间并进行压下试验。通过对压下试验结果的分析，得到了轻压下工艺参数与铸坯中心疏松、中心偏析的关系。试验结果表明，采用凝固末端轻压下技术后轴承钢内部质量得到明显的改善，可将铸坯中心缩孔级别控制在1.0级以下，而不合理的压下量分配会导致铸坯出现压下裂纹。1号、2号拉矫辊分配较小的压下量可有效减少铸坯的压下裂纹并改善中心疏松以及中心偏析。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

参与式农业基地建设行动方案设计

为了编制实用性强的基地建设行动方案,首先,确定参与式发展的主体,搭建一个"决策框架";其次,针对行动目标,提出不同参与主体,如管理者、农民、消费者等团队与个人的目标及行动内容;最后,工作应向重塑伙伴式合作关系,挖掘农民自我发展潜力,完成三大角色的转换,打造农业基地文化等方向推进.