W，B，Y合金元素对高铌TiAl基合金高温长期抗氧化性能的影响

在高铌TiAl基金属间化合物的基础上添加W，B，Y合金元素，熔炼了5种合金，研究了这5种合金在900℃静止空气中的断续氧化行为。1000h氧化后的结果表明：含0．1％（原子分数，下同）的Y使合金的抗氧化性有所提高，促进合金形成了以Al2O3为主的连续致密氧化层；存高铌含Y合金中添加W，B2种合金元素则导致基体发生了严重的内氧化，使合金的抗氧化性能降低。     

稀土元素Ce与Y对JG4246A合金高温氧化行为的影响

在第二代高温合金JG4246A中分别添加不同含量的稀土元素Ce和Y,得到含0.012Ce(质量分数,%,下同)、0.017Ce、0.034Y、0.061Y四种合金铸锭,研究了在1100℃下Ce与Y对合金高温抗氧化性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)及扫描电镜(SEM)分析了氧化膜的物相组成以及氧化表面的形貌。结果表明,JG4246A合金在1100℃空气中恒温氧化过程中,添加稀土元素可以减少合金的氧化质量增加,氧化动力学符合抛物线规律;相对于稀土元素Y,Ce对减缓JG4246A合金的高温氧化速率的作用更显著;稀土元素的添加没有改变氧化膜的表面形貌,但是生成的尖晶石型氧化物使氧化膜更加致密,能够抑制阳离子的向外扩散,降低氧化反应速率,从而提高高温抗氧化性能。     

Zr、Y元素对Pt-10Rh合金性能的影响研究

在Pt-10Rh合金中添加少量的Zr、Y元素,利用真空充氩电弧熔炼方法制备了Pt-10Rh-0.5Zr合金及Pt-10Rh-0.5Zr-0.2Y合金。研究了合金的相结构、室温与高温力学性能以及高温抗氧化性能,观察分析了合金高温氧化及高温断口的形貌组织结构。结果表明,合金形成了由铂铑固溶体基体相与少量的金属间化合物相构成的组织结构;添加少量的Zr、Y元素大幅提高了Pt-10Rh合金的力学性能,同时Y元素还显著改善了Pt-10Rh-0.5Zr合金的高温塑性和抗氧化性能。     

稀土Y对Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr合金高温抗氧化性能的影响

采用水冷铜坩埚真空感应悬浮熔炼技术制备了Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr合金,研究了稀土元素Y对该合金在750、850℃高温抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:Y元素的添加,改变了氧化层结构,细化了氧化层颗粒,促使生成一层连续致密、具备保护性能的Al2O3层,减缓了氧化速率,降低了氧化增重,改善了Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr合金的抗氧化性能,且氧化过程中基体与氧化层间无开裂剥落现象。     

合金钎料高温抗氧化性能之评价

本文提出采用热分析方法所得的实验结果表征各类属非挥发性氧化物包括贵金属添加元素的合金钎料高温抗氧化性能。使用“简约急剧氧化温度”和“相对急剧氧化速率”指标考察合金钎料在高温下的抗氧化稳定性。运用热重－差热分析法（ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ）具体对低熔点锡合金及贵金属添加成分钎料的熔融－氧化过程进行了定量测定和分析，实验结果表明：此方法可对合金钎料的高温抗氧化特性作出有效的评价。     

活性元素Y和Ce对Fe—25Cr—40Ni合金高温氧化的影响

用离子背散射和慢正电子束研究了活性元素Y和Ce对Fe-25Cr—40Ni合金在高温初期氧化动力学、氧化膜表层成份和微观缺陷结构的影响,实验结果表明了微量活性元素(≥0.05%)在高温氧化初期显著减少了合金的氧化速率,有效地促进了Cr_2O_3的生长,抑制了Fe和Ni氧化物的形成,改善了氧化膜的微观结构,活性元素结合进入氧化膜并在外层膜中(约几十nm)富集,活性元素Ce抗氧化机理不同于Y,Ce使合金氧化膜的空位缺陷显著降低,主要控制了阳离子沿晶格空位向外扩散,而含Y合金由氧化初期主要控制阳离子沿晶格扩散转变为主要控制阳离子沿晶界向外扩散。     

微量Y和Hf对高铌TiAl基合金高温抗氧化性的影响

使用元素Hf和Y对Ti-45Al-8Nb合金进行了微合金化,研究了微合金化前后高铌TiAl基合金在900℃静止空气中的断续氧化行为。结果表明,与Ti-45Al-8Nb合金相比,0.5Hf(mol%)微合金化后合金的抗氧化性无明显变化,0.1Y(mol%)微合金化后合金抗氧化性增强,0.5Hf与0.1Y联合微合金化后合金氧化膜与基体粘附性明显增强,但合金氧化增重明显。对氧化膜进行的扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)及X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,单独添加Y及Hf、Y联合添加促进了合金中形成以Al2O3为主的连续致密的氧化层,Hf、Y联合微合金化的合金中存在局部内氧化现象降低了该合金的抗氧化性。     

添加0.1mass%Y的K38G高温合金1000℃恒温氧化行为

研究了添加0.1mass%稀土Y的铸造K38G高温合金在1000℃的恒温氧化行为.结果表明,较之不含Y的合金，含Y铸态K38G合金的氧化速率显著降低； 氧化时形成双层的外氧化膜，表层为以Cr2O3和TiO.2为主的混合氧化物层，内层为连续的Al2O3层；没有内氧化和内氮化，没有氧化膜的剥落，加入稀土Y有效地提高了氧化膜的粘附性能.     

Al、Si及Y多元合金化对Cr-20Nb合金高温氧化行为的影响

针对软第二相Cr稍微降低Laves相NbCr2合金的1200℃抗氧化性,采用Al、Si及Y多元合金化来提高Cr-20Nb合金的高温抗氧化性能。结果表明,多元合金化的Cr-20Nb合金1100℃及1200℃抗氧化性均好于加入单一合金化的及纯Cr-20Nb合金,并随着Si合金元素含量增加,Cr-20Nb合金的氧化增重变小,抗氧化性变好;SEM结果表明,添加合金元素后,氧化膜与基体的粘附性得到了明显提高。     

Hf和Y对Ni3Al／CrMoB合金氧化性能影响

研究了Hf和Y对Ni3Al-7．8Cr-4Mo．0．05B合金氧化性能的影响，测定了合金在1000和1100℃的恒温氧化动力学曲线，并通过XRD分析表面氧化膜结构，通过扫描电镜和能谱分析研究了氧化产物的微观组织与成分。结果表明：Hf和Y的加入大大提高合金的抗氧化性能，主要影响在于形成稳定性更好的HfO2，提高氧化膜与基体的粘结力，抑制了硫在氧化皮，基体界面的偏聚、改变氧化膜的形貌与组成、内氧化程度、扩散层深度等。     

铸造镍基合金K444在900℃空气中的长期氧化行为

用热重法研究镍基高温合金K444在900℃下氧化1000 h的动力学。结果表明,K444合金氧化动力学遵从抛物线规律,以x射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析及电子探针成分分析测定氧化膜的组成,结果表明氧化膜由多层组成,外层为TiO₂,内层以Cr₂O₃为主还包括内氧化层和贫Υ′层。观察到沿晶界偏聚的碳化物氧化,提出了氧化饥制。     

Oxidation characteristics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo

Static oxidation kinetics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo (atomic percent) were investigated in air over the temperature range of 650–1000°C using thermogravimetric analysis. The oxidation kinetics were complex at all exposure temperatures and displayed up to two distinct stages of parabolic oxidation. Breakaway oxidation occurred after long exposure times at high temperatures. Oxidation products were determined using x-ray diffraction techniques, electron microprobe analysis, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Oxide scale morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces and cross-sections of oxidation specimens. The oxides during the parabolic stages were compact and multilayered, consisting primarily of TiO₂ doped with Nb, a top layer of Al₂O₃ and a thin bottom layer of TiN. The transition between the first and second parabolic stage is linked to the formation of a TiAl layer at the oxide-metal interface. Porosity also formed in the TiO₂ layer during the second stage, causing degradation of the oxide and breakaway oxidation.     

Effects of aluminum on the oxidation of 25Cr-35Ni cast steels

The oxidation kinetics and morphological development during reaction of two cast austenitic steels at 1000°C in pure dry oxygen at 20 kPa are reported. Both steels contained approximately 25 wt.% Cr and 35 wt.% Ni and, in addition, one steel contained 3.3 wt. %. Both steels oxidized to form external scales consisting mainly of Cr₂O₃ with a thin outer layer of manganese rich spinel. Scale growth kinetics were parabolic, and somewhat faster rates were observed for the aluminum bearing steel. In both steels, deep internal oxidation occurred at the site of primary (interdendritic) carbides. The kinetics of this process were parabolic, and rate control was attributed to oxygen diffusion along the interface between internal oxide and matrix metal. In the aluminum-free steel, interdendritic carbides were converted to chromium rich oxide, but when aluminum was present, a sheath of aluminum rich oxide formed around the carbides. In this latter case, the rate of interdendritic penetration was somewhat slower. The aluminum bearing steel also formed large numbers of rod-shaped Al₂O₃ precipitates within the austenitic dendrites. Deepening of the Al₂O₃ precipitate zone also proceeded according to parabolic kinetics at a rate consistent with rate control by diffusion of oxygen along the oxide-alloy interfaces.     

等离子喷涂NiCrCoAlY涂层氧化控制研究

利用等离子喷涂技术制备了NiCrCoAlY粒子和涂层,研究了等离子喷涂过程中NiCrCoAlY粒子的氧化行为以及屏蔽气体对NiCrCoAlY涂层抗高温氧化性能的影响。结果表明,粒子在飞行过程中存在对流氧化和扩散氧化两种氧化机制,对NiCrCoAlY粒子来说,在距喷嘴55 mm以内的射流中心处以对流氧化为主,在距离喷嘴55 mm以外将以扩散氧化为主;除飞行中的氧化外,粒子在喷涂过程中还发生形成涂层后的氧化,NiCrCoAlY粒子以飞行中的氧化为主;添加屏蔽气体能减少喷涂过程中涂层的氧化,提高涂层的抗高温氧化性能     

纯钛TIG焊接接头的高温氧化行为

对纯钛氩弧焊焊接接头在550 ℃下氧化不同时间（2,4,6,8 h）以及在不同温度（650,750,850,950 ℃）下氧化4 h的氧化动力学、氧化形态和氧化产物进行了研究。结果表明,在550 ℃下,氧化时间对焊接接头氧化行为的影响有限,而氧化温度对纯钛焊接接头的氧化行为有显著影响,且温度越高,氧化越严重。在低温下,纯钛焊接接头的氧化动力学接近准线性定律,随着温度升高,氧化速率呈指数增长。此外,焊接接头表面产生的氧化产物是具有锐钛矿和金红石结构的TiO₂,温度对TiO₂的类型没有明显影响。纯钛焊接接头的氧化过程可描述为：氧气在表面被吸收;氧化物优先在缺陷区形核;氧化物横向生长、增厚。在较高温度下,氧化膜中出现裂纹或空隙,成为O原子传输通道,导致O和Ti原子的高扩散速率和氧化速率。     

The Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on the Oxidation Behavior of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy

The oxidation kinetics of DD100 nickel-base single-crystal alloy, with (221) and (100) surface orientations were tested in this study by thermogravimetry. A pronounced anisotropy in both the cyclic and isothermal oxidation resistance of DD100 alloy was observed. The (221) crystallographic surface of DD100 had a slower oxidation rate than the (100) surface when isothermally exposed to stationary air at 950°C, whereas the opposite results were obtained at 1050°C. When cyclically oxidized at 1100°C, the weight loss of samples with (221) surfaces was significantly greater than that of (100) surfaces, so that the cyclic-oxidation anisotropy was more remarkable at 1100°C than at 950°C. The different spatial alignment of the / interface is thought to be responsible for the anisotropic oxidation behavior of the nickel-base single crystal alloy.     

High temperature oxidation of metals under time-dependent gas pressure

A theoretical study on the high-temperature oxidation of thick oxide films grown under a time-dependent gas partial pressure is reported. The diffusion across the film is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction, and Wagner's hypotheses were used as the starting point for our reasoning. A general formulation for the oxidation under no time constant gas pressure, in terms of a time-dependent answer function is given. The effect of an external electric field on the reaction rate is also reported when a constant current density,J, is applied to the oxide scale. If the oxide is a good electronic conductor atJ=0 andt , we found that the reaction rate assumes formally the well-known Wagner's expression of the rate constant but with a gas partial pressure at oxide/gas interface which is a time function. If the oxide is a good ionic or electronic conductor, the effect due to an external electric field,J 0, on the reaction rate is the same as predicted by the Wagner's theory.     

Fe-Y合金在800℃空气中的氧化行为

研究了Fe-5Y和Fe-10Y合金在800℃空气中的氧化行为。结果表明：二元Fe-Y合金氧化动力学曲线不规则,此温度下Fe-10Y合金的氧化速率高于Fe-5Y合金的氧化速率。Fe-5Y合金及Fe-10Y合金形成了相似的氧化膜结构,且它们都发生了内氧化现象。同时合金未形成单一的Y₂O₃层,这归结于Y在Fe中非常低的溶解度及合金中两相共存而阻碍了Y通过合金向外扩散。     

V/Nb对Ti-45Al-9(V, Nb, Y)合金抗氧化性能的影响

βγ-TiAl合金具有良好的高温变形能力,为TiAl合金的发展开辟了新的途径。成功制备了不同x=V/Nb(x=1,1.5,2,3.5)的βγ-TiAlTi-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金,研究了上述合金在800℃静止空气中的氧化行为。结果表明:当x=1时,Ti-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金中形成条带状、连续致密的Al2O3氧化层,显著提高了合金的抗氧化能力。随着x=V/Nb的增加,Al2O3氧化层厚度变薄,合金的抗氧化能力下降。     

Oxidation resistance of eight heat-resistant alloys at 870°, 980°, 1095°, and 1150°C

Oxidation testing of heat-resistant alloys is described. The testing procedure utilized weight-gain measurements using one specimen, which was withdrawn and weighed at intervals of 1 week, for 10–18 weeks. The specimen was placed in a porcelain cup during exposure and covered upon cooling to retain spalled oxide. Weight gain was used to determine the kinetics of oxidation and was extrapolated to 3000 hr. The specimen was withdrawn at the end of the exposure, weighed, cathodically descaled, and reweighed. The ratio of oxygen ions to metal ions was determined for each alloy and test temperature. This ratio approaches the stoichemetric ratio for Fe₃O₄ or Cr₂O₃. The ratio for each test is used to convert weight gain to weight loss. The amount of adherent oxide was determined as well as the total amount of oxide, leading to an expression for oxide adherency. The oxidation resistance of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys increased with increasing Cr and Ni, with Cr being the most critical element. Additions of Si, Al, or Ce were shown to extend the usefulness of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys.