成人Bochdalek疝的MSCT表现

目的：探讨成人Bochdalek疝的CT表现及诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析32例成人Bochdalek疝的CT资料。结果：32例中,单侧31例,左侧29例,右侧2例;双侧1例。3例胸部侧位片表现为后肋膈角区丘状影,1例胸部正位片表现为双侧横膈局限性膨隆,18例X线胸片阴性。CT表现为脊柱旁或后肋膈区的圆形、椭圆形或梭形脂肪密度肿块,边缘光滑,病灶向下延伸至膈下或腹膜后腔。结论：MSCT可清晰显示成人Bochdalek疝的发生部位和疝囊的形态、大小、密度及与腹腔脏器的关系,对诊断有重要意义。     

X线类似胸腔积液的成人Bochdalek疝1例

患者男,46岁.因双下肢坠胀感3年余入院,临床诊断双下肢大隐静脉曲张,准备手术治疗.体格检查:生命体征稳定,神清,发现右下肺呼吸音较对侧稍弱,呼吸活动度右下肺稍低.患者未诉不适,既往有结核病史,先行胸片检查和治疗1周后CT检查.胸部X线片表现:左下肺野中外带见外高内低弧形致密影,内缘影旁见云雾状密度增高影,左肋膈角消失.X线考虑:①左侧胸腔积液,有包裹趋势.②膈疝不排除,建议肺部CT.CT平扫:左侧膈后外侧见腹腔脂肪疝入胸腔呈新月状脂肪样低密度影,平均CT为-110 HU,其内见走行血管影.CT诊断左侧Bochdalek疝.临床最终诊断为左侧Bochdalek疝,行疝入内容物回纳,膈肌修补术.     

MSCT多平面重组诊断非裂孔性膈疝的价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)多平面重组(multiple planar reconstruction,MPR)诊断非裂孔性膈疝(nonhiatus diaphragmatic hernia,NHDH)的价值.资料与方法 回顾分析23例NHDH患者的影像资料,其中Bochdalek疝8例,Morgagni疝3例(1例经手术证实),创伤性膈疝9例(均经手术证实),医源性膈疝3例.23例均行MSCT容积扫描,由3位不知手术结果的高年资医师先后回顾分析MSCT横断位及MPR表现,观察有无横膈异常升高、膈肌连续性中断缺损、"颈圈征"及"内脏依靠征"等征象作为NHDH诊断依据,并分别作出判断.结果 22例MSCT横断位及MPR图像见膈上大小不等的疝囊及内容物,膈肌连续性中断.横断位显示13例,MPR显示22例(t=4.97,P＜0.05).2例Bochdalek疝误诊为膈肌衰老,1例误诊为脂肪瘤,1例较大Morgagni疝误诊为脂肪瘤,4例创伤性膈疝首诊提示诊断,2例医源性膈疝漏诊,术前诊断率56.5%;术后回顾分析横断位14例(60.7%)提示NHDH,结合MPR 21例(91.3%)提示NHDH诊断(t=4.33,P＜0.05).结论 MSCT MPR能够清晰显示NHDH膈肌连续性中断及膈上疝囊与膈肌的关系,对诊断具有决定意义.     

MPR对Bochdalek疝的诊断价值

目的：探讨MSCT MPR对Bochdalek疝的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析22例Bochdalek疝的临床资料,22例MSCT扫描均行MPR。结果：22例膈肌均不同程度上抬,其中肠管疝入7例（包括结肠及小肠）,网膜脂肪疝入10例,实质脏器疝入5例;外伤所致1例;1例合并食管裂孔疝,1例合并食管裂孔疝及胸骨旁疝。结论：MSCT MPR对Bochdalek疝具有重要的诊断价值,能更好地显示疝口及其疝入内容物等特有征象。     

13例创伤性膈疝的X线诊断

1　ａ)左下肺大片的致密影 ,内可见多发大小不一囊状透亮影 ,左膈面消失 (→ ) ;ｂ)胃、小肠及结肠疝入胸腔内 (→ )。图 2　ａ)左下肺巨大含气囊腔 ,内见液平 (→ ) ,左下肺野见片状致密影 (→ ) ;ｂ)吞钡见胃形态异常 ,胃体反折 ,胃内含大量气体及液体 ,胃大部疝入胸腔内。图 3　ａ)右膈肌抬高 ,肝影上移 ;ｂ)ＣＴ示肝脏上移 ,后方少量胸腔积液 (→ )。材料与方法我院 13例创伤性膈疝均经手术或典型病史及影像学表现证实 ,其中男 10例 ,女 3例 ,年龄 15～ 74岁 ,平均 2 8.9岁 ,均有外伤史。闭合性创伤 10例 ,开放性创伤 3例 ,病程最长者达…     

非裂孔性膈疝膈肌破口形态MSCT多平面重组观察

目的 探讨非裂孔性膈疝膈肌破口多层螺旋CT(MSCT)多平面重组(mutiple planar-reconstraction,MPR)成像方法及其形态特征.资料与方法 回顾分析53例非裂孔性膈疝患者的影像资料,其中Bochdalek疝18例,Morgagni疝8例(4例经手术证实),创伤性膈疝(traumatic diaphragmatic hernia,TDH)21例(均经手术证实),医源性膈疝(iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia,IDH)6例(2例经手术证实).53例均行MSCT容积扫描,采用MPR倾斜横断位直接显示和冠状或矢状位重组测量横断位定点描绘(简称测量法)间接显示两种方法,观察膈肌破口大小、形态特征及显示情况并作比较.结果 各类非裂孔性膈疝破口形态主要有类圆形和椭圆形/梭形两类.MPR倾斜横断位及测量法分别显示Bochdalek疝12例(66.7%)和14例(77.8%),Morgagni疝4例(50%)和5例(62.5%),TDH 17例(80.9%)和18例(85.7%),IDH 6例(100%)和6例(100%);总显示率分别为73.6%和81.1%(χ2=1.08,P>0.05).非创伤类膈疝破口形态主要为椭网形/梭形,创伤类膈疝(IDH属于创伤类膈疝)主要为类圆形(P<0.05).TDH破口长短径显著大于其他各类膈疝(P<0.05).10例两种方法均未能显示较完整膈疝破口形态.结论 MPR倾斜横断位和测量法能直接或间接显示绝大多数各类非裂孔性膈疝膈肌破口形态特征,可为临床评估病情、指导手术提供比较直观的影像资料.     

螺旋CT多平面重组在膈疝诊断中的价值

目的探讨膈的CT多平面重组(MPR)对膈疝诊断的价值及其临床意义。资料与方法对临床有相关提示或胸、腹部CT轴面图像疑为膈疝的病例同时进行MPR,对膈肌裂孔显示情况和不同成像方式测得膈肌裂孔左右径数值进行统计学分析。结果临床确诊食管裂孔疝15例、外伤性膈疝3例、膈膨升2例、腰肋三角疝2例、术后膈疝1例。比较CT轴面和MPR图像对膈疝的显示情况,并通过Wilcoxin秩和检验分析两者的差异,得出Wilcox-in为425.500,P<0.01,两者之间的差异有统计学意义。对于13例两种成像方式都能清楚显示膈疝的病例分别测量膈肌裂孔左右径,采用配对t检验分析CT轴位、MPR图像上测量膈肌裂孔左右径的差异,得出t=-6.307,P<0.001,两者之间的差异有统计学意义,MPR测量膈肌裂孔左右径更直观、准确。结论膈CT的MPR对于确诊各种类型的膈疝及其与相关疾病的鉴别有重要价值,对于临床处理途径和方式的选择有指导意义。     

创伤性膈疝的诊断（附2例报告）

创伤性膈疝系外伤后引起膈肌破裂，导致腹腔脏器疝入胸腔。我院近期收治2例创伤性膈疝患者，报道如下： 病例资料例1：男33岁。因车祸外伤住院，感左侧胸部及左腹部剧烈疼痛伴气短，急诊胸片可见左肺下野大的半圆形透亮区伴有气液平面，左侧膈肌显示不清，考虑左侧外伤性膈疝。CT诊断为左侧膈疝。急诊手术，术中所见胸腔内有少量血性液体，胃位于胸腔内，食管裂孔处见膈肌有长约8cm裂口，将胃还纳腹腔，缝合膈肌，脾破裂切除。术后恢复良好。     

MSCT多平面重组诊断单纯性横膈网膜疝

目的探讨MSCT多平面重组（multipleplanarreconstruction,MPR）诊断单纯性横膈网膜疝（simpleomentaldiaphragmatichernia,SODH）的价值。方法31例SODH均行MSCT容积扫描并作亚毫米重组,3名不知手术结果的高年资医师回顾性分析横断位和MPR图像,以发现膈肌中断缺损、膈上脂肪疝囊、“狭颈征”及“阳性血管征”作为诊断SODH依据;横断位及MPR征象显示及诊断差异采用x。检验。结果31例SODH中Bochdalek疝15例、Morgagni疝4例、医源性膈疝3例、食管裂孔疝6例及腔静脉裂孔疝3例,膈肌中断缺损、膈上疝囊、“狭颈征”及“阳性血管征”横轴位和MPR依次分别显示：6例和22例6．67,P〈O．01）、31例和31例、6例和28例（x2=31．52,Pd0．01）及3例和11例（x2=5．90,Pd0．05）。横轴位诊断12例,MPR全部明确诊断（x2=27．40,P〈0．01）。结论MSCTMPR清晰显示SODH多种特征性征象,对诊断具有决定意义。     

食管裂孔疝的多层螺旋CT表现(附140例国人正常食管裂孔宽径的测量结果)

目的评价CT测量食管裂孔宽度的临床意义并认识食管裂孔疝（EHH）在多层螺旋CT（MSCT）上的表现。方法（1）在140例成人的胸、腹部正常MSCT图像上，测量了代表食管裂孔宽度的膈肌脚间距，并作统计学分析；（2）搜集56例经上消化道造影或胃镜诊断为食管裂孔疝的胸、腹部MSCT资料，测量了患者的膈肌脚间距，并回顾性分析了食管裂孔疝的CT表现。结果（1）140例成人正常膈肌脚间距平均值为（13．44±4．41）mm，并且随年龄增加而增大，其中≤59岁（80例）和≥60岁（60例）者膈肌脚间距平均值分别为（11．03±2．10）mm和（16．67±4．64）mm，两者间的差异有统计学意义（t=8．762，P〈0．01）。成人正常膈肌脚间距的上界为21mm。（2）56例EHH的膈肌脚间距测量平均值为（29．50±9．71）mm，与正常膈肌脚间距之间的差异有统计学意义（t=21．684，P〈0．01），83．93％（47例）EHH的膈肌脚间距均较正常上界为大。（3）56例EHH在CT上都表现为经食管裂孔进入后纵隔心后区内的假肿块或假结节影，其中53例（94．6％）为胃肠型，3例（5．4％）为非胃肠型。胃肠型者中，37例（69．8％）呈假肿块状影，大小16mm×31mm～88mm×110mm，16例（30．2％）呈直径〈30mm的假结节状软组织影。92．4％EHH的疝囊内含有气体和（或）对比剂或液气平面，增强时疝囊壁与膈下胃壁一致强化。结论食管裂孔增大是发生EHH的前提和主要原因，在EHH的CT诊断上有重要意义。CT还能从多方面显示EHH的全貌，有助于鉴别诊断殛擗角熔EHH谋诊为合管或胃的其他病变。     

MDCT of abdominal wall hernias: is there a role for valsalva's maneuver?

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the role of Valsalva's maneuver during MDCT for the diagnosis and characterization of abdominal wall hernias. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From September 2002 to May 2003, 100 consecutive patients (37 men and 63 women; mean age, 53 years) with suspected anterior abdominal wall hernias underwent 4-, 8-, or 16-MDCT with and without Valsalva's maneuver. Patients received both oral and IV contrast material. On a workstation, three independent reviewers evaluated each scan obtained during rest and during Valsalva's maneuver for the following parameters: anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the abdomen; presence, location, and contents of the hernia; and transverse diameter of the fascial defect. The scans were compared to assess for changes in hernia size and contents and to determine whether the hernia would have been overlooked without Valsalva's maneuver. Fisher's exact test, the McNemar test, and Cohen's kappa coefficient were used to assess for significant differences. RESULTS: The three reviewers identified a mean of 72 abdominal wall hernias (72%). The reviewers agreed (kappa = 0.723) with respect to the presence of a hernia. AP diameters increased an average of 1.33 cm during Valsalva's maneuver (p < 0.001). The transverse diameter of the fascial defect increased an average of 0.66 cm and the AP diameter of the hernia sac increased an average of 0.79 cm during Valsalva's maneuver (p < 0.001). Fifty percent of the hernias became more apparent with Valsalva's maneuver. Ten percent of the hernias could be detected only on the scan obtained during Valsalva's maneuver. Conversely, in no patients was the hernia detected only on the rest scan. CONCLUSION: As opposed to scans obtained at rest, scans obtained during Valsalva's maneuver aid in the detection and characterization of suspected abdominal wall hernias. A single scan obtained during Valsalva's maneuver is sufficient to detect 100% of anterior abdominal wall hernias identified on CT.     

Diaphragmatic hernia: diagnostic approaches with review of the literature

Because surgical repair is indicated for the treatment of diaphragmatic hernia (DH), preoperative imaging of the diaphragmatic defect, hernia content, and associated complications with other organ's pathologies is important. While various techniques can be used on imaging of DHs, selection of the most effective but the least invasive technique will present the most accurate findings about DH, and will facilitate the management of DH. We reviewed the diaphragmatic hernia types associated with our cases, and we discussed the preferred imaging modalities for different DHs with review of the literature. We evaluated the imaging findings of 21 DH cases. They were Morgagni's hernia (n=4), Bochdalek hernia (n=2), iatrogenic DH (n=4), traumatic DH (n=6), and hiatal hernia (n=5). Although its limited findings on DH and indirect findings about the diaphragmatic rupture, plain radiography is firstly preferred technique on DH. We found that ultrasound (US) is a useful tool on DH, on traumatic DH cases especially. Not only it shows diaphragmatic continuity and herniated organs, but also it reveals associated abdominal organ's pathologies. Computed tomography (CT) scan is most effective in many DH cases. It shows the herniated abdominal organs together with complications, such as intestinal strangulation, haemothorax, and rib fractures. We stressed that Multislice CT scan with coronal and sagittal reformatted images is the most effective and useful imaging technique on DH. With high sensitivity for soft tissue, MR imaging may be performed in the selected patients, on the late presenting DH cases or on the cases of the diagnosis still in doubt especially.     

Diagnosis of posterolateral congenital diaphragmatic (Bochdalek) hernia by liver scintigram: case report.

A characteristic liver scintigraphic finding was observed in a 2-month-old infant with hepatic herniation through a right-sided posterolateral congenital diaphragmatic defect (Bochdalek). The liver scintigrams showed an oblique band of decreased radioactivity dividing the liver into an inferior anteromedial portion and a superior posterolateral portion. In spite of the markedly abnormal liver scintigram, other diagnostic studies, including pneumoperitoneum abdominal radiography, remained negative. The liver scintigram can provide life-saving information in the diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, as in the present case. The distinctive liver-scan findings among the various types of common diaphragmatic hernias are also briefly reviewed.     

Bochdalek hernia: prevalence and CT characteristics

The chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans of 940 patients were reviewed to determine the prevalence of Bochdalek hernias and to evaluate the widely held concept that left-sided hernias occur more than nine times as often as right-sided hernias. Sixty Bochdalek hernias were identified in 52 patients, a prevalence of 6%, which is more than 100 times more frequent than previously reported. Left-sided hernias were found approximately twice as often as right-sided hernias. The Bochdalek hernia is a much more common congenital anomaly in the asymptomatic adult than previously thought and frequently can be identified on routine chest and abdominal CT images.     

腹股沟及其周围疝所致肠梗阻CT诊断

目的 探讨CT对腹股沟及其周围疝所致肠梗阻的诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析17例经手术证实的腹股沟及其周围疝所致肠梗阻的CT表现,CT检查包括全腹部平扫、动脉期及门脉期增强.结果 17例患者均有不同程度的肠梗阻表现,腹股沟斜疝9例,CT表现为疝囊内肠管从腹壁下动脉外侧、腹股沟韧带前上方走行,行经腹股沟管内;直疝1例,CT表现为扩张的小肠肠管从腹壁下动脉内侧的直疝三角区(Hesselback三角)直接由后向前突出,疝囊不进入阴囊;股疝3例,CT表现为股疝疝囊位于股三角区、耻骨结节水平线以后、腹股沟韧带后下方;闭孔疝4例,CT表现为闭孔外肌与耻骨肌之间的肠管影和腹部肠管相连.结论 CT检查能明确诊断腹股沟及其周围疝所致肠梗阻.     

Prevalence of incidental Bochdalek's hernia in a large adult population.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of adult Bochdalek's hernia in a large patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all abdominal CT scans obtained at our hospital in 1998. Patients in our study were identified through a keyword search of our database for "Bochdalek," "hernia," and "diaphragm." The individual patient studies identified were reviewed in a soft-copy format. We noted the location and side of the body on which the diaphragmatic hernia arose and the contents of the sac. We also performed a chart review for each patient included in the study, noting the patient's sex, age, and symptoms. RESULTS: Incidental Bochdalek's hernia was diagnosed in 22 patients (17 women, five men), which represents an incidence of 0.17% based on 13,138 abdominal CT reports we reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 66.6 years. None of the patients were symptomatic. Sixty-eight percent of the hernias were on the right side of the body, 18% were on the left side, and 14% were bilateral. Seventy-three percent contained only fat or omentum, whereas 27% had solid or enteric organ involvement including the spleen, small intestine, or large intestine. CONCLUSION: Bochdalek's hernia is not rare, and the incidence of Bochdalek's hernias that contain enteric tract is higher than previously reported. This incidence likely represents a conservative estimate because some Bochdalek's hernias may have been overlooked or unreported.     

Unusual aspects of the late manifestations of diaphragmatic hernia

A 5-year-old boy investigated for abnormality in right cardiophrenic angle was found on radiologic and perioperative exploration to have a large diaphragmatic hernia allowing right intrathoracic passage of stomach and colon. The diaphragmatic defect included a wide left middle diaphragmatic Bochdalek cleft adherent to hiatal orifice due to agenesis of pillars.     

外伤性右膈疝的影像学诊断

目的 总结外伤性右膈疝的影像学诊断及价值.方法 对20例外伤性右膈疝患者行螺旋CT扫描、普通X线透视, 将前诊断结果与手术和临床随访结果进行对照.结果 右膈明显上抬,膈面模糊20例;右膈肌异常运动14例.右膈肌活动度减弱例;肝脏外形欠光整17例,分叶征11例,脐凹征8例;右膈肌脚增厚14例;疝囊、疝环9例;8例纵隔明显向左移位,6例右下肺实18例(90%)术后治愈,2例(10%)死亡.结论 螺旋CT扫描结合普通X线透视,对外伤性右膈疝损伤的诊断具有重要价值.     

Hernia diafragmática tras radiofrecuencia de metástasis hepática. Reporte de caso clínico y revisión de la literatura

A diaphragmatic hernia is the protrusion of abdominal tissues into the thoracic cavity secondary to a defect in the diaphragm. Reviewing the literature, we found only 44 references to diaphragmatic hernia secondary to percutaneous radiofrequency treatment. The vast majority of these cases were secondary to the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in segments V and VIII. Nevertheless, to date, this is the first reported case of diaphragmatic hernia after radiofrequency ablation of a liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. Complications secondary to diaphragmatic hernias are very diverse. The principal risk factor for complications is the contents of the hernia; when small bowel or colon segments protrude in the thoracic cavity, they can become incarcerated. Asymptomatic cases have also been reported in which the diaphragmatic hernia was discovered during follow-up. The pathophysiological mechanism is not totally clear, but it is thought that these diaphragmatic hernias might be caused by locoregional thermal damage. Given that most communications correspond to asymptomatic and/or treated cases, it is likely that the incidence is underestimated. However, due to the advent of percutaneous treatments, this complication might be reported more often in the future. Most cases are treated with primary herniorrhaphy, done with a laparoscopic or open approach at the surgeon's discretion; no evidence supports the use of one approach over the other. Nevertheless, it seems clear that surgery is the only definitive treatment, as well as the treatment of choice if complications develop. However, in asymptomatic patients in whom a diaphragmatic hernia is discovered in follow-up imaging studies, management should probably be guided by the patient's overall condition, taking into account the potential risks of complications (contents, diameter of the opening into the thoracic cavity …).