考马斯亮蓝法测定野木瓜多糖中蛋白质的含量

采用考马斯亮蓝染色法对野木瓜多糖中蛋白质含量进行测定,在波长595 nm处测定吸光度,实验表明标准蛋白质在1.67μg/mL～16.67μg/mL之间呈现良好的线性关系,该法简便迅速,灵敏度高、重现性好,是测定野木瓜多糖中蛋白质含量的有效方法,并通过此法测得野木瓜多糖中蛋白质平均含量为12.17%.     

苯酚-硫酸法测定野木瓜中多糖含量的研究

采用苯酚-硫酸法对野木瓜中的多糖含量进行测定,在波长490nm处测定吸光度,实验表明标准葡萄糖在8～64μg之间呈良好的线性关系,该法简便易行,准确性高,重现性好。本文探讨了测定过程的影响因素,并通过此法测得野木瓜中多糖含量为12．02%。     

一种测定酸性多糖中糖醛酸和中性糖含量的改良方法

目的:建立一种操作简单、快速、准确地测定酸性多糖中糖醛酸和中性糖含量的方法。方法:通过制备葡萄糖醛酸和葡萄糖的标准曲线和相互干扰曲线,联立方程来计算糖醛酸和中性糖含量。结果:在测定糖含量时糖醛酸和中性糖相互干扰,而本方法可以消除干扰,得出糖醛酸和中性糖的真实含量。结论:该方法简便易行、结果准确、专属性强,是理想的糖醛酸和中性糖含量测定方法。     

陕北野生枸杞多糖的体外抗氧化活性

目的：测定陕北野生枸杞中总糖含量、糖醛酸含量以及体外抗氧化活性。方法：采用苯酚- 硫酸法,测定枸杞提取物的总糖含量;用硫酸- 咔唑法,测定枸杞多糖的糖醛酸含量;通过红外光谱技术初步分析枸杞多糖基团的构成;并以VC 为对照,比较枸杞多糖对二苯代苦味酰基(DPPH)自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基的 体外抗氧化活性及还原力。结果：陕北枸杞提取物中的总糖含量为58.31%,糖醛酸含量为32.17%。 当枸杞多糖的质量浓度为1mg/mL 时,对DPPH 自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基清除率分别为81.30%、50.33% 和60.57%,还原能力比VC 稍低。结论：陕北野生枸杞多糖有很强的抗氧化活性。     

高效阴离子色谱法测定当归果胶多糖中的糖醛酸含量

建立高效阴离子色谱-脉冲安培检测(HPAEC-PAD)当归果胶多糖中糖醛酸的定性、定量方法,并对测试样品的预处理方法进行研究。分别对多糖样品进行不同预处理,采用外标法测定糖醛酸含量。结果表明,多糖样品需经脱脂处理并结合弱酸水解和酶解才能获得准确、真实的结果;建立了半乳糖醛酸(GalA)和葡萄糖醛酸(GlcA)的线性回归方程,相关系数均为0.9990。经计算,HPAEC-PAD法测定当归多糖的GalA含量为53.62%,与比色法(58.27%)的相对误差为8.67%,并具有良好的重现性。采用HPAEC-PAD法对糖醛酸定性、定量,无需衍生化,且灵敏度高、重现性好,是快速测定糖醛酸含量的有效方法。     

不同干燥方法对淫羊藿多糖化学性质和抗氧化活性的影响

为研究不同干燥方法对淫羊藿多糖化学性质及抗氧化活性的影响,以粗毛淫羊藿为材料制备多糖。测定热风干燥多糖(EAP-H)、真空干燥多糖(EAP-V)和真空冷冻干燥多糖(EAP-F)的中性糖、糖醛酸和蛋白质含量,单糖组成及DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子的清除能力。结果表明:淫羊藿多糖为含有少量蛋白质的酸性多糖,不同干燥方法将会影响其单糖组成和糖醛酸含量;EAP-F糖醛酸含量最高并具有最强的DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子清除能力。因此,真空冷冻干燥是制备淫羊藿多糖的最佳干燥方法。     

多糖中糖醛酸含量测定方法的研究进展

综述多糖中糖醛酸含量测定的方法,以期为更准确的测定糖醛酸含量提供一定的参考。查阅近年国内外相关文献,对其含量测定的不同方法进行比较,并分析其各自的优缺点。常见方法有光谱法和色谱法。光谱法有吡唑-硫酸法、间羟基联苯法及3,5-二甲基苯酚法、色谱法有气相色谱法、分子体积排阻液相色谱法及阴离子液相色谱法。不同方法的测试条件及准确度各有差别。光谱法操作简单,但干扰因素多,测定结果偏离理论值较大,且测得的是总糖醛酸的含量;色谱法能够确地测定出不同种类的糖醛酸含量,其中高效阴离子液相色谱法不需要衍生化,是未来测定糖醛酸含量的主要方法。     

虎杖多糖乙醇分级纯化及其抗氧化性

本文采用热水浸提及不同浓度乙醇(30%、50%、70%、90%)分级沉淀制得4组虎杖多糖(PCP-30、PCP-50、PCP-70、PCP-90),分别测定其得率、总糖含量及糖醛酸含量,采用红外和紫外光谱比较其光谱学性质差异,利用DPPH自由基清除实验及还原力实验考察其抗氧化性差异,并考察总糖含量、糖醛酸含量与抗氧化活性的相关性。结果显示,不同组分间多糖得率及含量有较大差异,PCP-70总糖含量(557.03 mg/g)及糖醛酸含量(284.85 mg/g)最高,且在DPPH自由基清除实验及还原力实验中表现出最高的抗氧化性,4组虎杖多糖红外检测都具有多糖的典型基团,紫外图谱波形近似,相关性研究表明总糖含量、糖醛酸含量与上述抗氧化模型均有一定的线性关系,表现出较强的相关性。因此,70%乙醇更适宜沉淀制备虎杖多糖,且所得虎杖多糖抗氧化性强。     

热带雨林博罗霍果多糖的单糖组成分析

研究了博罗霍果多糖的不同提取条件和对其含量及单糖的组成进行测定。方法1的提取条件为样品经乙醇溶液除去单糖和寡糖,脱脂、水提醇沉法提取多糖,用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,酸水解后用HPLC-ELSD法测定多糖组成。方法2的提取条件为样品经冷冻干燥,乙醇溶液除去单糖和寡糖后,用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量,酸水解后用气相色谱衍生法测定多糖组成。方法1提取得多糖含量为6.2%,其单糖组成为半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖。方法2提取得多糖含量为11.2%,其单糖组成为半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖和葡萄糖,糖醛酸含量为0.24%。博罗霍多糖是以中性糖为主且含少量糖醛酸的杂多糖。     

枸杞及枸杞多糖研究（Ⅰ）

进行了营养成分、活性成分的测定。对枸杞多糖进行了提取、分离、纯化方面的研究,首次得到４种枸杞多糖。并进行了红外光谱、凝胶色谱、气相色谱、元素分析、氨基酸分析等方面的研究。测定了中性糖含量、糖醛酸含量。     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

Short communication: Eicosatrienoic acid and docosatrienoic acid do not promote vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures

Previous research found that docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was a component of fish oil that promotes trans-C18:1 accumulation in ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. The objective of this study was to determine if eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n-3) and docosatrienoic acid (C22:3n-3), n-3 fatty acids in fish oil, promote accumulation of trans-C18:1, vaccenic acid (VA) in particular, using cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Treatments consisted of control, control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 (ETA), control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 (DTA), control plus 15 mg of linoleic acid (LA), control plus 5 mg of C20:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (ETALA), and control plus 5 mg of C22:3n-3 and 15 mg of linoleic acid (DTALA). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125-mL flasks, and 5 mL of culture contents was taken at 0 and 24 h for fatty acid analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. After 24 h of incubation, the concentrations of trans-C18:1 (0.87, 0.88, and 0.99 mg/culture), and VA (0.52, 0.56, and 0.62 mg/culture) were similar for the control, ETA, and DTA cultures, respectively. The concentrations of trans-C18:1 (5.51, 5.41, and 5.36 mg/culture), and VA (4.78, 4.62, and 4.59 mg/culture) were also similar between LA, ETALA, and DTALA cultures, respectively. These data suggest that C20:3n-3 and C22:3n-3 are not the active components in fish oil that promote VA accumulation when incubated with linoleic acid.     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

气相色谱法同时快速测定食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸及脱氢乙酸

通过液液萃取净化样品研究,建立了食品中丙酸、山梨酸、苯甲酸、脱氢乙酸及其盐含量气相色谱同时快速测定方法,适用于固体非酯(脂)类食品的检测。结果表明:丙酸的回收率在85.1%~91.3%之间,其余3种防腐剂的回收率均在95.2%~99.4%之间;实验室内变异系数(CV,n=6)最大值≤4.7%,4种防腐剂检出限均在0.002 g/kg以下。4种目标物在有杂质干扰时,可用不同的极性毛细管柱做进一步的确认。本方法具有适用范围广、检测效率高、重现性好、准确度高、检出限低的特点,推广应用对我国食品安全的监督检验具有重要的意义。     

酸味酿造产品中三酸比例评析

酸味酿造产品中乳酸、醋酸、丁酸共存,但比例不同形成的酸味特征也不同。控制不同的环境条件,创造出不同的微生物区系,形成不同的三酸比例,才能形成不同的产品风格。该文对常见的酸味酿造产品中微生物区系的变化及三酸含量进行了分析。     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。     

Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 as Affected by Organic Acids

The influence of different acids on the aerobic growth kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in BHI broth with 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl incubated at 5 and 19°C. Growth curve data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation and a nonlinear regression program; generation and lag times were calculated from the Gompertz parameters. Type of acid, pH, NaCl level and temperature influenced lag and generation times. The organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric) inhibited growth at higher pH values than inorganic acids (HCl and H₂SO₄). The high NaCl level interacted with type of acid and pH to restrict growth of the organism at the lower temperature of incubation. Acetic and lactic acids were effective in controlling the growth of A. hydrophila and could readily be combined with low holding temperature to render foods free of the organism.     

杂多酸催化合成辛酸蔗糖酯

以蔗糖、辛酸为原料,杂多酸为催化剂合成辛酸蔗糖酯。用L16(45)正交设计优化实验,高效液相色谱法分析反应液组成。考察了催化剂种类和用量、反应温度、原料配比、反应时间等因素对辛酸蔗糖酯产率的影响,发现以二甲基亚砜为溶剂、蔗糖与辛酸摩尔比1∶9、磷钨酸用量为蔗糖质量的2.0%、110℃反应时间6h,蔗糖转化率达60%,产物产要是二酯。动力学研究发现,蔗糖反应级数为一级,反应表观速率常数为0.0059min-1(90℃)、0.0117min-1(110℃),反应表观活化能Ea=39.57kJ/mol。     

气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中的5种 不饱和脂肪酸

目的建立气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的含量。方法样品先采用氢氧化钾甲醇溶液进行皂化处理,再用三氟化硼甲醇溶液甲酯化,经HP-FFAP色谱柱(30m×0.53 mm,1.0μm)分离测定。结果 EPA甲酯、DHA甲酯、DPA甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、α-亚麻酸甲酯分别在0.03927~1.178、0.04200~1.260、0.03449~1.035、0.08368~1.255、0.08482~4.241 mg/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999;检出限分别为0.0039、0.0042、0.0034、0.0042、0.0042 mg/mL;加标回收率在91.1%~109.3%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5%。结论该方法操作简单快捷,适用于保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、EPA、DPA和DHA的测定。