面向大数据的绿色IT框架能效分类机制

与分散处理相比较,大数据中心集中处理信息通信任务,在能效上已有巨大的提高。但大数据中心包括数以千万记的服务器,其能源消耗量甚至可以超过一座小型城镇。巨大的能源消耗、成吨的温室气体排放,使大数据中心在能效与减排方面面临诸多挑战,建立绿色高效的大数据中心势在必行。本文给出一个面向大数据的绿色IT框架,重点研究了能效分类问题,提出了一个基于度量模型的能效分类机制。根据工作量和能源消耗情况对设备和服务进行分类,无缝地划分为不同的资源池,将电力使用效率、数据中心工作效率和二氧化碳排放等综合计算衡量,制定可以实现并遵循的能效标准,使绘制大数据中心的碳足迹成为可能,并提供服务能效评估方案。     

Application and Development of Pyrolysis Technology in Low-Carbon Economy

The efficient, clean and low carbon utilization is the leading direction of research and development of coal utilization technology. In China, the low rank coal, represented by lignite and subbituminous coal, is dominating in coal resources, accounting for more than 55%. Low rank coal is characterized with lower coalification degree, higher volatile matter and moisture content, which lead to low efficiency in direct combustion and gasification process. Therefore, a staged conversion technology based on coal pyrolysis, and the pyrolysis technology with the features of mild conditions, simple process, wider applicability of coal, higher energy efficiency, lower water consumption, especially pyrolysis bridged hybrid power generation technology is proposed as a promising trend in research field. The process takes full advantage of coal composition characteristic to extract gas, liquid fuel, chemicals, and combined hybrid power generation. This technology can realize the improvements in energy efficiency, coal-fired efficiency, power generation efficiency, and the reduction of coal consumption, by upgrading processing, clean coal-fired of industrial boilers, integrating highly efficient steam–gas turbine combined cycle power generation technology. It aims to enhance coal comprehensive utilization efficiency, decrease pollutant and CO₂ emission, and in the end promote the development of science and technology of high efficient low-carbon utilization of low rank coal.     

Discussion on GHG Emission Reduction in the Steel Industry

Based on the analysis of carbon emission sources in steel manufacturing process, the status quo and the characteristics of GHG emission in the steel industry are analyzed. It is concluded that CO_{2 is the major greenhouse gas that contributes to greenhouse effect and it is mainly caused by energy consumption. As there are many CO2 emission calculation methods for the steel industry or plants, involving aspects such as direct emission, indirect emission, and credits, it should be noted that it makes little sense to compare CO2 emission indexes from different sources. Based on the estimation of direct CO2 emissions in the steel industry in China from 1991 to 2008, it is indicated that the specific direct CO2 emission per ton steel is de-creased from 3.29t in 1991 to 1.92t in 2008, which shows that energy-saving and emission reduction in the Chinese steel industry has made significant progress. Besides, this paper introduces international develop-ments in low carbon technologies, such as ULCOS, COURSE 50, etc.. Meanwhile, the low-carbon technolo-gies, mainly the secondary energy utilization technologies, and CO2 emission reduction potential during the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” in China are analyzed. This paper predicts that, compared with the specific CO2 emission per ton steel in 2005, the figure in 2015 will be reduced by 104.01kg. Finally, GHG emission re-duction measures and roadmap in Chinese steel industry are put forward, and some policies are suggested.}     

Present Situation, Problems and Countermeasures of New Energy Vehicles

The development of new energy vehicle is the key to the low carbon transportation system and is very important to tackle climate problems. Nowadays, with the policy support, new energy vehicle has begun to go into the application period from the laboratory . The number of new energy vehicle is expanding. But because of the imperfectness on policy and standard and the immaturity of technology, the in-use new energy vehicles are facing big challenges. This paper first analyzes the scope and characteristics of new energy vehicles; then based on the survey of new energy bus and taxi, this paper identifies the main problems in new energy vehicle operation and management from the aspects of economic, standard, policy, planning, etc. Finally, the paper proposes some coun-termeasures and suggestions for the future development of new energy vehicle in China.     

Study on Low-Carbon Development Approaches in China

The change of global climate is closely linked to all the countries in the world. A low-carbon development model based on high energy efficiency, low power consumption and low emissions is the best choice for China to address climate change and to achieve a virtuous cycle of economic and environmental development. Under the guidance of a series of policies, some achievements in low-carbon development has been made in China. In this article, a brief introduction is given about the background, concept and necessity of low-carbon development, and then seven approaches used to achieve the goal of low-carbon development are proposed in detail, including low-carbon energy, low carbon layout, low-carbon industries, low carbon buildings, low carbon transport, low-carbon agriculture and low-carbon consumption. The positive roles of technological development and institu-tional innovation in low-carbon development are also described with examples.     

长江三峡库区突发性溢油事故环境风险及对策研究

本研究从溢油敏感资源、油品种类、装卸码头、油品吞吐量及其变化趋势、船舶流量与船舶类型、三峡工程蓄水等影响因素出发,分析了长江三峡库区突发性溢油事故环境风险.采用计算机数值模拟的方法,本研究对三峡库区长寿段溢油事故情景进行了模拟预测,分析了不采取围控措施和采取围控措施的不同效果.结合突发性溢油事故环境风险分析和事故情景预...     

Engineering Construction of Military Supply Chain on the Basis of Informatization Warfare

The modern warfare is more dependent on the war energy. It is not only focus on the use of high-tech, including information technology and other tools, to increase the efficiency in the use of war energy in the battlefield, but also work on the conversion efficiency and quality from the economy energy to the war energy. In this regard, we shall pay particular attention to military acquisition which is acting as a bridge in the process of transition from economy energy to war energy. The acquisition department will be in close contact with other functionalities, e.g.: logistics, technology support and other services departments to display the supporting function of the military supply chain in future battlefield. The modern information warfare is becoming to be more and more stereoscopic with a high speed pattern which is in depth and excluding the line operation. It is driving the war movement into a multi-dimensional area. The original line-operation model, i.e. working on the front line, did not exist any more. The joint service on war is much more preferred. The recent practice showed that the logistics support is expected to play a very special role in the future war. No matter how advanced the weaponry will come to be, as long as there is no immediate, sufficient and precise support from logistics side, the tactical arrangements/operations as well as the combat effectiveness cannot be commenced smoothly. The information technology as a philosophy, which is influencing and infiltrating the various fields of this era, is maturing itself in a dynamic development. In the field of logistics support, the application of information technology is an enhanced technology to develop the resource space, improve the efficiency of allocation and to ensure an effective materials transportation and resource usage. The main focus and further development of information technology is aiming at achieving the optimal efficiency in military economy by constructively settling the complicated relationship between the military supply chain and external environment which are connected to the other in a systematic way to maintain a smooth and well-ordered operation of supply-chain system. To start with the supply chain construction, firstly we shall be clear that the logistics acquisition is playing a crucial role in the military supply chain. Secondly we shall set up an effective operating mechanism for the cooperation between market and military. At the same time, we shall put our efforts in strengthening the organizational functions of the supply chain and its supporting capabili-ties, and demonstrating the forces constitute, work distribution, command system and operational models in the logistics support. As a consequence, everybody will have the same clear understanding on the requirement of the supply chain construction which will be adaptable to the needs of future battlefield.     

我国城市交通管理工程技术应用的若干思考

通过梳理国外城市交通管理工程技术的发展历程,探讨了国外在交通基础设施完善、智能交通技术发展和交通工程咨询发展上值得借鉴的经验,对比我国的应用现状,分析了我国交通管理工程技术粗放式应用、管控系统功能整合不够、智能交通发展缺少应用基础等问题,反思了在发展规划、资源利用、系统功能、技术支撑、咨询行业等五个方面问题存在的根源,提出ITS技术的发展必须建立在交通管理工程技术得到充分应用基础上。在借鉴国外实践经验的基础上,结合我国城市交通发展现状和实际需求,在交通管理工程技术走向、ITS技术发展、交通管控科技手段、工程技术咨询行业、技术创新联盟等五个方面提出了发展思路和建议,以期对我国今后的城市交通政策调整、交通管理工程技术发展、智能交通系统建设起到一定的积极作用。     

Population Urbanization and Carbon Emission Control: the Construction of an Analysis Framework

Population urbanization is closely related to carbon emission control, but the relationship between them is uncertain. Population urbanization makes carbon emit more greatly, which is the main cause of carbon emission increase. Therefore, population urbanization can also be the “key” to control carbon emission effectively. This article constructs the analysis framework of carbon emission control mechanism in the aspect of population urbanization, and identifies it preliminarily: the development of population urbanization will increase the number and scale of cities; the spatial distribution, the life and the production activities of the urbanized population con-stitute the three city depa rtments-life, traffic and production, which are also the three sources of carbon emission. It is the increase of number and scale of cities, different flow of migration to cities and the changes of the spatial distribution, the life and the production activities of the urbanized population that leads to different carbon emis-sion. This is not only the carbon emission mechanism of population urbanization, but also the clue to the scientific way to promote the low carbon of population urbanization.     

Low Carbon Life: Revolution of Living Style

Low carbon development is the key approach for the international community to address the global climate change. To practice low carbon life can effectively help achieve the long-term goals to address climate change. As a new style of living, low carbon life could be a revolution for human being’s living style. This revolution includes many aspects: values of low carbon, consumption concept of low carbon, cultural view of low carbon, etc. However, there are still three main barriers in practicing low carbon life: the lack of relevant policies, the recognition derivation of low carbon, and the shortage of relevant materials. Thus, in order to practice the low carbon life, the constructions of ‘hard’ environment and ‘soft’ culture should be strengthened: we should intensify the construction of low carbon policy and legal system, increase the publicity of low carbon life concept, accelerate the development of low carbon technology and low carbon economy etc.     

Construction Projects of River Crossings and Bay Bridges in China: Achievement,Innovation and Management Practice

Bridges are built to stride over natural obstacles. They are “Key Links” in roadway network. In recent 30 years, with the reform and opening policy, many huge projects of National Expressway Network and river crossings and bay bridges have been built in mainland China, which remark great historic significance and strategic decisions. More than one hundred bridges connecting north and south of China along the Yangtze River, are making the economy and society more integrated than ever. The construction of river crossings and bay bridges is a system integration of both engineering and non-engineering achievements. Through the self-construction practices and along with the "inheritance, development and innovation", Chinese bridge engineering technology has been stepped into the world's advanced levels. Moreover, with the support of the nation's technical strength and application of modern project management method, continues efforts have been made to seek for systematic and integrated management practices, which is more fitted with the specific Chinese conditions. Many valuable experience and lessons has accumulated through the world's largest-scale bridge construction projects. In this paper, the construction achievements of long-span bridges in the Yangtze River Delta Zone have been summarized and reviewed, using methodology of engineering philosophy.     

法国不断变革的交通运输管理体制及启示

结合政治体制改革、社会经济发展、交通运输政策法律等背景,回顾从1870年法国运输部成立至今140余年内法国交通运输管理体制的演变历程:第一阶段(1870年-20世纪40年代),侧重公路与铁路建设与管理;第二阶段(20世纪40-70年代),加快建设公路网,公路交通发展迅速;第三阶段(20世纪70-90年代),大力发展公共交通,环保理念深入人心;第四阶段(20世纪90年代-21世纪初),施行铁路改革,发展一体化运输;第五阶段(2007年至今),高度重视交通运输与生态、能源、可持续发展的和谐统一.阐述各阶段法国交通运输管理的侧重点,重点介绍了其现行行政管理架构;总结了其管理体制演变的特点,即采用大部制的形式且不断变革,趋向综合、宏观协调管理.提出对我国交通运输大部制管理与改革的思考与启示.     

德国交通管理体制变迁及特点

从德国交通管理体制变迁及其现状、特点的角度系统研究了其交通运输的发展问题.结合德国关键的历史时间节点,回顾了自德意志帝国至现今的德意志联邦共和国期间,其交通管理体制的变迁历程;重点分析了德国现行交通管理体制的运作情况,在对德国联邦层级和地方层级的交通运输管理机构进行简要阐述的基础上,着重论述了德国联邦层级的交通运输管理机构——联邦交通、建设与城市发展部的组织形式和主要职责等;总结了德国交通管理体制的成效;并结合我国国情,探讨了德国交通管理体制对我国的启示,力求在新的交通运输大部制的背景下,对我国综合交通运输的发展提供借鉴.     

The Development and Utilization of Energy Resources and the Issue of Low-Carbon

The development and utilization of fossil energy including coal, oil, natural gas etc is closely related to global environmental change. The key to the solvency of the global environmental pollution and climate change is developing low-carbon and renewable energy. In this paper, we analyze in depth the relationship between the energy development and utilization and of energy resources the issue of low-carbon. This article first summarizes the history of the development of the energy revolution, described the impact of energy development on world civilization and human development; then, the article provides a detailed analysis of the progress in energy development and utilization, and the environmental problems caused by the process of development and utilization, such as air and water pollution; finally, some important measures for the development and utilization of energy resources are listed and the trend in energy development is discussed. This article puts forward 4 suggestions for China's energy development: (a) Improve energy efficiency by insisting on utilizing high-carbon energy with the model of low-carbon utilization; (b) Promote the use of low-carbon energy, and exert great efforts to develop unconventional oil and gas; (c) Strengthen international cooperation to develop overseas oil and gas market. (d) Make great efforts to develop new types of low-carbon energy and renewable energy. The development of low-carbon energy in China has great significance. The adjustment of energy structure and the development of low-carbon economy are the fundamental strategy of sustainable development of China’ s energy economy.     

俄罗斯交通管理体制变迁与启示

系统梳理了俄罗斯交通运输管理体制的变迁历程、基本特点和经验启示.并结合俄罗斯比较特殊的经济政治体制变革的历史性推进过程,分阶段分析了从苏联时期到俄罗斯联邦时期国家交通运输发展的经济社会背景,描绘了在此背景下交通运输管理体制变迁的具体历程;重点分析了由分散到综合的交通运输管理体制变革过程、当前管理体制的主要行政架构、各主要管理部门的组织形式和基本职责,以及现行管理体制的特点;结合我国国情,提炼总结了俄罗斯交通运输管理体制变迁的经验和启示,以期为我国大部制改革的加速推进提供一些有价值的借鉴和参考.     

钢铁工业废气及PM_（2.5）排放特性与污染控制对策

钢铁行业在新的发展时期须从战略发展的高度制定行业废气污染控制的对策和技术路线。本文收集国际先进钢企主要废气污染物排放因子,对比分析中国钢企的排放水平,并按照国家新颁布的环境空气质量标准和行业污染物排放标准要求,进行行业全工序各主要污染物大气等标污染负荷分析,系统判别主要污染工序和重点污染物,明确主要控制方向;通过国内外文献资料的综合分析,重点介绍主要生产工序的颗粒物及细颗粒排放特性。针对国家当前节能减排要求和行业废气污染控制存在的问题,提出行业废气污染控制应从行业发展的多种需求整体出发,综合考虑行业布局调整、加快技术升级、注重前端和过程控制及末端治理强化多污染物协同控制的技术路线,最大限度地减轻行业的废气污染,并就深化行业废气污染控制提出相关建议。     

低碳城市交通模式与发展策略

低碳交通建设是应对全球能源危机和气候变化的重要内容.目前,我国的低碳城市交通建设刚刚起步,加上城市交通问题本身的复杂性,低碳发展的模式尚不十分清晰.本文首先给出了低碳城市交通的定义、内涵和特性,分析了我国低碳城市交通的发展现状和主要影响因素,最后提出了相应的发展策略和具体的实施措施.     

Capacity Investigation of Local Governments and Policy Suggestions for Capacity Building to Control Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Controlling greenhouse gas emissions is of great significance for speeding up the transformation of economic development pattern, promoting sustainable economic and social development, advancing new industrial revolution. This paper chooses three typical regions at different development stages and with different carbon emission characteristics, namely Dongcheng District in Beijing on behalf of the developed metropolitan central city, Jiyuan City in Henan province on behalf of heavy industry city and Guangyuan City in Sichuan Province on behalf of the less developed cities. The study surveyed the status quo of the three city governments’ capacity building in controlling GHGs emissions. The survey finds that the common point of the three cities is their execu-tive power following “top-level design” to achieve energy-saving targets, while the difference lies in different in-dustrial stage and resource endowments. Based on these survey results, the paper suggests that the governments should enhance capacity building from four aspects including institution and policy, statistical system, performance appraisal and emission reduction measures to control GHGs emission.     

新一代智能交通系统的技术特点和发展建议

智能交通系统(即ITS)是现代交通技术的前沿之一,在国内外已有大量应用。随着新一代信息技术的发展和出行者需求的变化,ITS领域出现了与以往不同的、特色鲜明的技术方向和服务应用。本文首先对近期国内外ITS技术发展的最新动态和应用案例进行了分析,特别强调了新一代信息技术带来的技术跨越和关注领域的变化,提出新一代智能交通系统已初步形成。然后对新一代智能交通系统的技术特征进行了分析:各交通参与单元之间的互联、车辆对周边复杂环境的识别、新型的交通信息采集和服务、交通大数据、自动驾驶等。最后就新一代智能交通系统发展提出了建议:加快市场化,建立智能交通系统标准化的新模式,加强前沿技术开发等。     

农业转基因技术政策的矩阵评价模式

There is a heated debate concerning the agricultural transgenic technology and its applications. The debate mainly focuses on the public's concern for the safety of transgenic crops. To relieve the tension between the public and scientists and government, what should be done is not to limit the development of transgenic technology, but to adopt an effective management model, in which policies should be made to ensure bio-safety in its application. This paper uses matrix methods to fully express the interests of all parties. This assessment model can be of some help in the applications of the agricultural transgenic technology as well as risk control management.