E2F1对XRCC1启动子调节作用的研究

目的：探讨E2F1对XRCC1启动子的调节作用及其意义。方法：PCR扩增XRCC1启动子序列克隆至pGL3-Basic荧光报告载体上，与E2F1或突变的E2F1（132E）表达载体分别同时转染SaO2细胞；从基因Bank中调取XRCC1启动子序列和E2F结合位点序列分析其相关性；设计引物逐渐从5′端删除与E2F结合位点相关的序列，将PCR产物分别克隆至pGL3-Basic荧光报告载体上，转染至SaO2细胞。细胞裂解后与β-gal反应液一同保温，570nm处读取吸光度值。结果：XRCC1与E2F1共转染后，可以诱导XRCC1荧光强度的增加；XRCC1启动子序列5′端-819～-803与E2F结合住点相关，删除5′端序列使荧光强度减少。结论：E2F1作用于XRCC1启动子序列，上调XRCC1转录。     

不同截短型癌基因AEG-1启动子活性分析

目的:分析不同截短型癌基因AEG-1启动子活性,证实与E6/E7表达相关的转录调控因子对AEG-1启动子活性的影响。方法:以宫颈癌HeLa细胞基因组DNA为模版,扩增AEG-1启动子全长序列（-2710/-491）,并应用本实验室改造的启动子活性研究专用绿色荧光蛋白报告载体构建pGL3-basic-EGFP/AEG-1质粒,通过转染HeLa细胞及血管内皮细胞ECV304检测启动子活性。同时,根据AEG-1启动子序列上与E6/E7作用相关的转录调控因子结合位点位置,设计不同截短型AEG-1启动子序列引物,应用pGL3-basic-EGFP载体构建不同截短型AEG-1启动子载体,并分别转染细胞检测启动子活性。结果:AEG-1启动子全长序列pGL3-basic-EGFP/AEG-1载体转染HeLa细胞可见明显绿色荧光蛋白表达,而在血管内皮细胞ECV304中表达为痕量。包含不同转录调控因子C-Myc、SP1、NF-κB、E2F结合位点的不同截短型AEG-1启动子载体在肿瘤细胞中有活性但存在差异。结论:AEG-1启动子为肿瘤特异性启动子,含有与E6/E7表达相关的转录调控因子NF-κB、E2F结合位点的启动子序列为影响AEG-1基因启动子活性的关键区域。     

E2F1对 TFDP3 表达的调控及其对前列腺癌PC3细胞凋亡的影响

目的：构建含TFDP3基因启动子和荧光素酶报告基因的重组载体pGL3-TFDP3-promoter,观察E2F1对TFDP3转录及表达的调控作用以及TFDP3对E2F1诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的影响。方法：以人前列腺癌PC3细胞系基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增TFDP3启动子序列并克隆入荧光素酶报告基因载体,与E2F1表达载体pCMV-E2F1-HA瞬时单独或共同转染PC3细胞,测定荧光素酶活性以观察E2F1对TFDP3启动子的调控作用,Western blotting检测pCMV-E2F1-HA转染对PC3细胞内TFDP3表达的影响,流式细胞术检测TFDP3与E2F1相互作用对前列腺癌细胞凋亡的影响。结果：成功构建TFDP3基因启动子重组质粒pGL3-TFDP3-promoter,与E2F1表达载体pCMV-E2F1-HA共转染PC3细胞后,TFDP3启动子诱导的荧光素酶活性较单独转染pGL3-TFDP3-promoter显著升高[（1.14±0.06）vs（0.61±0.05）, P<0.05]。转染pCMV-E2F1-HA的PC3细胞的TFDP3蛋白表达是未转染细胞的2.7倍[（0.24±0.03）vs（0.09±0.02）, P<0.05]。pCMV-E2F1-HA转染后PC3细胞凋亡率较未转染组显著上升[（7.10±0.003）% vs（2.66±0.001)%,P<0.05],而pCMV-E2F1-HA与pcDNA3.1-TFDP3共转染后细胞凋亡率较pCMV-E2F1-HA组显著下降[（4.92±0.002）% vs（7.10±0.003）%,P<0.05]。结论：E2F1可增强TFDP3启动子的活性,增加TFDP3蛋白的表达,其可能通过此机制抑制E2F1诱导的前列腺癌细胞凋亡。     

MTS1基因β启动子E2F1结合位点序列突变重组质粒的构建与表达

目的：深入研究MTS1基因β启动子的转录激活与E2F1转录因子的相互作用关系，阐明该转录水平的调控机制。方法：用PCR定点突变方法或酶切连接法，构建β启动子0.38kb SacⅡ-Sac I酶切片段中E2F1 A，B，C任意2个位点或3个位点均突变的pGL3重组质粒。用脂质体介导的基因瞬时转染法，将构建的重组质粒转染MTS1基因双等位缺失的急性T淋巴细胞白血病Jurkat细胞，检测pGL3重组质粒中荧光素酶报告基因的表达。结果：构建的E2F1 A，B，C结合位点突变的重组质粒经Sac I或Nae I酶切鉴定和DNA序列分析得到证实。与E2F1位点野生型重组质粒比较，突变型重组质粒在Jurkat细胞中荧光素酶报告基因的表达量减少，以3个位点均突变的重组质粒为明显。结论：构建的E2F1 A，B，C2个或3个结合位点均突变重组质粒成功，可通过基因转染用于研究MTS1基因的功能试验中；MTS1基因β启动子的转录活性可能与E2F1转录因子的反式激活有关。     

NGAL基因3''''端序列转录调控元件的克隆与鉴定

目的将不同长度的NGAL基因3'端序列(包括外显子、内含子和部分3'侧翼非翻译序列)克隆到pGL3-Promoter(pGLP)载体中,通过检测报告基因荧光素酶活力,确认NGAL 3'端序列中是否含有增强子或抑制子元件.方法应用PCR技术从SHEEC细胞基因组DNA中扩增出不同长度的NGAL基因片段F5(1 880 bp)和F7(826 bp),将其克隆到pGEM-T easy载体,并测序验证;再亚克隆到pGL3-Promoter载体中,获得pGLP-F5和pGLP-F7表达载体;将pGLP-F5和pGLP-F7载体分别与pRL-TK载体共转染HeLa、EC109和Vero细胞,通过检测相对荧光素酶活力,确认这些NGAL基因片段中是否含有增强子元件.结果我们成功构建了pGLP-F5和pGLP-F7重组载体.Hela、EC109和Vero转染细胞与pGL3-Promoter相比,酶活力未表现出明显的增强或减弱.结论在本研究的实验条件下,NGAL基因F5和F7片段内潜在的顺式作用元件并没有发挥作用,或作用不明显.     

人类生存蛋白启动子的克隆及其在淋巴瘤细胞中的转录活性研究

  目的　克隆人类生存蛋白（Survivin）核心启动子,研究Survivin启动子在人类淋巴瘤细胞Ramos和健康人肝脏细胞Chang Liver中的转录活性。方法　以人类肠基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增Survivin启动子987 bp片段,将其通过酶切位点连入pGL3-Basic载体构建pGL3-Survivin荧光素酶报告基因载体,通过脂质体转染法转染Ramos和Chang Liver 细胞,通过检测荧光素酶表达水平,比较Survivin启动子在这两种细胞中的转录活性。结果　成功克隆出987 bp的Survivin启动子;双酶切、PCR检测和DNA测序证实pGL3-Survivin载体构建成功;荧光素酶活性检查显示：Survivin启动子在Ramos细胞中的转录活性为阳性对照CMV启动子活性的4.5 %,明显高于在Chang Liver细胞中的0.19 %,在淋巴瘤细胞中具有较高特异性,且在淋巴瘤细胞中的活性明显高于阴性对照pGL3-Basic的0.086 %。结论　Survivin启动子在淋巴瘤细胞中具有较高的特异性,可以作为淋巴瘤细胞基因转染的肿瘤特异性启动子使用。     

hTERT启动子的克隆及hTERT启动子/SV40增强子在食管癌细胞中的转录活性

目的 克隆hTERT启动子核心序列,研究hTERT启动子/SV40增强子在食管癌细胞中的联合转录活性。 方法 以人基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增hTERT启动子核心片段;将其分别插入荧光素酶基因报告质粒pGL3-Basic和pGL3-Enhancer中,构建hTERT启动子调控的表达载体pGL3-hTERTp和由hTERT启动子/SV40增强子联合调控的表达载体pGL3-hTERTp-SV40en,将上述重组质粒分别瞬时转染食管癌细胞Eca-109、EC1和人胚肺成纤维细胞MRC-5,用荧光素酶检测试剂盒检测转染细胞中荧光素酶基因的表达水平并以此计算hTERT启动子和hTERT启动子/SV40增强子在各种细胞中的转录活性。结果 克隆出长213 bp的hTETR启动子核心片段,DNA测序结果与GenBank中hTERT启动子的碱基序列完全一致;成功构建真核表达载体pGL3-hTERTp和pGL3-hTERTp-SV40en;hTETR启动子在食管癌细胞Eca-109和EC1中均有转录活性,在MRC-5细胞中无明显转录活性;hTERT启动子/SV40增强子在食管癌细胞Eca-109和EC1中的转录活性显著高于hTETR启动子的单独转录活性。结论 hTERT启动子在食管癌细胞中具有靶向性转录活性,SV40增强子能显著增强hTERT启动子在食管癌细胞中的转录活性,有可能作为肿瘤靶向性基因治疗的转录调控元件。     

人端粒酶催化亚单位(hTERT)启动子的克隆及其在人肺癌细胞中转录活性的研究

目的克隆人端粒酶催化亚单位(hTERT)的启动子，并检测它在多种人肺癌细胞株和人胚肺成纤维细胞株中的转录活性，为肺癌靶向性基因治疗的研究奠定基础。方法以人胚肾293细胞基因组DNA为模板，应用PCR方法克隆hTERT 5’端上游旁侧序列长约1．1kh的启动子片段，经DNA测序无误后克隆人荧光素酶报告质粒pGL3-Basic的荧光素酶基因上游，构建pGL3-hTER Tp重组质粒，用脂质体法瞬时转染人肺癌细胞株A549、SPC-A-1、LTEPa-2、NCI—H446、YTMLC、GLC-82、A2，以及人胚肺成纤维细胞株MRC5，转染48h后检测hTERT启动子在各细胞株中的转录活性。结果琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示PCR克隆的hTERT启动子片段长约1.1kb。DNA测序结果与GenBank中hTERT启动子DNA序列完全一致，其5’端和3’端分别位于hTERT基因转录起始位点上游1126bp和43bp，片段长度为1084bp。采用双酶切和PCR两种方法鉴定pGL3-hTERTp重组质粒，均显示构建成功。瞬时转染及荧光素酶活性检测实验显示，hTERT启动子在所检测的肺癌细胞株中均有高低不同的转录活性，而在MRC-5细胞株中无转录活性。结论该实验克隆的1084bp大小的hTERT启动子在多种肺癌细胞株中均有转录活性，在人胚肺成纤维细胞中无转录活性。hTERT启动子有可能作为调控元件用于肿瘤靶向性基因治疗。     

CXCR4和Survivin启动子的克隆及其在乳腺癌细胞系的转录特异性分析

目的:评估CXCR4和Survivin启动子在乳腺癌细胞系中的特异转录活性.方法:采用PCR方法扩增CXCR4和Survivin启动子序列,将其分别克隆到舍有报告基因增强绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)的质粒载体pEGFP-1和含有荧光素酶(LUC)的质粒载体pGL3-Basic,经脂质体分别转染乳腺癌细胞系(MCF-7MDA-MB-231和T-47D)和乳腺上皮细胞(HBL-100).荧光显微镜下观察EGFP的表达情况,并测定2个启动子在乳腺癌细胞中的荧光素酶活性.结果:CXCR4和Sur-vivin启动子在3种乳腺癌细胞中均表现特异的转录活性.CXCR4启动子在MDA-MB-231中的活性高于Survivin启动子(P=0.004);而在MCF-7细胞中活性低于Survivin启动子(P=0.006),两者在T-47D细胞中的启动子活性相当,P=0.615.结论:CXCR4和Survivin启动子在乳腺癌细胞中具有强的特异转录活性,且在不同乳腺癌细胞类型表现的转录特异性有一定差异.     

HPV-16 URR突变对病毒早期启动子活性影响的研究

背景与目的:新疆是宫颈癌高发区,该地区宫颈癌高发与人乳头瘤病毒16型(human papillomavirus type 16,HPV-16)感染密切相关.该研究旨在分析新疆地区妇女宫颈病样组织中HPV-16上游调控区(upstream regulatory region,URR)的突变及其功能.方法:以新疆妇女子宫颈上皮非典型增生(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)和宫颈癌病样组织标本DNA为模板,PCR扩增HPV-16URR片段,PCR产物经测序比对,筛选代表性的URR突变体构建至pGL3-Basic载体,将其转染Vero细胞,48 h后检测荧光素酶活性,分析URR突变体启动子活性.结果:采用聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)获得了55个HPV-16URR DNA片段,测序及序列分析发现44个突变位点,其中nt7192(G→T)、nt7433(-→T)、nt7435(C→G)和nt7863(A→-)4个位点的突变为所有序列共有,nt7520(G→A)位点的突变存在于54个样品中,剩余39个位点的突变存在于不同样品中.根据突变的位置、频率和程度,筛选出9个URR突变体分别克隆至pGL3-Basic中荧光素酶基因前并转染Vero细胞.荧光素酶活性分析表明,不同URR突变体的启动子活性差异较大,来源于宫颈癌的URR突变体启动子活性显著高于来源于CIN的URR突变体(P<0.01),部分宫颈癌URR突变体的启动子活性显著高于SiHa和Caski细胞来源的URR参照序列的启动子活性.结论:新疆地区分离的HPV-16 URR发生多位点突变,其中部分突变增强了URR内部启动子的活性,导致HPV-16致癌活性增强.     

HDAC1-mSin3a-NCOR1, Dnmt3b-HDAC1-Egr1 and Dnmt1-PCNA-UHRF1-G9a regulate the NY-ESO1 gene expression

The NY-ESO1 gene is a cancer/testis antigen considered to be suitable target for the immunotherapy of human malignancies. Despite the identification of the epigenetical silencing of the NY-ESO1 gene in a large variety of tumors, the molecular mechanism involved in this phenomenon is not fully elucidated. In two non epithelial cancers (glioma and mesothelioma), we found that the epigenetic regulation of the NY-ESO1 gene requires the sequential recruitment of the HDAC1-mSin3a-NCOR, Dnmt3b-HDAC1-Egr1 and Dnmt1-PCNA-UHRF1-G9a complexes. Thus, our data illustrate the orchestration of a sequential epigenetic mechanism including the histone deacetylation and methylation, and the DNA methylation processes.     

CYP1A1, SULT1A1, and SULT1E1 polymorphisms are risk factors for endometrial cancer susceptibility

BACKGROUND: In estrogen biosynthetic pathways, many enzymes are important for metabolism, detoxification, and bioavailability. Polymorphisms in these genes may have an effect on the enzymes' function. For example, higher expression and activation of biosynthetic enzymes and lower expression and activation of conjugation enzymes may lead to high toxicity or carcinogenesis. The authors hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP17, SULT1A1, SULT1E1, and SHBG genes may be risk factors for endometrial cancer. METHODS: DNA samples from 150 cases of endometrial cancer and healthy controls (n = 165) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to determine the genotypic frequency of 13 different polymorphic loci on the CYP1A1 (m1, m2, m3, m4), CYP1A2 1F, CYP1B1 codon432, COMT codon158, CYP17, SULT1A1 (Arg213His, 14A/G, 85C/T in the 3' flanking region), SULT1E1-64G/A promoter region, and SHBG genes. Genotyping was validated by direct DNA sequencing. The authors also investigated the relation between expression of CYP1A1 in endometrial cancer tissues and genotypes of CYP1A1 m1. RESULTS: A decreased frequency of TC + CC genotype of the CYP1A1 m1 (T/C) polymorphism was observed in endometrial cancer patients compared with controls (OR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27-0.69). The T-A haplotype of CYP1A1 m1 and m2 was increased in endometrial cancer patients (P = .017). The frequency of CYP1A1 m1 T/C + C/C was higher in a high CYP1A1 expression group (P = .009). The authors also found that individuals carrying the variants of SULT1A1 codon213 and 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 3' flanking region (14A/G and 85C/T) had an increased risk for endometrial cancer. The frequencies of G-A-C and A-G-T haplotypes of these 3 variants were higher in endometrial cancer patients (P < .0001; P = .0002). In addition, the frequency of combined genotypes (SULT1A1 213 GA + AA and CYP1A1 m1 TT) was higher in endometrial cancer patients. (OR, 4.58; 95% CI, 2.35-8.93). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on the combined association of CYP1A1 and SULT gene polymorphisms in endometrial cancer that suggests a decreased single nucleotide polymorphism of CYP1A1 and an increased single nucleotide polymorphism for SULT1A1 and SULT1E1 genes may be risk factors for endometrial cancer in Caucasians.     

CYP1A1.

CYP1A1 plays an important role in the metabolism of polycyclic hydrocarbons that occur in the environment and several studies suggest that the genetic polymorphism of the gene may play a role in the predisposition to cancer. In order to evaluate the function of CYP1A1 in vivo as a host factor determinant of environmentally-caused cancers in humans, additional investigations are needed involving not only molecular epidemiological approaches in different ethnic populations but also more direct approaches such as the use of gene-targeted mice as a model system.     

DNA切除修复交叉互补基因1、乳腺癌易感基因、核苷酸还原酶1与非小细胞肺癌

 阐述了近年来非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）化疗敏感性与DNA 切除修复交叉互补基因1 （ERCC1）、乳腺癌易感基因（BRCA1）、核苷酸还原酶1（RRM1）基因表达关系的研究进展，分析3个基因对NSCLC个体化化疗潜在的指导意义     

Methoxyestrogens exert feedback inhibition on cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1

Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and 1B1 (CYP1B1) catalyze the oxidative metabolism of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) to catechol estrogens (2-OHE2 and 4-OHE2) and estrogen quinones, which may lead to DNA damage. Catechol-O-methyltransferase catalyzes the methylation of catechol estrogens to methoxyestrogens (2-MeOE2, 2-OH-3-MeOE2, and 4-MeOE2), which simultaneously lowers the potential for DNA damage and increases the concentration of 2-MeOE2, an antiproliferative metabolite. In this study, we showed that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 recognized as substrates both the parent hormone E2 and the methoxyestrogens. Using purified recombinant enzymes, we demonstrated that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 O-demethylated the methoxyestrogens to catechol estrogens according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 demethylated 2-MeOE2 and 2-OH-3-MeOE2 to 2-OHE2, whereas CYP1B1 additionally demethylated 4-MeOE2 to 4-OHE2. Because the P450-mediated oxidation of E2 and the O-demethylation of methoxyestrogens both yielded identical catechol estrogens as products, we used deuterated E2 (E2-d4), unlabeled methoxyestrogens, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to examine both reactions simultaneously. Kinetic analysis revealed that methoxyestrogens acted as noncompetitive inhibitors of E2 oxidation with K(i) ranging from 27 to 153 micro M. For both enzymes, the order of inhibition by methoxyestrogens was 2-OH-3-MeOE2 > or = 2-MeOE2 > 4-MeOE2. Thus, methoxyestrogens exert feedback inhibition on CYP1A1- and CYP1B1-mediated oxidative estrogen metabolism, thereby reducing the potential for estrogen-induced DNA damage.     

CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms affect urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels after PAH exposure

Certain human biotransformation enzymes have been implicated in the formation and scavenging of the ultimate reactive metabolites, the diolepoxides, from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the present study, performed on aluminum smelter workers, we have analyzed airborne PAH, the pyrene metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine, and genotypes for biotransformation enzymes involved in PAH metabolism. The aim was to evaluate the correlation between external exposure and biomarkers of exposure and to investigate to what extent genetic polymorphism in metabolic enzymes can explain interindividual variation in urinary 1-OHP levels. DNA was prepared from blood samples from 98 potroom workers and 55 controls and altogether eight polymorphisms in the CYP1A1, mEH, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 genes were analyzed. The 1-OHP excretion was found to correlate significantly (P 100-fold) and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to find the variables that could determine differences in excretion. The variation could, to some degree, be explained by differences in exposure to airborne particulate-associated PAHs, the use of personal respiratory protection devices, smoking habits and genetic polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 enzymes. The part of the variance that could be explained by differences in biotransformation genotypes seemed to be of the same order of magnitude as the variance explained by differences in exposure. In the control group as well as in the occupationally exposed group, the highest 1-OHP levels were observed in individuals carrying the CYP1A1 Ile/Val genotype who were also of the GSTM1 null genotype. The results show that urinary 1-OHP is a sensitive indicator of recent human exposure to PAHs and that it may also to some extent reflect the interindividual variation in susceptibility to PAHs.     

Polymorphisms in CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1, and susceptibility to breast cancer

Polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) drug metabolic enzymes, which are responsible for metabolic activation/detoxification of estrogen and environmental carcinogens, were analyzed for their association with breast cancer risk in 541 cases and 635 controls from a North Carolina population. Each polymorphism, altering the catalytic function of their respective enzymes, was analyzed in Caucasian and African-American women. As reported in previous studies, individual polymorphisms did not significantly impact breast cancer risk in either Caucasian or African-American women. However, African-American women exhibited a trend towards a protective effect when they had at least one CYP1B1 119S allele (OR=0.53; 95% CI=0.20-1.40) and increased risk for those women harboring at least one CYP1B1 432V allele (OR=5.52; 95% CI=0.50-61.37). Stratified analyses demonstrated significant interactions in younger (age < or =60) Caucasian women with the CYP1B1 119SS genotype (OR=3.09; 95% CI=1.22-7.84) and younger African-American women with the GSTT1 null genotype (OR=4.07; 95% CI=1.12-14.80). A notable trend was also found in Caucasian women with a history of smoking and at least one valine allele at GSTP1 114 (OR=2.12; 95% CI=1.02-4.41). In Caucasian women, the combined GSTP1 105IV/VV and CYP1B1 119AA genotypes resulted in a near 2-fold increase in risk (OR=1.96; 95% CI=1.04-3.72) and the three way combination of GSTP1 105IV/VV, CYP1B1 119AS/SS and GSTT1 null genotypes resulted in an almost 4-fold increase in risk (OR=3.97; 95% CI=1.27-12.40). These results suggest the importance of estrogen/carcinogen metabolic enzymes in the etiology of breast cancer, especially in women before the age of 60, as well as preventative measures such as smoking cessation.