锂硫电池三维石墨烯/硫复合正极材料的制备及其性能

以天然石墨粉为原料,采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯,再通过水热还原、熔融升华法制备得到三维石墨烯/硫二元复合正极材料。对三维石墨烯/硫复合正极材料进行微观形貌和电化学性能的表征,结果显示:石墨烯具有三维多孔网状结构,能有效增加活性物质硫的利用率,并且硫均匀地负载在三维石墨烯的孔道和表面,没有发生团聚现象;电化学性能结果显示:三维石墨烯/硫复合正极材料在C/8电流密度下首次充放电容量为800mAh/g,40周次循环后容量还保持在600mAh/g左右,表明三维石墨烯/硫复合正极材料具有优异的循环与倍率性能。     

三维结构石墨烯与硫的复合正极材料研究

在蔗糖辅助下以一步水热法制备了具有三维网络结构的石墨烯材料,以其作为与硫复合的载体实现了硫在石墨烯中的均匀分布,将此复合材料(3DGNS/S)应用于锂硫电池中表现出了优异的电化学性能:该材料在285mA/g下,首次放电比容量为1396mAh/g。2142mA/g下,首次放电比容量为713mAh/g,循环100周后,仍具有681mAh/g的放电比容量,平均每周的容量衰减率为0.04%,表现出优秀的循环性能。     

不同合成方法制备硫/碳复合正极材料及表征

以活性炭和升华硫为原料,采用熔融法、气相法和真空浸渍法制备硫/碳复合正极材料,通过碳硫分析、粒度测试、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、BET及孔径分布来表征材料的结构,并用恒流充放电测试考察了所得材料的电化学性能。结果表明,气相负载法制备的复合材料具有更好的电化学性能,在15mA/g电流密度下首次放电比容量为768mAh/g,不同电流密度循环24次后容量仍有405mAh/g。     

液相制备石墨烯/硫复合材料及其在锂硫电池正极中的应用

采用氧化石墨烯(grapheneoxide,GO)作为制备石墨烯的前驱体,通过液相还原自组装过程与硫纳米颗粒进行复合,获得了高性能的还原氧化石墨烯/硫(r GO/S)复合正极材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)等对材料微观形貌与结构进行表征。结果表明:硫纳米颗粒均匀分布在石墨烯片层间,并且硫纳米颗粒被石墨烯片层有效地封装,硫在35-r GO/S复合物中的质量分数高达83.6%。该35-r GO/S复合正极在0.2C电流密度下初始放电容量可达1197.3mAh·g^-1,经过200次循环后容量仍保持在730mAh·g^-1左右,表现出优异的循环性能。     

ZnO纳米材料在锂硫电池正极中的应用

通过简单的水热法以及随后的碳化制备出ZnO纳米材料,然后采用熔融吸附法将S渗入到ZnO纳米材料中制备出S/ZnO复合正极材料。用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪来表征材料的结构和形貌,结果表明,ZnO基体由30~60nm的小颗粒聚集在一起组成微米级的薄片构成。电化学性能测试表明,在电流密度为335mA/g时,复合材料的首次放电比容量为1190mAh/g;在电流密度为500mA/g时,复合材料经过100次循环后放电比容量为516mAh/g,库伦效率为96%。     

豆渣活性炭孔结构对锂硫电池性能的影响

以固体废弃物豆渣为原料,采用化学活化法制备了不同孔结构的活性炭,并以活化后的碳材料负载硫作为锂硫电池的正极材料。采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、热重和比表面分析仪对复合材料进行结构、形貌和孔径分析,通过充放电性能测试对锂硫电池进行电化学性能分析。电化学测试结果表明,DZC/S-5复合材料在0.1C电流密度下首次放电比容量可达1 238.9mA/h,经过100次循环后,比容量保持了871.3mAh/g,平均每循环仅衰减了0.29%,库伦效率约95%,表现了最佳的电化学性能。     

蜂窝状三维碳材料的制备及其在锂硫电池中的应用研究

采用高温热解将Hummers法制备的氧化石墨(GO)还原并与多孔碳(DK)复合制得石墨烯-多孔碳(RE-RGO-DK),再利用化学法制得石墨烯-多孔碳/硫(RE-RGO-DK/S)正极复合材料。结果表明,该复合材料为蜂窝状形貌和笼状结构的无定形碳,表面被石墨烯覆盖。电化学性能测试结果显示,RE-RGO-DK/S首次放电比容量为1132mAh/g,50次充放电循环后比容量仍能保持640mAh/g,表现出良好的循环性能。     

逐步炭化法制备锂-硫电池正极碳/硫复合材料的研究

提出一种逐步炭化法,以稀硫酸、蔗糖和单质硫为原料,制备碳/硫复合正极材料。扫描电镜、透射电镜结果显示:复合材料为粒度分布均匀的核壳结构球体,直径约为3μm;单质硫均匀填充在球体内部。此种结构有利于提高其电化学性能。在0.1C倍率下碳/硫复合正极材料首次放电比容量为1065mAh/g,60次循环之后,放电比容量趋于稳定,150次循环后的比容量仍可达到510mAh/g,库仑效率始终保持在90%以上。表明逐步炭化法可以制备适宜的锂硫电池正极材料。     

铁基普鲁士蓝正极材料的制备及储钠性能的研究

用简单的共沉淀法合成铁基普鲁士蓝正极材料,并研究合成温度对材料微观形貌和储钠性能的影响。研究结果显示,随着合成温度的提高,产物颗粒尺寸变大,钠含量增加。FeHCF-40℃电极材料,在30 mA/g电流密度下,首次放电比容量为132.3 mAh/g,循环100次后,放电比容量仍有102.4 mAh/g,容量保持率为77.4%;且当电流密度增大到1 500 mA/g时,仍可实现80.3 mAh/g的比容量,显示出优异的倍率性能和循环性能。     

无粘结剂三维石墨烯-硫正极的电化学性能研究

为提高电极中硫的负载量,采用水热法和热处理法制备了锂硫电池用无粘结剂三维石墨烯-硫正极材料,用比表面积测试仪、电子扫描电镜、电化学工作站以及电池测试系统对电极的比表面积、微观表面形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:所制备的无粘结剂三维石墨烯-硫电极的最高放电比容量为517.3 mAh/g,50次循环后,放电比容量仍能保持在448.9 mAh/g,表现出较高的比容量和良好的循环性能.     

聚苯胺包覆蛋白石页岩/硫复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

以蛋白石页岩为载硫体, 通过化学沉积法制备蛋白石页岩/硫复合材料, 再利用化学氧化聚合法在其表面包覆一层聚苯胺, 制备出一种新型的蛋白石页岩/硫-聚苯胺复合材料, 作为锂硫电池的正极材料。SEM、TEM和BET等测试结果表明蛋白石页岩呈层状多孔结构, 小尺寸硫在材料内分布均匀,聚苯胺包覆的厚度约为400 nm。电化学性能测试表明, 蛋白石页岩/硫-聚苯胺正极活化后放电比容量最高达到1164.93 mAh/g, 在0.5C (1.0C=1675 mA/g)倍率下, 循环300次后放电比容量为539.30 mAh/g, 库伦效率始终保持在95%以上, 说明蛋白石页岩具有良好的吸附性, 同时导电聚苯胺包覆层具有双效固硫的作用, 有利于吸附多硫化物和抑制穿梭效应。     

Three-dimensional graphene membrane cathode for high energy density rechargeable lithium-air batteries in ambient conditions

Lithium-air batteries have attracted significant interest for applications in high energy density mobile power supplies,yet there are considerable challenges to the development of rechargeable Li-air batteries with stable cycling performance under ambient conditions.Here we report a three-dimensional (3D) hydrophobic graphene membrane as a moisture-resistive cathode for high performance Li-air batteries.The 3D graphene membrane features a highly interconnected graphene network for efficient charge transport,a highly porous structure for efficient diffusion of oxygen and electrolyte ions,a large specific surface area for high capacity storage of the insulating discharge product,and a network of highly tortuous hydrophobic channels for O2/H2O selectivity.These channels facilitate O2 ingression while retarding moisture diffusion and ensure excellent charge/discharge cycling stability under ambient conditions.The membrane can thus enable robust Li-air batteries with exceptional performance,including a maximum cathode capacity that exceeds 5,700 mAh/g and excellent recharge cycling behavior (＞2,000 cycles at 140 mAh/g,and ＞100 cycles at 1,400 mAh/g).The graphene membrane air cathode can deliver a lifetime capacity of 100,000-300,000 mAh/g,comparable to that of a typical lithium ion battery cathode.The stable operation of Li-air batteries with significantly improved single charge capacities and lifetime capacities comparable to those of Li-ion batteries may offer an attractive high energy density storage alternative for future mobile power supplies.These batteries may provide much longer battery lives and greatly reduced recharge frequency.     

Plasma Treatment for Nitrogen‐Doped 3D Graphene Framework by a Conductive Matrix with Sulfur for High‐Performance Li–S Batteries

Carbon materials have received considerable attention as host cathode materials for sulfur in lithium–sulfur batteries; N‐doped carbon materials show particularly high electrocatalytic activity. Efforts are made to synthesize N‐doped carbon materials by introducing nitrogen‐rich sources followed by sintering or hydrothermal processes. In the present work, an in situ hollow cathode discharge plasma treatment method is used to prepare 3D porous frameworks based on N‐doped graphene as a potential conductive matrix material. The resulting N‐doped graphene is used to prepare a 3D porous framework with a S content of 90 wt% as a cathode in lithium–sulfur cells, which delivers a specific discharge capacity of 1186 mAh g^?1 at 0.1 C, a coulombic efficiency of 96% after 200 cycles, and a capacity retention of 578 mAh g^?1 at 1.0 C after 1000 cycles. The performance is attributed to the flexible 3D structure and clustering of pyridinic N‐dopants in graphene. The N‐doped graphene shows high electrochemical performance and the flexible 3D porous stable structure accommodates the considerable volume change of the active material during lithium insertion and extraction processes, improving the long‐term electrochemical performance.     

Dual‐Function,Tunable, Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon for High‐Performance Li Metal–Sulfur Full Cell

Lithium metal–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are attracting broad interest because of their high capacity. However, the batteries experience the polysulfide shuttle effect in cathode and dendrite growth in the Li metal anode. Herein, a bifunctional and tunable mesoporous carbon sphere (MCS) that simultaneously boosts the performance of the sulfur cathode and the Li anode is designed. The MCS homogenizes the flux of Li ions and inhibits the growth of Li dendrites due to its honeycomb structure with high surface area and abundance of nitrogen sites. The Li@MCS cell exhibits a small overpotential of 29 mV and long cycling performance of 350 h under the current density of 1 mA cm^‐2. Upon covering one layer of amorphous carbon on the MCS (CMCS), an individual carbon cage is able to encapsulate sulfur inside and reduce the polysulfide shuttle, which improves the cycling stability of the Li–S battery. As a result, the S@CMCS has a maximum capacity of 411 mAh g^‐1 for 200 cycles at a current density of 3350 mA g^‐1. Based on the excellent performance, the full Li–S cell assembled with Li@MCS anode and S@CMCS cathode shows much higher capacity than a cell assembled with Li@Cu anode and S@CMCS cathode.     

椰壳活性炭孔结构对Li-S电池性能的影响

以椰壳为原料,采用化学活化法制备不同比表面积和孔结构的活性炭,通过改变制备工艺参数来调节活性炭的比表面积和孔结构。将活性炭负载60%(质量分数)硫后,作为锂硫电池的正极材料,研究活性炭孔结构对锂硫电池性能的影响。结果表明:随着活性炭比表面积的增加,中孔比例增加,锂硫电池比容量逐步提高。其中,当活化剂与炭化料的质量比为4时,活性炭的比表面积达到2900m2/g,中孔率达到15.36%。在电流密度为200mA/g时,首次放电比容量高达1294.5mAh/g,循环100次后的可逆比容量仍然高达809.3mAh/g。     

ZIF-67衍生Co-NC多孔碳材料的可控制备及其在锂-硫二次电池中的应用研究

以ZIF-67为模板制备了一系列具有不同金属Co负载量的S/Co-NC复合材料, 并将其应用于锂-硫电池正极中进行电化学性能研究。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对Co-NC材料的多面体形貌及多孔结构进行表征; 采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析了Co-NC中金属Co的结晶状态; 采用氮气吸脱附方法分析了Co-NC材料的比表面积及孔结构。研究表明, 当刻蚀时间为48 h, 即Co含量为15.93wt%时, 复合硫正极呈现出最佳的循环性能以及倍率性能, 在0.2C电流密度下从第50圈到200圈循环的容量保持率为94.84%, 5.0C高倍率下的放电比容量为718.8 mAh?g ^-1。     

Graphene-wrapped sulfur particles as a rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery cathode material with high capacity and cycling stability

We report the synthesis of a graphene-sulfur composite material by wrapping poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coated submicrometer sulfur particles with mildly oxidized graphene oxide sheets decorated by carbon black nanoparticles. The PEG and graphene coating layers are important to accommodating volume expansion of the coated sulfur particles during discharge, trapping soluble polysulfide intermediates, and rendering the sulfur particles electrically conducting. The resulting graphene-sulfur composite showed high and stable specific capacities up to ～600 mAh/g over more than 100 cycles, representing a promising cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries with high energy density.     

自支撑氮掺杂石墨烯纸柔性电极的制备及其储锂性能的研究

以氧化石墨烯(GO)为原料,尿素为氮掺杂剂,采用固/气界面水热反应的方式,即在反应釜内将GO抽滤得到的氧化石墨烯纸(GOP)与尿素分解产生的氨蒸气相互作用,成功制备出自支撑氮掺杂石墨烯纸(NGP)。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(RS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电化学测试对样品进行形貌结构及电化学性能的表征。测试结果表明:水热条件下尿素能有效地实现氧化石墨烯纸的氮掺杂,氮掺杂量为7.89%;氮掺杂石墨烯纸在100mA/g和500mA/g的电流密度下,充放电循环100周之后,放电比容量可分别保持在288mAh/g和190mAh/g。采用改进的固/气界面水热反应法制备的氮掺杂石墨烯纸较未掺杂石墨烯纸可逆比容量提高了近2.5倍,具有良好的循环稳定性,可为制备高性能的柔性锂离子电池负极材料提供新方法。     

聚苯胺/硫复合材料作锂二次电池正极的研究

采用在化学氧化聚合苯胺的反应介质中分散单质硫的方法制备了聚苯胺/硫复合材料,借助扫描电镜对样品的微观形貌进行表征,表明苯胺的聚合倾向于在单质硫颗粒表面进行,形成聚苯胺包覆良好的硫复合材料.通过恒电流充放电、循环伏安、电化学交流阻抗等电化学测试研究了聚苯胺原位包覆对硫电极电化学性能的影响.结果得出,聚苯胺对硫的包覆能显著地改善硫电极的电化学性能,当充放电电流密度为0.2 mA/cm2时,初始放电比容量高达1134.01 mAh/g,循环30次后放电比容量仍可达526.89 mAh/g.电化学交流阻抗谱研究表明,聚苯胺的包覆有助于锂硫电池交流阻抗的降低.