纳米SiC晶须和SiC颗粒混合增韧ZrB2陶瓷性能

分别采用纳米SiC晶须(SiC_W)、SiC颗粒(SiC_P)及SiC_W与SiC_P共同增韧ZrB₂陶瓷,在1950℃、20 MPa压力、氩气气氛下热压烧结制备了致密的SiC/ZrB₂陶瓷材料。研究了SiC_W和SiC_P的添加量对于SiC/ZrB₂陶瓷材料的显微结构、力学性能的影响,并分析了SiC_W和SiC_P对ZrB₂陶瓷力学性能影响的协同作用和增韧机制。结果表明：含15 vol% SiC_W 的复合材料的韧性达到8.08 MPa·m1/2,含15 vol% SiC_P的复合材料的韧性达到8.515MPa·m1/2,共同添加15 vol% SiC_W和15 vol%SiC_P的复合材料的韧性最高达到9.03 MPa·m1/2。SiC/ZrB₂复合材料强度和韧性提高的原因在于SiC_W和SiC_P抑制ZrB₂晶粒长大,促进ZrB₂的致密化,此外,SiC_W和SiC_P的协同作用也有助于材料韧性的提高。     

Y2O3添加量对Al2O3/ZrO2共晶陶瓷显微组织及力学性能的影响

为探索第三组元Y₂O₃添加对Al₂O₃/ZrO₂共晶陶瓷显微组织与机械性能的影响,本文利用低温度梯度的高温熔凝法制备了直径为20 mm的Al₂O₃/ZrO₂(Y₂O₃)共晶陶瓷块体,采用SEM、EDS及XRD技术对共晶陶瓷进行微结构分析,并利用维氏压痕法对其硬度和断裂韧性进行测试。SEM结果表明,凝固组织由群集的共晶团结构组成,随着Y₂O₃添加量的增加,共晶团形态由胞状转变为枝晶状,内部相间距在1~2 μm范围内变化。力学测试表明,Y₂O₃摩尔分数小于1.1%时,由于组织内部存在低硬度m-ZrO₂及微裂纹缺陷,故陶瓷硬度较低,约为(9.53±0.22 )GPa;当Y₂O₃摩尔分数为1.1%时,陶瓷硬度最大,约为(18.05±0.27)GPa;当Y₂O₃的摩尔分数大于1.1%时,由于共晶团边界区内气孔缺陷及粗大组织增多,引起陶瓷硬度值略有下降。低Y₂O₃摩尔分数添加时,陶瓷断裂韧性相对较高,约为(6.30±0.16)MPa·m^1/2,这与其内部存在大量微裂纹缺陷有关;随着Y₂O₃添加量的增加,陶瓷的微裂纹数量减少、边界区内缺陷增多,断裂韧性降低。     

电场激活燃烧合成( TiB2)PNi/Ni3Al/ Ni功能梯度材料

采用电场激活压力辅助合成技术(FAPAS)制备了(TiB₂)_PNi/(TiB₂)_PNi₃Al/Ni₃Al/Ni梯度材料,主要研究电场激活燃烧合成过程中电场对材料合成及层界面扩散连接的作用。分析了梯度材料各层的界面微观组织及相组成和材料的硬度分布。结果表明,采用FAPAS 技术结合机械合金化工艺制备的(TiB₂)_PNi/(TiB₂)_PNi₃Al/Ni₃Al/Ni 功能梯度材料具有快速、简便和组织均匀密实的特点。梯度材料的陶瓷复合层、Ni₃Al层和Ni板的界面区产生成分的互扩散,形成了良好的冶金结合。从Ni板到陶瓷复合层的硬度呈梯度分布。     

Ti3SiC2-SiC复合材料的耐磨擦磨损性能

以商用硅粉、碳粉、钛粉以及少量的铝粉为原料, 利用放电等离子烧结技术原位反应制备了Ti₃SiC₂-SiC复合材料. 利用盘销式摩擦磨损实验机测试了Ti₃SiC₂-SiC复合材料的耐摩擦磨损性能. 结果表明: 随着SiC含量的增加, 材料相对于硬化钢的摩擦系数和磨损系数均呈下降趋势, 这表明SiC的引入提高了复合材料的抗摩擦磨损性能. Ti₃SiC₂单相材料摩擦系数在0.8～1.0之间, 而Ti₃SiC₂-40vol% SiC复合材料在稳态下的摩擦系数达到了0.5, Ti₃SiC₂-40vol% SiC复合材料相对于Ti₃SiC₂单相材料的磨损系数下降了一个数量级. Ti₃SiC₂-SiC复合材料的高抗磨损性归因于磨损类型的改变以及SiC良好的抗氧化性能.     

原位生成TiB2/ZA27复合材料的制备与性能

以Al熔液为载体,采用原位反应生成形状规则、尺寸细小的TiB₂颗粒相,再将TiB₂颗粒传递到ZA27合金中,形成TiB₂颗粒增强的ZA27复合材料。采用合理的熔炼工艺促进了TiB₂颗粒在基体中的均匀分布。实验结果显示,TiB₂颗粒在ZA27复合材料中,分布均匀,平均直径在3 μm以下。TiB₂颗粒的加入使得复合材料的晶粒明显细化,并随着TiB₂颗粒含量增加,复合材料的抗拉强度、硬度明显提高,2.1%TiB₂/ZA27复合材料与基体合金相比室温抗拉强度提高13%、布氏硬度提高21%,弹性模量也有所提高,在强度、硬度及弹性模量提高的同时,材料的塑性并未恶化,延伸率略有提高,另外,材料的热膨胀系数随着TiB₂颗粒的加入有所降低。     

La2O3-TiC/W复合材料组织结构与力学性能

采用真空热压烧结法制备La₂O₃-TiC/W复合材料,并对其组织结构和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明：在一定成分范围内,La₂O₃和TiC的加入提高了复合材料的力学性能,La₂O₃和TiC共同作用时的强化效果强于La₂O₃和TiC单独作用的强化效果,但La₂O₃-TiC/W复合材料的密度和相对密度随TiC含量的增加而下降,并进而影响硬度和弹性模量的提高, 适量的La₂O₃有益于相对密度的提高;抗弯强度在1%La2O3 5%TiC/W成分含量时出现最大值901MPa,而断裂韧性在成分含量为0.5%La₂O₃-10%TiC/W时出现最大值10.07MPa·m1/2。本研究中,1%La₂O₃-5%TiC/W成分配比时具有较好的综合力学性能。La₂O₃-TiC/W复合材料的强化机制为细晶强化和载荷传递,韧化机制为细晶韧化、裂纹偏转和桥接。     

亚微米级Ti4O7的制备及其光热转换性能

光热转换是一种有效的太阳能利用技术,其效率主要取决于光热转换材料的光吸收能力。本研究通过低成本球磨法制备亚微米级的Ti₄O₇,采用扫描电镜、激光粒度仪、X射线衍射仪、差式扫描热分析仪表征其微观形貌、粒径大小、组成和比热容,用紫外-可见-近红外(UV-Vis-NIR)分光光度计和太阳光模拟器分别测试其光吸收能力和光热转换性能。结果表明,通过球磨法成功制备出粒径约0.35 μm的亚微米Ti₄O₇粉末,其太阳光全光谱吸收能力约89.5%,光热转换效率约73.7%。当亚微米级Ti₄O₇漂浮在水面时,太阳光水蒸汽产生效率提高至无光热材料条件下的2.15倍。因此,亚微米级的Ti₄O₇作为光热转换材料具有很大应用潜力。     

纳米Al2O3颗粒增强新型铜基自润滑复合材料

以Cu-Ni-Y₂O₃-MoS₂-Graphite混合粉为基体,加入质量分数分别为0%、1%、2%、3%、4%的纳米Al₂O₃增强相,采用粉末冶金方法制备纳米Al₂O₃增强新型铜基自润滑复合材料。结果表明：随着铜合金粉末中纳米Al₂O₃颗粒含量的增加 , 所制备自润滑复合材料样品的密度下降,但硬度和压溃强度先上升后下降,在Al₂O₃含量为2%时硬度从HV 23.7增加到HV 35.1,压溃强度从189 MPa提高到276 MPa。由石墨和MoS₂组成的混合固体自润滑材料的摩擦系数小且稳定,约0.12。Al₂O₃质量分数为2%的样品磨损量最小,是未加Al₂O₃试样磨损量的1/7～1/8。铜基体经过镍、纳米Al₂O₃等弥散颗粒强化和固体润滑相石墨和MoS₂的加入,所制备的材料已具有一定的自润滑性能。     

Al2O3颗粒粒径和含量对α-Al2O3/Cu复合镀层性能的影响

本文研究了复合电沉积法制备的α-Al₂O₃/Cu 复合材料的性能和磨损特征, 测定了Al₂O₃粒径在0. 5～ 5Lm, 含量在4～ 16% 时Al₂O₃/Cu 复合镀层的硬度和磨损率, 用扫描电镜对磨损形貌进行了分析, 并对其磨损机制进行了探讨。结果表明, 镀层中硬度随Al₂O₃含量增加呈线性增长, 且含大颗粒Al₂O₃镀层的硬度略高于小颗粒镀层,Al₂O₃颗粒含量和粒径大小对磨损率和磨损机制有显著影响。     

3Ti/Si/2C/0.2Al粉体在空气中燃烧合成Ti3SiC2

采用机械活化的3Ti/Si/2C/0.2Al单质粉体为原料,在空气中发生自燃反应,成功地合成了Ti₃SiC₂基材料. 采用XRD、SEM和EDS等手段,分析了合成产物的相组成和微观结构特征. 结果表明,机械合金化3Ti/Si/2C/0.2Al单质混合粉体,不仅细化了粉体颗粒,而且产生严重的晶格畸变,从而明显提高了粉体的反应活性. 把机械活化的粉体暴露在空气中,会发生剧烈的燃烧反应,并引发自蔓延反应,合成Ti₃SiC₂,冷却后变成多孔块体产物. 燃烧产物由Ti₃SiC₂、TiC和微量氧化物组成. 产物中Ti₃SiC₂含量约为83wt%. 产物表层比较致密和均匀,而内部则粗糙且多孔. 产物的表面是以Al₂O₃和TiO₂为主相的氧化膜,氧化物颗粒大小约为2~4μm. 氧化膜厚度约为5~10μm,比较致密. 内部为Ti3SiC2和TiC材料,板条状Ti₃SiC₂晶粒长约20~40μm,宽约2~4μm,发育完善. 粒状TiC晶粒大小约为3μm.     

Numerical simulation of intergranular and transgranular crack propagation in ferroelectric polycrystals

We present a phase-field model to simulate intergranular and transgranular crack propagation in ferroelectric polycrystals. The proposed model couples three phase-fields describing (1) the polycrystalline structure, (2) the location of the cracks, and (3) the ferroelectric domain microstructure. Different polycrystalline microstructures are obtained from computer simulations of grain growth. Then, a phase-field model for fracture in ferroelectric single-crystals is extended to polycrystals by incorporating the differential fracture toughness of the bulk and the grain boundaries, and the different crystal orientations of the grains. Our simulation results show intergranular crack propagation in fine-grain microstructures, while transgranular crack propagation is observed in coarse grains. Crack deflection is shown as the main toughening mechanism in the fine-grain structure. Due to the ferroelectric domain switching mechanism, noticeable fracture toughness enhancement is also obtained for transgranular crack propagation. These observations agree with experiment.     

Characterization of 2-dimensional crack propagation behavior by simulation and analysis

Crack propagation behavior in 2-dimensional polycrystals is simulated and analyzed as a function of the fracture toughness of the grain boundary. The path of a crack impinging on a grain boundary is determined by the competition theory between intergranular and transgranular propagation. With decreasing boundary toughness, the tendency of intergranular propagation increases and the apparent fracture toughness of the polycrystal decreases. The results of the 2-dimensional analysis are compared with the simulation, and the advantages and limitations are discussed. The grain boundary toughness is evaluated by comparing the simulated crack paths with direct observations, resulting in a reasonable value for alumina ceramics. The fracture behavior is characterized in a macro-scale by the percentage of transgranular fracture and also in a micro-scale by the distribution of crack deflection angles.     

由聚碳硅烷生成纳米SiC颗粒增强B4C基复相陶瓷的结构与性能

制备了由聚碳硅烷（PCS）为先驱体裂解形成的纳米SiC增强的B4C基复合材料，并与直接球磨混合法制备的纳米SiC增强的B4C基复合材料进行了对比研究。实验结果表明，先驱体法制备的复合材料形成一种复杂的晶内/晶间结构；B4C内部的纳米SiC和Al2O3内部的少量纳米SiC、晶界处的层片状SiC、B4C晶粒内部的SiC亚晶界结构。材料的断裂方式以穿晶断裂为主，形成晶内裂纹扩展路径，增强了材料的韧性，采用PCS为先驱体工艺制备高性能的纳米复相陶瓷，其组织均匀性、致密度和力学性能均优于直接机械混合制备的纳米复合材料。     

NiAl—TiC原位复合材料的室温韧化机制研究

通过热压放热反应合成工艺制备的ＮｉＡｌ－２００ｖｏｌ％ＴｉＣ原位复合材料，它的平均室温断裂韧性比单相ＮｉＡｌ提高了５０％，断口形貌及裂纹扩展路径观查表明，裂纹偏转机制是复合材料的主要韧化机制。     

rGO/SiC复合材料的制备与性能研究

碳化硅(SiC)陶瓷具有优异的力学性能, 但是其断裂韧性相对较低。石墨烯的引入有望解决碳化硅陶瓷的断裂韧性较低的问题。本研究采用热压烧结工艺, 制备了具有不同还原-氧化石墨烯(rGO)掺入量的SiC复合材料。经过2050℃保温、40 MPa保压1 h后, 所制备的复合材料均烧结致密。对复合材料中rGO的掺入量、微观结构和力学性能的相互关系进行分析和讨论。加入4wt%的rGO后, 复合材料的三点抗弯强度达到564 MPa, 比热压SiC陶瓷提高了6%; 断裂韧性达到4.02 MPa•m^1/2, 比热压SiC陶瓷提高了54%。加入6wt%的rGO后, 复合材料的三点抗弯强度达到420 MPa, 略低于热压SiC陶瓷, 但其断裂韧性达到4.56 MPa•m^1/2, 比热压SiC陶瓷提高了75%。裂纹扩展微观结果显示, 主要增韧机理有裂纹偏转、裂纹桥连和rGO片的拔出。     

Mechanical Properties and Damage Tolerance of Bulk Yb3Al5O12 Ceramic

Yb₃Al₅O₁₂ has potential applications as thermal barrier coatings（TBCs） because it shows low thermal conductivity and close thermal expansion coefficient to nickel-based superalloys.As a prospective TBC material,besides superior thermal properties,the mechanical properties are also important.In this paper,we present the mechanical properties of Yb₃Al₅O₁₂ including elastic moduli,hardness,strength,and fracture toughness.The Young’s modulus of Yb₃Al₅O₁₂ is 282 GPa.The shear-modulus-to-bulkmodulus ratio of Yb₃Al₅O₁₂ is 0.63,which indicates relatively low shear deformation resistance.In addition,Yb₃Al₅O₁₂ exhibits high strength and fracture toughness but low hardness compared to yttria stabilized zirconia（YSZ）,the most successful TBC material.SEM observation reveals that the fracture surface of Yb₃Al₅O₁₂ displays "layered structure feature",which is caused by crack deflection.Investigation based on Hertzian contact test demonstrates that Yb₃Al₅O₁₂ is a damage-tolerant ceramic.Crack deflection and bridging can arouse shear faults,dissipate the local damage energy,and restrict the crack propagation within the material,which play an important role in enhancing the damage tolerance.The superior mechanical properties and good damage tolerance ensure Yb₃Al₅O₁₂ a promising candidate for TBC applications.     

Mechanical properties Of Si3N4 cerarnics reinforced with SiC whiskers and SiC platelets

Silicon nitride ceramics reinforced with SiC whiskers and SiC platelets were fabricated by hot pressing and their mechanical properties were studied. They showed higher fracture energy than conventional composites, particularly when they were consolidated by gas-pressure hot pressing at high temperature. A high fracture toughness (10.7 MPa m^1/2) which was measured by the single-edge pre-cracked beam method was achieved. Furthermore, a unique method to observe the crack propagation behaviours directly in a scanning electron microscope with loading devices was developed. As a result, much bridging and pull-out of the whiskers and the elongated Si₃N₄ grains, and crack deflection along the platelets, were observed behind the crack tip. This means that these grains are effective in enhancing the fracture resistance during crack propagation.     

A method for testing interlaminar dynamic fracture toughness of polymeric composites

Static and dynamic Mode I delamination fracture in two polymeric fiber composites was studied using a WIF test method. The dynamic test was conducted on a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus. Crack speeds up to 1000 m/s were achieved. Dynamic fracture and crack propagation were modeled by the finite element method. Dynamic initiation fracture toughness of S2/8552 and IM7/977-3 composites were obtained. The dynamic fracture toughness of IM7/977-3 associated with the high speed propagating crack was extracted from the finite element simulation based on the measured data. It was found that the dynamic fracture toughness of the delamination crack propagating at a speed up to 1000 m/s approximately equals the static fracture toughness.     

Dynamic delamination fracture toughness in unidirectional polymeric composites

A modified end-notched flexure (ENF) specimen was used to determine Mode-II-dominated dynamic delamination fracture toughness of fiber composites at high crack propagation speeds. A strip of FM-73 adhesive film was placed at the tip of the interlaminar crack created during laminate lay-up. This adhesive film with its greater toughness delayed the onset of crack extension and produced crack propagation at high speeds. Dynamic delamination experiments were performed on these ENF specimens made of unidirectional S2/8553 glass/epoxy and AS4/3501-6 carbon/epoxy composites. Crack speed was measured by means of conductive aluminum lines created by the vapor deposition technique. A finite-element numerical simulation based on the measured crack speed history was performed and the dynamic energy release rate calculated. The results showed that the dynamic fracture toughness is basically equal to the static fracture toughness and is not significantly affected by crack speeds up to 1100 m/s.     

Fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth behaviour of an Al2O3-SiC composite

The fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth characteristics of an Al₂O₃-SiC whisker composite were investigated. Quasi static fracture experiments were conducted on double edge-notched tension specimens and on four-point bend specimens containing a through-thickness Mode I crack which was introduced under uniaxial cyclic compression. The toughness results obtained using this procedure are more reproducible than those derived from the indentation technique and the notched bend bar method. The fracture toughness of the composite is about 60% higher than that of the unreinforced matrix material. Crack growth characteristics at room temperature were also investigated in notched plates of Al₂O₃-SiC subjected to fully compressive far-field cyclic loads. In the presence of a stress concentrator, this composite is found to be highly susceptible to fatigue crack growth under cyclic compressive loads.