非小细胞肺癌原发灶和转移淋巴结EGFR、KRAS和MET基因状态比较

目的:比较配对的原发肺癌灶和转移淋巴结EGFR、KRAS和MET基因状态,探讨NSCLC原发灶和转移淋巴结基因变化规律并指导临床实践。方法:22例手术切除的Ⅲa期非小细胞肺癌,术前未经靶向和化学治疗,获取配对的原发灶和N2站转移淋巴结。采用直接测序法检测EGFR外显子19-21,KRAS密码子12和13突变,实时定量PCR检测MET基因拷贝数。结果:原发灶和N2转移淋巴结中EGFR基因突变率分别为7/22例(31.82%)和6/22例(27.27%),EGFR基因型一致率达95.45%。KRAS基因突变率分别为2/22例(9.09%)和1/22例(4.55%)。转移淋巴结MET基因拷贝数(1.54±0.71)显著高于原发灶(1.19±0.41),P=0.038。EGFR 19和21基因突变与原发灶(P=0.24)、转移灶(P=0.97)的MET基因拷贝数以及原发灶和转移灶MET基因拷贝数变化(P=0.69)之间都无相关性,P>0.05。不同的EGFR基因状态和MET基因拷贝数其1年无病生存无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:肺癌原发灶和相应转移淋巴结中EGFR基因突变较稳定;EGFR敏感基因突变与MET基因拷贝数可能无关;而未经EGFR-TKI治疗的肺癌患者其MET基因拷贝数在淋巴结转移时即已开始出现明显增高。     

754例Ⅰ期-Ⅲa期可手术切除非小细胞肺癌患者EGFR和KRAS基因突变状态及其临床意义

背景与目的 表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)和KRAS基因是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)重要的分子靶点,但目前研究主要集中在晚期NSCLC组织和血浆标本的EGFR检测,早期NSCLC组织样本中EGFR和KRAS突变特征尚不清楚.本研究将探讨Ⅰ期-Ⅲa期NSCLC EGFR和KRAS基因突变与相关临床病理特征的关系.方法 采用突变扩增系统(amplification refractory mutation system,ARMS)PCR方法检测北京协和医院病理科提供的754例Ⅰ期-Ⅲa期NSCLC组织样本的EGFR和KRAS基因突变状况,分析基因突变率及其与临床病理特征的关系.结果 EGFR和KRAS基因热点突变的突变率分别为34.5％和13.1％,其中有3例样本具有EGFR和KRAS基因的双突变.EGFR基因在女性中的突变率高于男性(39.5％vs 29.4％,P=0.076),在腺癌中的突变率(38.7％)高于鳞癌、腺鳞癌、大细胞癌(P＜0.01),但仍明显低于其他研究报道的亚裔晚期腺癌突变率(-50％).KRAS基因突变在男性中的突变率高于女性(16.6％vs 9％,P=0.048),且在腺癌中的突变率也高于其他类型,但差异不显著(P=0.268).与KRAS基因突变阳性组相比,EGFR基因突变阳性组在年龄分布上有年轻化的趋势(P=0.031,5),在性别分布上有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 Ⅰ期-Ⅲa期NSCLC EGFR基因突变率较晚期患者低,且EGFR和KRAS基因双突变的发生率为0.9％.     

肺癌原发灶与纵隔转移淋巴结中EGFR突变差异的研究

目的 探讨肺癌原发灶和转移纵隔淋巴结中EGFR突变率有无差异.方法 采用PCR扩增ARMS法,分析NSCLC原发灶组织中EGFR基因突变与纵隔转移淋巴结中EGFR基因突变情况,比较两者突变率.结果 37例非小细胞肺癌患者原发灶检测到EGFR基因突变,突变率为37％,34例纵隔转移淋巴结检测到EGFR基因突变,突变率为34％.NSLCL患者原发灶和纵隔转移淋巴结中EGFR均有突变95.77％;均没有突变97.67％.肺癌原发灶与纵隔淋巴结EGFR突变一致率达到97％.肺癌原发灶与纵隔淋巴结EGFR突变率比较无差异P＞0.05.结论 肺癌原发灶与纵隔转移淋巴结EGFR突变率无差异.     

非小细胞肺癌原发灶与淋巴结转移灶中KRAS和EGFR基因状态的比较及其临床意义

  目的  比较表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因和KRAS基因在非小细胞肺癌原发灶及其淋巴结转移灶之间突变状态的差异, 并分析其与吉非替尼治疗非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)疗效之间的关系。   方法  收集天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院2010年5月至2010年11月间手术切除的80例NSCLC病例标本, 利用直接测序和实时荧光定量PCR的方法分别检测原发灶和相应淋巴结转移灶中EGFR基因第18、19、20、21外显子及KRAS基因第12、13密码子的突变情况; 其中5例在淋巴结转移灶中检出EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)敏感型基因突变的患者接受了吉非替尼的新辅助靶向治疗。   结果  80例患者中, 检出原发灶携带KRAS和EGFR基因突变分别为1例和21例, 检出转移灶携带KRAS和EGFR基因突变分别为7例和26例; 分别有6例(7.50%)和7例(8.75%)患者其KRAS和EGFR基因状态在原发灶和转移灶之间不一致。直接测序法和实时荧光定量PCR法的检测结果一致。在5例接受吉非替尼治疗的患者中仅1例原发病灶中未检出EGFR-TKI敏感型基因突变, 并表现为疾病进展。   结论  部分NSCLC患者中KRAS和EGFR的基因状态在肿瘤转移过程中会发生改变, 在给予患者靶向治疗时不应忽视这一现象的存在。实时荧光定量PCR法比直接测序法更适用于临床的快速检测工作。      

肺腺癌患者EGFR和KRAS基因突变与预后的相关性研究

目的 探讨肺腺癌患者表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)和KRAS基因突变与预后的相关性.方法 选取134例肺腺癌患者的肺腺癌组织标本,应用探针扩增阻滞突变系统在PCR仪上进行EGFR和KRAS基因突变检测,分析EGFR和KRAS基因突变与肺腺癌患者临床病理特征及预后的关系.结果 134例患者中,EGFR基因突变53例,突变率为39.55%,KRAS基因突变6例,突变率为4.48%.肺腺癌患者EGFR基因突变率与年龄、吸烟史有关(P﹤0.01).EGFR基因突变型患者的KRAS基因突变率低于EGFR基因野生型患者(P﹤0.05).EGFR基因突变型患者的无进展生存期(PFS)长于EGFR基因野生型患者(P﹤0.05),KRAS基因野生型患者的PFS长于KRAS基因突变型患者(P﹤0.05).结论 EGFR基因突变的肺腺癌患者KRAS基因更倾向于野生型,EGFR基因突变型或KRAS基因野生型的肺腺癌患者PFS更长.     

非小细胞肺癌原发灶与相应转移灶之间EGFR基因突变状况的不一致性研究

背景与目的表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突变是晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者获益于酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)治疗的预测因子,本研究旨在探讨NSCLC原发灶与相应转移灶之间EGFR基因突变状况的不一致性。方法应用TaqManRT-PCR的方法检测35例病理确诊为NSCLC患者原发灶和相应转移灶的EGFR基因突变状况。结果原发肺癌病灶中有29例为EGFR基因突变型,余下6例为EGFR野生型。35例转移灶中18例为EGFR基因突变型,17例为EGFR野生型。35对配对标本中,11对(31.43%)标本出现原发灶EGFR基因突变,而转移灶为EGFR基因野生型,18对原发灶及转移灶均为EGFR基因突变型,且突变具体位点相同,6对原发灶及转移灶均为EGFR基因野生型。NSCLC原发灶与转移灶的EGFR基因表达不一致率为31.43%(11/35,P=0.008)。结论 NSCLC原发灶与转移灶的EGFR基因表达存在不一致性。     

晚期非小细胞肺癌原发灶和转移灶ROS1融合基因表达差异分析

目的分析ROS1(c-ros oncogene 1,receptor tyrosine kinase)融合基因在晚期非小细胞肺癌原发灶和转移灶中的差异表达。方法选取非小细胞肺癌原发灶162例,其中配对转移灶139例。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测ROS1融合基因的表达,并分析其在晚期非小细胞肺癌原发灶和转移灶中的表达差异。结果晚期非小细胞肺癌原发灶ROS1融合基因表达阳性率4.3%(7/162),配对原发灶ROS1融合基因表达阳性率2.6%(5/139),配对转移灶融合基因表达阳性率2.2%(3/139);原发灶较转移灶ROS1融合基因检出阳性率显著增高,差异具统计学意义(χ~2=13.517,P=0.000);ROS1融合基因阳性表达在原发灶和转移灶一致性好(κ=0.479,P=0.000)。非小细胞肺癌原发灶中ROS1融合基因表达与病理类型存在密切关系(χ~2=5.195,P=0.031),与患者性别、年龄等不存在明显相关性(P>0.05)。非小细胞肺癌配对原发灶以及转移灶中ROS1融合基因表达与患者性别、年龄、吸烟以及病理类型不存在明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论晚期非小细胞肺癌ROS1融合基因的阳性表达在原发灶中与病理类型有关,其在配对原发灶和转移灶中阳性表达一致性较好,可作为检测ROS1融合基因的备选手段。     

伴微乳头成分的肺腺癌EGFR KRAS基因突变和临床病理学特征相关研究

  目的   探讨伴微乳头成分的肺腺癌(pulmonary adenocarcinoma with a micropapillary pattern, MPPAC) EGFR、KRAS基因突变情况及其临床病理学特征。   方法   根据2011年的肺腺癌新分类诊断标准, 以是否伴有微小乳头状结构(micropapillary pat tern, MPP), 将144例肺腺癌病例分为MPP阳性组77例和MPP阴性组77例。MPP阳性组中又按MPP所占比例分为(+、++、+++) 三亚组。RT-PCR法检测两组EGFR、KRAS基因突变情况。   结果   在144例肺腺癌病例中EGFR突变62例(43.1%), KRAS突变9例(6.25%), EGFR突变与性别(P=0.018) 和肿瘤体积(P=0.016) 有关。MPP阳性组EGFR突变率高于MPP阴性组(P < 0.001);KRAS突变率低于MPP阴性组(P=0.016)。EGFR基因突变频率在MPP三亚组中无明显不同(P=0.932)。   结论   伴微乳头结构的肺腺癌EGFR突变频率高于肺腺癌其它亚型, KRAS突变频率低于肺腺癌其它亚型, 说明其有独特的分子生物学特点。      

非小细胞肺癌患者RAS基因突变临床特征和预后分析

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨非小细胞肺癌RAS基因突变的临床特征和预后。［方法］ 对475例非小细胞肺癌患者进行RAS基因检测和随访。Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,Log-rank法进行生存率检验。［结果］ 475例非小细胞肺癌中,KRAS基因突变的突变率为8.00% (38/475),其中吸烟患者的KRAS突变频率远高于非吸烟患者(15.76% vs 4.41%,P<0.01)。 346例非小细胞肺癌中NRAS基因突变的突变率为0.29% (1/346);315例非小细胞肺癌中HRAS基因突变的突变率为0.63% (2/315)。RAS基因复合其他基因突变15例,中位生存时间29.8个月;而单纯RAS突变26例中位生存时间16.3个月(P=0.15)。［结论］ 在NSCLC患者中,吸烟患者的KRAS基因突变频率高于非吸烟患者。RAS基因突变的非小细胞肺癌临床特征上无统计学差异;复合突变比单纯突变临床获益更多。     

ADx-ARMS方法检测晚期非小细胞肺癌患者胸水标本癌细胞基因突变的临床意义

目的:探讨应用ADx-ARMS方法检测非小细胞肺癌患者胸水标本癌细胞基因突变应用于指导小分子EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKIs）治疗的可行性与临床意义。方法:ADx-ARMS检测24例非小细胞肺癌患者胸水标本EGFR基因第19、20和21外显子突变与KRAS基因第2外显子突变。统计分析胸水标本与前期检测过的非小细胞肺癌组织中的EGFR、KRAS突变率差异。结果:24例胸水标本中,EGFR突变与KRAS突变分别为14例（58.3%）和1例（4.2%）。前期检测过的非小细胞肺癌组织EGFR和KRAS突变率分别为47.6%和4.5%。EGFR和KRAS突变率在胸水标本与前期肺癌组织中差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:对失去手术机会而难以获得组织标本的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者,可应用ADx-ARMS方法选择胸水标本筛查EGFR、KRAS基因突变,从而指导EGFR-TKIs的临床应用。     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and risk for esophageal and head and neck cancers

Alcoholic beverages are causally related to cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus. Ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde and then to acetate by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), both of which have genetic polymorphisms. A review of case-control studies of the effects of ALDH2, ADH2 and ADH3 genotypes shows consistently positive associations between inactive heterozygous ALDH2 and the less-active ADH2 genotypes and the risk for esophageal cancer in East Asian heavy drinkers and this enzyme-related vulnerability may extend to light-to-moderate drinkers. Some studies suggest similar associations with the risk for head and neck cancer in moderate-to-heavy-drinking Japanese. An established carcinogen in experimental animals, acetaldehyde can interact with human DNA. ALDH2-associated cancer susceptibility fits into a scenario in which acetaldehyde plays a critical role in the development of human cancer. Alcohol flushing and drinking behavior may partly explain this carcinogenic effect in carriers of less-active ADH2 genotypes. Whether the ADH3 genotype influences head and neck cancer risk in Western nations is controversial. Professional and public education about risky conditions connected to the ALDH2 and ADH2 genotypes and environmental factors is important in a new strategic approach to the prevention of alcohol-related cancers in East Asians. The use of simple tests to identify inactive ALDH2 on the basis of alcohol flushing responses could benefit many people, by helping them to identify their own cancer risks. Such testing could also help clinicians diagnose esophageal cancer earlier, through the use of endoscopic screening in the high-risk population.     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.