公路交通对土壤重金属污染的研究

目的评价公路交通引起的土壤中重金属污染。方法选择320国道马龙路段进行耕作土采样，用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni含量，采用清洁对照区土壤剖面重金属含量作为参比值，应用地积累指数法对重金属污染叠加进行评价。结果研究区土壤中Cu、CA、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Ni的含量显著高于对照区（P〈0．01）。Cd为中等污染～强污染，Pb为中等污染，Cr和Cu为轻污染～中等污染。污染晕带沿公路延伸方向展开，自公路起向其两侧强度运渐减弱，扩散范围约为150m。土壤对重金属元素的吸收及污染程度；Cd〉Pb〉Cr〉Cu〉As〉Zn〉Ni。结论公路旁土壤重金属污染以Cd、Pb和Cr为主，污染叠加重金属来源主要为机动车燃料、轮胎、机械中所含微量重金属成分。     

广州市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及评价

目的分析广州市不同功能区土壤重金属的含量水平。方法于2008年4月选择广州居民区、商业区、汽车站、文教区、医疗区和公园为研究对象,共采集55份土样。采用原子吸收光谱法测定Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni,采用原子荧光光谱法测定As、Hg;采用相关性分析探讨土壤重金属相互关系,采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数评价重金属污染程度。结果广州市不同功能区8种土壤重金属平均含量均超过广东省土壤背景值,其中Hg、Cd重金属含量分别高达背景值的16.28、14.64倍;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和As含量以商业区最高,Mn以汽车站最高,Hg以公园最高。Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg在不同功能区的分布差异存在统计学意义(P0.05);Mn-Cu-Zn-Pb-Ni之间、Cu-Zn-Pb-Cd-Ni之间、Cu-Pb-Hg之间均存在相关性(P0.05);各功能区中土壤重金属的污染程度表现为Zn、Cd、Hg呈重度污染,Cu、Pb、As呈中度污染(除商业区Cu、Pb和汽车站Cu为重度污染外),Mn、Ni呈无污染或轻度污染(除商业区Ni为中度污染外);不同功能区的土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数为:公园(18.13)商业区(15.85)居民区(13.34)汽车站(10.75)医疗区(9.61)文教区(8.98),均达到重度污染。结论广州市不同功能区土壤重金属不同程度受到污染。     

哈尔滨市主要街道土壤重金属含量调查

为了解哈尔滨市主要街道土壤重金属污染状况.于2012年9月对哈尔滨市5个城区的主要街道共采集101件土壤样品,对5种重金属元素(Cd、Cr、Pb、Mn和Cu)的含量进行了测定,采用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤环境质量进行评价.结果显示土壤样品中Cd、Cr、Pb、Mn和Cu的含量平均值分别为0.273、30.14、38.5、15.53和33.20 mg/kg.101件土壤样品的5种重金属含量平均值的综合污染指数为2.98,污染程度为中污染.提示5种重金属元素平均含量均未超出国家土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,但Cd、Pb和Cu的平均含量超出了松嫩平原地区背景值,这3种重金属元素在土壤中已有一定程度的蓄积.     

电子废弃物拆解场地土壤重金属健康风险评价

为了解电子废弃物拆解场地重金属污染情况,于2010年对台州某拆解场地土壤中Cd、Ni、Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Hg含量进行调查,利用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、USEPA提供的健康风险评价模型,评价研究区生态、健康风险.结果显示,研究区土壤中的主要污染物为Cd和Hg,其余重金属对研究区污染较小或者没有超过标准;除了Cd和Hg外,研究区土壤其他重金属处于轻度-中等污染,土壤中7种重金属根据各自地累积指数确定的污染程度依次为Cd＞Hg＞Ni＞Cr＞Cu＞Pb＞As;7种重金属的生态风险为D级,生态危害程度很强;人群的非致癌和致癌风险在可接受范围内.     

云浮硫铁矿区冲积土壤重金属垂直分布特征的研究

为了解粤西云浮硫铁矿山典型冲积土壤剖面样品中重金属(Tl、Pb、Ba、Mo、Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Ni、Co、Mn)的含量和垂直分布特征,采用电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)研究了土壤剖面不同深度(0～36 cm)的重金属含量,并采用富集因子法对污染程度进行了评价.结果表明:Tl、Pb、As和Zn在冲积土壤剖面的不同深度均有蓄积,冲积平原土壤基本未受Cr的污染,受到Cu和Ni的弱污染,受Ba、Co和Mo的中度污染,以及Tl、Pb、As、Zn和Mn的显著污染;且Tl在整个剖面都呈现显著污染状况,Pb、As和Zn除1～2个深度外,其余深度均显现出显著污染,Ba、Co、Mo总体上呈中度污染.由此提示应进一步关注该地区土壤中重金属的蓄积现象.     

石家庄市公园尘土中重金属污染水平及健康风险评价

目的了解石家庄市公园尘土中7种重金属的含量,分析重金属污染水平并对其产生的健康风险进行评价。方法利用ICP-MS法测定2018年3—4月采集的公园尘土内7种重金属的含量,通过单因子指数法分析其污染程度,并应用美国环境保护署(EPA)人体暴露风险评价方法对重金属进行健康风险评价。结果石家庄市公园尘土中Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb 7种重金属的平均含量分别为30.44、292.34、47.62、279.96、11.69、0.98、57.90 mg/kg,其中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb高于河北省土壤元素背景值,呈现不同程度的富集。重金属日平均暴露剂量排序为手-口摄入皮肤接触呼吸吸入。重金属非致癌风险指数(HQ)PbAsCrCdCuNiZn,均1;致癌重金属Cr、As、Cd、Pb的致癌风险指数(CR)均1×10-6。结论石家庄市公园尘土中的Cd和Zn处于重度污染水平,Pb和Cu处于中度污染水平。健康风险评价表明,手-口直接摄入是公园尘土暴露风险的主要途径,公园尘土中各重金属均不存在非致癌风险,Cr、As、Cd、Pb致癌风险均低于阈值,不具有致癌风险。     

A、B两污灌农田土壤重金属含量分析及污染评价

[目的]通过对A、B两污灌农田土壤中重金属元素镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cd)、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)含量调查与分析,评价其污染程度,了解其重金属污染现状. [方法]土壤样品经王水+HCLO4消化彻底后,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定重金属含量,并采用重金属单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法对污染状况进行评价. [结果]A区域土壤的Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量超标;B区域土壤的Cd、Zn含量超标. [结论]A、B两区域土壤重金属污染均为重度污染(P＞3),土壤受污染已相当严重.     

西安市周边河流沿岸种植玉米中重金属污染调查

目的了解西安市周边河流沿岸种植玉米中重金属污染的基本状况。方法从西安市境内的灞河、沣河和渭河沿岸采集玉米样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱(Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass ectrometry)测定方法对样品进行检测,采用方差分析对3条河流沿岸玉米中元素含量的差异进行比较。结果西安市境内沣河、灞河和渭河沿岸玉米中Hg、Cr、As和Cd的合格率均为100%,Pb的合格率为87.5%、100%和88.2%;Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Mn、Ni和Se的平均含量为0.003 4、0.243、1.89、11.132、0.055、0.113、3.737、0.230和0.009 1 mg/kg。经方差分析Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Ni和Se元素在不同河流沿岸玉米中含量差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Hg、Cr和Mn含量差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论建议相关部门加强对本地河流沿岸玉米重金属元素Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn和Ni的监测,进一步查找引起其变化异常的原因。提高农业富硒肥料的使用,并尽快建立相应完整的粮食重金属元素评价标准。     

上海浦东新区公园绿地土壤重金属的分布特征及其评价

目的了解城市公园绿地土壤中重金属的含量及来源，有利于改善城市生态环境质量和保障人体健康。方法于2007年12月采集了上海浦东新区6个公园绿地（公园1-6）75个土壤样品，利用全谱直读电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪和测汞仪．对样品中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Ni及Hg含量进行了分析，研究了上述重金属的分布特征。结果浦东新区公园绿地土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Hg及Ni含量范围分别为21.08-69.31，41.87-91.71，104.65-213.83，84.63-894.28．0.15-0.26，19.14-25.32，0.02-0.55，39.30-454.36m/kg，与上海市土壤背景值相比，除Cd外的所有重金属均有不同程度的累积。从单因子污染指数来看，仅公园1受到相对较严重的Ni和Cr污染；从综合污染指数来看，公园1为重度污染，其余公园未受污染。结论本次调查的公园绿地土壤在一定程度上受到某些重金属的污染。     

某市蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染状况研究

目的了解某市蔬菜基地土壤中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)含量及污染程度。方法分别在某市5个蔬菜基地采集84份土壤样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn的含量,原子荧光光谱法测定As和Hg的含量,并根据《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜产地环境要求》和《土壤环境质量标准》,采用变化程度等级、单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法进行评价。结果某市蔬菜基地土壤8种重金属平均含量除Cd高于标准外,其他7种均符合国家标准。蔬菜基地土壤重金属含量变化程度Pb、Ni、Cu、As为1级,属基本无变化、清洁;Cd、Cr、Zn、Hg为2级,属轻度变化、低累积。采用内梅罗综合污染指数法进行评价,综合污染指数为0.86,为2级,属警戒限。结论某市蔬菜基地土壤重金属含量基本符合国家标准要求,总体质量较好,但镉超标情况相对较严重,应引起注意。     

公路旁土壤中重金属和类金属污染评价

目的 评价公路旁土训重金属和类金属污染。方法 选择３１９国道龙岩市新罗区路段进行土壤４ 采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析封保重金属和类金属（Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ａｓ）的含量。结果 土壤综合污染指数为１．６３,ｄ、ｂ,轻度污染的元素为Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ,污染晕带自公路起向其两侧扩散范围约为２５０ｍ,土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度：Ｃｄ〉Ｐｂ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｒ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｎｉ〉Ａｓ。结论 公路旁     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Roadside Surface Soil and Vegetation from the West Bank

Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr) were investigated in roadside surface soil and the common perennial herb inula (Inula viscosa L., Compositae). Samples were collected at different distances (0–200 m) perpendicular to a main road that connects two main cities in the West Bank. Average concentrations of metals in soil samples were: Pb, 87.4; Cd, 0.27; Cu, 60.4; Zn, 82.2; Fe, 15,700; Mn, 224; Ni, 18.9; and Cr, 42.4 g · g^–1. In plant leaves, concentrations were: Pb, 7.25; Cd, 0.10; Cu, 10.6; Zn, 47.6; Fe, 730; Mn, 140; Ni, 4.87; and Cr, 7.03 g · g^–1. Roadside contamination was obvious by the significant negative correlations between concentrations of metals in soil and plant samples and distance from road edge. Only cadmium concentrations in soil and plant samples were not associated with roadside pollution. Roadside contamination in plants and soil did not extend much beyond a 20 m distance from road. I. viscosa reflected roadside contamination better than soil and their metal concentrations showed much less fluctuations than those in soil samples. Washing plant leaves decreased Pb and Fe concentrations significantly, indicating a significant aerial deposition of both. I. viscosa can be considered as a good biomonitor for roadside metal pollution.     

公路旁土壤中重金属污染分布及潜在生态危害的研究

[目的]研究公路旁土壤中重金属污染的分布及潜在生态危害。[方法]以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为研究区,对耕作土采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cr含量,并与对照区比较,同时采用Lars Hakanson指数法评价重金属的潜在生态危害。[结果]研究区表层土壤cd[(1.48±0.60)mg/kg]、Pb[(160.17±55.99)mg/kg]、cu[(38.44±12.16)mg/kg]、Zn[(80.35±6.60)mg/kg]、Cr[(79.50±23.58)mg/kg]含量显著高于对照区(P<0.001),Cd和Pb为重度污染(100％),Cu和Cr为轻微污染(分别占监测点位的55.8％和35.3％);土壤对重金属元素的吸收及污染程度:Pb>Cd>Cu>Cr>zn。潜在生态危害综合指数为253.0,主要污染为Cd,达到很强的生态危害,其次是Pb、Cu、Cr和Zn,均为轻微生态危害;潜在生态危害地带自公路起向其两侧扩散范围约为150 m。[结论]公路旁土壤中重金属以Cd、Pb污染为主,属于中等生态危害,污染物主要来源于机动车辆燃料和轮胎中所含微量重金属成分。     

Effects of Soil Properties and Land Use Types on the Bioaccessibility of Cd,Pb, Cr,and Cu in Dongguan City,China

In order to determine the potential heavy metal contamination in soil across Dongguan City, 124 soil samples from seven land use types were collected, four heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, and Cu) were analyzed. Total Cd, Cr, and Cu contents were significantly higher than the background values for Guangdong Province. Lead bioaccessibility in urban green land was lower than that in industrial and abandoned districts. The bioaccessibility of heavy metals was affected by total metal concentrations, soil properties, and land use types. The results showed that there was a negative correlation between the bioaccessibility of heavy metals (except for Cu) and their total concentrations. Soil pH and organic matter were the main factors affecting the bioaccessibility of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Cu in most land use types. Furthermore, sand, P, and clay also affected Pb, Cr, and Cu bioaccessibility. With the exception of the industrial zone periphery and urban green land, the bioaccessibility of heavy metals was mainly affected by clay.

     

Heavy metals in wetland plants and soil of Lake Taihu, China

Properties of vertical distribution of soil near water bodies are vary considerably from those of land and may greatly affect the transportation of heavy metals in wetlands. Vertical distributions of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the soil of aquatic-terrestrial ecotone (ATE) of Lake Taihu, China, and in wetland plant tissues were studied. Generally, concentrations of heavy metals decreased with increasing depth in the top 40-cm cores and then increased slightly with increasing depth. This investigation indicated that concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn exceeded the geochemical background values in the Taihu Lake area. Concentrations of Cd at all depth soil columns exceeded the Environment Quality Standard for Soils of China. Correlation analysis showed that concentrations of Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb correlated significantly with one another, suggesting that they had the same origin. The concentration of Cu was negatively correlated with root biomass, which may explain the lower concentration of copper in the soil cores. The dominant plants of the wetland were Phragmites australis and Ludwigia prostrata, and heavy metal accumulated primarily in the root tissue. The general order was root > rhizome > stem > leaf, whereas in L. prostrata, leaf was the main tissue for Cr accumulation. Both P. australis and L. prostrata had the highest concentration factor (CF) to Cu, and CF was 20.3 and 15.8, respectively. Aquatic-terrestrial ecotone plants are more effective in controlling Cu pollution than other heavy metals. This will be very significant for ATE reestablishment near Cu-polluted sites.     

Heavy metals in three lakes in West Poland.

Concentrations of heavy metals (Ni, Cr, Co, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg, Fe) as well as macronutrients (P, Ca, Mg) were measured in water, bottom sediments, and plants of three lakes in West Poland (southwest of Poznan). The plants collected were Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum, Ceratophyllum demersum, Phragmites communis, Typha latifolia, and Schoenoplectus lacustris. These plants contained elevated levels of Co, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg. Analyses of water and bottom sediments indicated that the lakes were polluted with Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb and partly with Ni and Hg. Strong positive correlations were found between concentrations of Cd in water and in plants, between concentrations of Cd in bottom sediments and in plants, between concentrations of Cr in water and in plants, between concentrations of Cr in bottom sediments and in plants, and between concentrations of Fe in water and in plants, indicating the potential of plants for pollution monitoring for these metals. A negative correlation was found between biomass production and Pb and Mn content in water and Pb and Mn content in bottom sediments. Cr and Cd accumulated in plants at a higher rate from bottom sediments than from water. The accumulation rate of Fe in plant tissues was higher with an increase in Fe in water than with an increase in Fe in bottom sediments.     

Pollution Characteristics,Sources, and Health Risk Assessments of Potentially Toxic Elements in Community Garden Soil of Lin’an,Zhejiang, China

The characteristics, sources and risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in community garden soil of Lin’an District were evaluated. The 28 soil samples from community garden were collected for determination of 7 heavy metal elements. The Geostatistical analysis, Spearman correlation coefficient, Principal component analysis and PMF model have explored sources of heavy metal pollution. The health risk assessment model has assessed ecological risk of heavy metals. The results revealed that average concentration of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were 16.0, 0.158, 76.1, 34.6, 45.8, 20.9 and 166 mg kg^-1, respectively. Whereas As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were higher than background values. The spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in the southwest of the study area was higher than northeast. The pollution sources of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in the study area were due to agricultural activities (42.9%), Cr and Pb were from traffic sources (36.2%), and As was domestic pollution (20.9%) according to Spearman correlation coefficient, Principal component analysis and PMF model. The non-carcinogenic risks of As (5.39), Cr (3.53) and Ni (2.07) have a value of 1, which indicated significant risk. The potentially toxic elements have not exceeded maximum threshold of USEPA, with regard to carcinogenic risk, while As (3.37E?05) and Cr (5.74E?05) have exceeded the safety range. It is concluded that soils of community gardens are facing pollution problem due to potentially toxic elements which require environmental monitoring of the soil to reduce risk of human health.

     

2017—2019年新疆博州农村土壤重金属监测结果分析

目的通过对新疆博州地区农业用地中重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的监测,掌握农村土壤环境污染状况判断新疆博州地区农村环境卫生健康危害因素。方法2017—2019年选取博州地区博乐市所辖的5个乡镇中的4个行政村作为监测点,采集5~20cm深表层土壤,共采样60份。依据《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-2018)进行评价,采用单项指数法和内梅罗指数法评价Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的污染程度。结果2017—2019年博州地区土壤重金属中Pb、Cr、As、Hg含量均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值和管制值,而Cd含量的超标样本为13份(超标率21.67%),Pb、Cd、Cr、As含量差异有统计学意义(分别P=0.005,P=0.007,P<0.001,P=0.027),而Hg含量差异无统计学意义(P=0.306)。Pb、Cr、As、Hg的单项污染指数Pi<1,为无污染状态,但元素Cd在2017—2018两年内出现单因子污染指数Pi>1,最大值为2.33。2017和2018年农村土壤综合污染指数为1.67和1.06,评价结果为轻度污染,而2019年农村土壤综合污染指数为0.72,评价结果为尚清洁。结论新疆博州地区部分农村环境土壤质量整体尚可,但部分地区重金属Cd污染值得关注。     

Influence of traffic activity on heavy metal concentrations of roadside farmland soil in mountainous areas

Emission of heavy metals from traffic activities is an important pollution source to roadside farmland ecosystems. However, little previous research has been conducted to investigate heavy metal concentrations of roadside farmland soil in mountainous areas. Owing to more complex roadside environments and more intense driving conditions on mountainous highways, heavy metal accumulation and distribution patterns in farmland soil due to traffic activity could be different from those on plain highways. In this study, design factors including altitude, roadside distance, terrain, and tree protection were considered to analyze their influences on Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations in farmland soils along a mountain highway around Kathmandu, Nepal. On average, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb at the sampling sites are lower than the tolerable levels. Correspondingly, pollution index analysis does not show serious roadside pollution owing to traffic emissions either. However, some maximum Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations are close to or higher than the tolerable level, indicating that although average accumulations of heavy metals pose no hazard in the region, some spots with peak concentrations may be severely polluted. The correlation analysis indicates that either Cu or Cd content is found to be significantly correlated with Zn and Pb content while there is no significant correlation between Cu and Cd. The pattern can be reasonably explained by the vehicular heavy metal emission mechanisms, which proves the heavy metals' homology of the traffic pollution source. Furthermore, the independent factors show complex interaction effects on heavy metal concentrations in the mountainous roadside soil, which indicate quite a different distribution pattern from previous studies focusing on urban roadside environments. It is found that the Pb concentration in the downgrade roadside soil is significantly lower than that in the upgrade soil while the Zn concentration in the downgrade roadside soil is marginally higher than in the upgrade soil; and the concentrations of Cu and Pb in the roadside soils with tree protection are significantly lower than those without tree protection. However, the attenuation pattern of heavy metal concentrations as a function of roadside distance within a 100 m range cannot be identified consistently.