激光冲击处理后X80焊接接头表面质量对腐蚀性能的影响

利用激光冲击波对X80管线钢焊接接头进行强化处理,用金相显微镜、光学轮廓仪分析激光冲击处理前后金相组织与表面粗糙度,并用应力测试仪测试了激光冲击处理前后残余应力和残余奥氏体的变化,分析了激光冲击波改善焊接接头表面质量的机理.结果表明,激光冲击处理后焊接接头表面晶粒细化,表面粗糙度有所提高;激光冲击处理形成了残余压应力,残余奥氏体向马氏体转化;激光冲击处理后表面粗糙度和残余奥氏体对慢拉伸性能的影响起主要作用,内积功下降3.8%;激光冲击处理后应力腐蚀敏感指数I_SCC由50.94%下降至45.10%,残余压应力和晶粒细化是提高其抗应力腐蚀的主要机制.     

Performance Optimization of Cold Rolled Type 316L Stainless Steel by Sand Blasting and Surface Linishing Treatment

Sand blasting followed by a surface linishing treatment was applied to optimize the near-surface microstructure of cold rolled type 316L stainless steel. The introduction of cold rolling led to the formation of α-martensite. Specimens with large thickness reductions (40, 53%) were more susceptible to localized corrosion. The application of sand blasting produced a near-surface deformation layer containing compressive residual stresses with significantly increased surface roughness, resulting in reduced corrosion resistance. The most resistant microstructure was obtained with the application of a final linishing treatment after sand blasting. This treatment produced microstructures with compressive near-surface residual stresses, reduced surface roughness, and increased resistance to localized corrosion.     

Effects of laser shock processing on stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of AZ31B magnesium alloy

Laser shock processing (LSP) is a new technique for strengthening metals. The effects of LSP on the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of AZ31B magnesium (Mg) alloy were investigated. Water-immersed specimens of AZ31B magnesium alloy were shocked by Q-switched Nd: glass laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm. A fine-grained structure with an average sub-grain size of 5.8 μm was obtained after four laser impacts. Residual stress distribution as a function of depth was assessed by using X-ray diffraction technology. It was observed that with increasing the number of laser impacts, the compressive residual stress near the surface increased. The depth of the compressive residual stress induced by LSP exceeded 0.8 mm from the surface. SCC test in 1 wt.% NaOH solution showed that LSP retarded the SCC initiation and growth in AZ31B Mg alloy.     

Experimental study of nonlinear Rayleigh wave propagation in shot-peened aluminum plates—Feasibility of measuring residual stress

Shot-peening is widely used in the aerospace industry to enhance the resistance of structural components to fatigue damage and stress corrosion by putting the outside layer of a component under an initial, residual compressive stress. The ability to measure these near-surface residual stresses is useful from a quality control and certification perspective, and can help predict the fatigue life of shot-peened components. This paper presents experimental results to examine the feasibility of measuring near-surface residual stresses using nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves. Experiments are conducted on aluminum alloy (AA 7075) samples shot-peened at different peening intensities and thus with different levels of residual stresses. The surface roughness of these samples is also measured. The nonlinear ultrasonic results show a large increase in the acoustic nonlinearity parameter, indicating the potential of nonlinear ultrasonics for the in situ measurement of near-surface residual stresses. The effects of surface roughness and the driving frequency on the measured acoustic nonlinearity parameter are briefly discussed. Finally, a preliminary model is used to interpret some experimental results. Future work to evaluate the separate contributions of cold work, residual stress and surface roughness to the total measured nonlinearity is also discussed.     

Influence of Ultrasonic Rolling on Corrosion Resistance of 7075 Aluminum AlloyEI北大核心CSCD

表面纳米化处理是一种有效改善耐腐蚀性能的手段,但受表面粗糙度和残余应力等因素的影响,其相关机制并不清晰。 运用透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究经超声表面滚压工艺(USRP)处理后 7075 铝合金的组织和性能。结果表明： 经 1 道次和 15 道次 USRP 处理后,7075 铝合金表面粗糙度减小并且引入了残余压应力。滚压 15 个道次的试样表面能获得平均晶粒尺寸为 52 nm 的纳米晶。相较于未处理试样,经 1 道次和 15 道次 USRP 处理后试样的耐腐蚀性能均显著提高。其中, 滚压 15 个道次试样的耐腐蚀性能提升更为显著。这主要是因为纳米晶可以使材料表面形成更加致密的钝化膜,导致其耐腐蚀性能显著提高,而表面粗糙度降低和引入残余压应力是提升耐腐蚀性能的次要因素。对比分析残余应力、表面粗糙度和表面纳米晶对 7075 铝合金耐腐蚀性能的影响,揭示了 7075 铝合金经表面纳米化处理后耐腐蚀性能提升的机制。     

多点激光冲击强化表面粗糙度的有限元分析

激光冲击强化技术是一种新型的表面处理技术,它能够改善金属零件的疲劳性能,当考虑材料的抗疲劳性能时,表面粗糙度是一个关键参数。为了评估多点激光冲击强化表面粗糙度的变化规律,建立了三维有限元模型。采用一种改进的有限元分析方法获得零件表面节点的垂直位移,由数值模拟得到的离散化数据带入提出的表面粗糙度离散化公式,得到表面粗糙度R_a的值。数值模拟的结果与已有文献中的实验数据具有较好的一致性,验证了仿真模型的可行性。在此基础上,研究分析了搭接率、冲击次数和脉冲能量对表面粗糙度的响。     

Influence of finishing by burnishing on surface characteristics

The aim of this study was to analyze the evolution of residual stresses, microhardness, and roughness in relation to the finishing process. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used to determine the residual stresses, which were measured from the surface to the bottom of the machined workpiece. Processes that were studied included turning, grinding, and burnishing. Burnishing was done on a surface that was initially turned, or turned and then ground. A duplex stainless steel was used in this study. This material belongs to a high-strength stainless steel family with high corrosion resistance properties. We noted that the burnishing process produces the best quality of the surface when compared with turning or grinding.     

Model based optimization criteria for the generation of deep compressive residual stress fields in high elastic limit metallic alloys by ns-laser shock processing

Laser Shock Processing (LSP) is based on the application of a high intensity pulsed Laser beam (I > 1 GW/cm²; τ < 50 ns) on a metallic target forcing a sudden vaporization of its surface into a high temperature and density plasma that immediately develops inducing a shock wave propagating into the material.The main acknowledged advantages of LSP consist on its capability of inducing a relatively deep compression residual stresses field into metallic alloy pieces allowing an improved mechanical behavior, explicitly, the life improvement of the treated specimens against wear, crack growth and stress corrosion cracking. Due to these specific advantages, Laser Shock Processing is considered as a competitive alternative technology to classical treatments for improving fatigue, corrosion cracking and wear resistance of metallic materials, and is being developed as a practical process amenable to production technology.In this paper, a model based systematization of process optimization criteria and a practical assessment on the real possibilities of the technique is presented along with practical results at laboratory scale on the application of LSP to characteristic high elastic limit metallic alloys, showing the induced residual stresses fields and the corresponding results on mechanical properties improvement induced by the treatment. The homogeneity of the residual stress fields distribution following the laser treatment spatial density will be specially analyzed.     

Influence of Laser Peening on Phase Transformation and Corrosion Resistance of AISI 321 steel

The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of laser peening without coating (LPwC) on austenitic to martensitic (γ → α′) phase transformation and corrosion behavior of austenitic stainless steel AISI 321 in 3.5% NaCl environment. Results indicate that LPwC induces a large compressive residual stresses of nearly ?854 MPa and γ → α′ phase transformation of about 18% (volume fraction). Microstructures of peened surface confirmed the γ → α′ phase transformation and showed no grain refinement. Hardness increased slightly with a case depth of 900 μm. Despite the smaller surface roughness introduced, corrosion resistance improved after peening due to compressive residual stresses.     

表面粗糙度对高纯银带抗腐蚀及电阻率的影响

采用电化学工作站、数字直流电桥、金相显微镜等分析手段对不同表面粗糙度高纯银带抗腐蚀性能及电阻率变化进行了研究。结果表明,改善纯银表面质量,减小表面粗糙度,能增强高纯银抗腐蚀性能,并增大银带电阻率稳定性。     

砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工微观形貌及耐腐蚀特性研究

本文主要对磨粒喷射精密光整加工表面进行几何特性评价及耐腐蚀特性研究,通过对表面微观轮廓高度参数、横向间距特性参数以及微观形状特性参数研究表明,磨粒喷射加工表面微观高度特性参数Ra值、Rq可降低50%以上,同时,Rz、Ry、Rt、Rp和Rm也都大幅度下降,喷射加工表面轮廓高度特性参数值比磨削加工明显改善;喷射加工表面轮廓微观不平度的平均间距Sm和轮廓的单峰平均间距S都不同程度降低.轮廓微观不平度间距明显减小,轮廓对于中线的交叉密度增加.利用SHR20步入式恒定湿热淋雨结合试验箱,实验研究了表面形貌对抗腐蚀性能的影响,结果表明,和磨削加工相比,磨粒喷射加工表面耐腐蚀性能明显提高,在相同的腐蚀条件下,喷射光整加工表面腐蚀量最轻,磨削烧伤表面腐蚀量最大.     

Influence of machining by finishing milling on surface characteristics

The aim of this study is to analyse the evolution of residual stresses, microstructure, microhardness and roughness in relation to the different parameters of milling. For finishing milling, parameters are cutting speed and feed. The hole drilling strain gage technique was used to determine the residual stresses. These are measured from the surface to the bottom of the treated workpiece. Two different materials were used in this study: a carbon steel (CS) and a duplex stainless steel (DSS). The latter belongs to a high strength stainless steel family with high corrosion resistance properties. In this study, we have used the experimental system method to analyse the evolution of different surface characteristics in connection with cutting phenomena which are cutting forces, chip geometry and cutting temperature. We have noted that a high value of cutting speed used with a small value of feed improves the quality of the machined surface.     

Effect of prior machining deformation on the development of tensile residual stresses in weld-fabricated nuclear components

Austenitic alloy weldments in nuclear systems may be subject to stress- corrosion cracking (SCC) failure if the sum of residual and applied stresses exceeds a critical threshold. Residual stresses developed by prior machining and welding may either accelerate or retard SCC, depending on their magnitude and sign. A combined x- ray diffraction and mechanical procedure was used to determine the axial and hoop residual stress and yield strength distributions into the inside- diameter surface of a simulated Alloy 600 penetration J- welded into a reactor pressure vessel. The degree of cold working and the resulting yield strength increase caused by prior machining and weld shrinkage were calculated from the line- broadening distributions. Tensile residual stresses on the order of +700 MPa were observed in both the axial and the hoop directions at the inside- diameter surface in a narrow region adjacent to the weld heat- affected zone. Stresses exceeding the bulk yield strength were found to develop due to the combined effects of cold working of the surface layers during initial machining and subsequent weld shrinkage. The residual stress and cold work distributions produced by prior machining were found to influence strongly the final residual stress state developed after welding.     

Stress corrosion cracking of gas pipelines - Effect of surface roughness, orientations and flattening

The primary corrosion mitigation of the external surface of high pressure steel gas pipelines is protective coatings with secondary protection usually by cathodic protection. Adhesion and resistance to cathodic disbondment of the coating is critical for its integrity and grit blasting is an important process in achieving this adhesion. The effect of surface roughness, from grit blasting, on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking resistance of X70 gas pipelines was investigated using slow strain rate testing in carbonate/bicarbonate solution at 75 °C. The effect of orientation of test pieces with respect to the axial direction of pipes was also investigated.Time to failure ratios decreased with increasing surface roughness indicating reduced stress corrosion cracking resistance. The reduced resistance to cracking with increasing roughness would be predominantly associated with stress concentration effects related to the surface roughness resulting from the grit blasting. Crack concentration decreased with increasing roughness, which is likely to be associated with the concentration of surface damage from the grit blasting using varying sized grit. As formed pipe surfaces, with no grit blasting, resulted in some of the lowest time to failure ratios and hence some of the lowest resistances to stress corrosion cracking. These also showed some of the deepest cracks. The influence of roughness and residual stresses on threshold stress is currently being investigated.Time to failure ratios indicated a greater resistance to stress corrosion cracks for circumferentially orientated test pieces compared to those longitudinally orientated. Whilst further testing would be required for confirmation, the current results suggest that flattening the test pieces had only a minor, if any, effect on stress corrosion cracking susceptibility as measured by slow strain rate testing to fracture.     

热输入对316L焊接接头在液态LBE中的空泡腐蚀影响

研究不同热输入下316L焊接接头和母材在550℃液态铅铋合金中的空泡腐蚀行为。试验结束后,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)对空蚀80 h后的试样进行表面形貌和粗糙度分析。研究表明,316L不锈钢焊缝在液态Pb-Bi中的抗空蚀能力取决于奥氏体晶粒的大小,焊接热输入增大,奥氏体晶粒长大,焊缝的抗空蚀能力变差。在空蚀时间相同的情况下,316L母材的抗空蚀能力优于焊缝。     

新一代激光冲击强化系统对5052铝合金电化学性能的实验研究

利用新一代激光冲击强化系统对5052铝合金试样进行了激光冲击强化处理,通过实验研究了试样的电化学性能,并对材料的物相、表面硬度、腐蚀形貌进行了检测与分析。结果表明:经过激光冲击强化一次、两次后,材料没有发生相变,表面硬度分别提高了7.0%和19.8%,腐蚀速率分别下降了27.0%和35.0%。因此,激光冲击强化处理能有效抑制腐蚀裂纹的扩展,显著提高材料的耐腐蚀性。     

表面强化处理对工业纯钛焊接接头电化学腐蚀性能的影响

为了改善焊接接头的性能,延长其使用寿命,实验采用喷丸强度为0.15A的超声喷丸处理(USSP)方式对工业纯钛TA2焊接接头进行强化。通过OM、SEM、TEM分别对TA2焊接接头各区域组织及腐蚀形貌进行观测,对不同工艺处理试样的残余应力值、表面粗糙度进行了测定,并对超声喷丸后试样表面进行热处理和表面打磨,研究了不同表面残余应力及表面粗糙度对焊接接头焊缝区域在80℃ 的10% HCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀性能。结果表明,USSP强化处理纯钛焊接接头耐腐蚀性能有所提升。经退火处理后,随着退火时间的增加,耐腐蚀性能先增加后降低,退火0.5h时,自然腐蚀电位最高,电流密度最低,耐腐蚀性能最优。经表面打磨处理,腐蚀速率主要由扩散步骤控制,产生浓差极化,随着打磨强化层的增加,扩散速率加快,耐腐蚀性能有提高。打磨至强化层2/5处时,耐腐蚀性能提升明显。     

铝型材表面斑点腐蚀的成因与对策分析

以6063铝型材为研究对象,采用模拟槽液,经SEM及EPMA等试验方法分析了表面斑点腐蚀的本质和发生机理,并给出了控制斑点腐蚀的措施。研究表明,斑点缺陷的实质是点蚀,它是由游离Si、FeSiAl等阴极相周围铝溶解而形成的表面缺陷,外部特征表现为部分带有残留物的腐蚀坑和部分无残留物的腐蚀坑。点蚀的发生与Si元素过剩及挤压工艺有关。     

Analysis of low transformation temperature welding (LTTW) consumables – distortion control and evolution of stresses

Low transformation temperature welding (LTTW) consumables have been reported to reduce the tensile residual stresses in weldments. Martensitic transformation induces compressive residual stresses and improves the fatigue resistance of welded joints. Several of these LTTW consumables have been developed at the Colorado School of Mines. This research work presents the comparisons of the experimentally and Sysweld calculated measurements for distortions and residual stresses for different plate thicknesses. In addition, residual stress evolution with time graphs were plotted to determine the amount of martensite required to promote compressive residual stresses and to calculate the time required to induce compressive residual stresses. The main aspect of this research is to analyse the behaviour of LTTW consumables in terms of distortion and residual stresses on various plate thicknesses.     

Erosion damage of laser alloyed stainless steel in mercury

The effect of laser surface alloying of type 316 stainless steel on the erosion resistance in mercury has been investigated. The alloying was produced by melting predeposited Al-Si powder and a portion of underlying substrate with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam. The microhardness of the modified layer was found to be 2.5 times higher than that of untreated steel. The erosion test of laser alloyed surface and steel in mercury was carried out by using the electromagnetic impact testing machine. The laser alloyed surface was found to be less damaged after 10⁵ cycles of impacts compared to untreated stainless steel. However, after 10⁶ cycles the erosion resistance of the modified layer is much lower than that of untreated steel. Liquid metal embrittlement in contact with mercury and residual stresses were considered as factors impairing the erosion resistance of the laser alloyed surface.