库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中X80钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂行为

利用动电位扫描技术和慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中不同外加阴极电位下X80管线钢焊接接头的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为。结果表明:阴极电位对X80钢焊接接头处的SCC敏感性影响较为明显。拉伸试样全部断裂在焊缝或热影响区。在Ecorr下,金属表面裂纹萌生于点蚀坑,试样开裂为阳极溶解机制。当外加电位为-800 m V至-900 m V时,金属处于阴极保护电位区,此时金属的SCC敏感性较低,其开裂机制为阳极溶解和氢致开裂混合机制。当外加电位小于等于-950 m V时,外加电位越低,材料的SCC敏感性越大,此时金属SCC行为表现为氢脆机制。     

不同外加电位下 X80 管线钢在近中性 pH 溶液环境中的裂纹扩展行为研究

目的研究不同外加电位下,X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液环境中的裂纹扩展行为。方法对X80管线钢紧凑拉伸试样进行近中性p H溶液环境中的循环加载试验,利用拍摄装置记录不同循环次数下的裂纹长度,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察裂纹扩展面上的微观形貌。研究不同外加电位下,X80钢在近中性p H溶液环境中的裂纹扩展速率,分析其裂纹扩展规律。结果在开路条件下,循环加载755次时,裂纹扩展4.6 mm后失稳断裂;在外加电位为-775 m V(vs.SCE)的条件下,循环加载671次时,裂纹扩展3.677 mm后失稳断裂;在外加电位为-1125 m V(vs.SCE)的条件下,循环加载625次时,裂纹扩展3.882 mm后失稳断裂。结论在开路电位和弱阴极电位下,裂纹扩展受到阳极溶解机制和氢脆机制的混合控制,以阳极溶解机制为主,裂纹扩展速率均较低;随着外加电位降低,裂纹扩展机制逐渐过渡为主要受氢致开裂作用控制,裂纹扩展速率显著增加。     

外加电位对X90钢及其焊缝在近中性土壤模拟溶液中应力腐蚀行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)实验、动电位极化技术和SEM观察等方法,研究了X90钢基体和焊缝在近中性土壤模拟溶液中不同阴极保护电位下的应力腐蚀行为。结果表明,X90管线钢及其焊缝组织在近中性土壤模拟溶液中均具有一定的应力腐蚀敏感性,裂纹扩展为穿晶腐蚀裂纹;应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的裂纹萌生与扩展与外加保护电位有关。在开路电位(OCP)~-1000 m V的电位范围内,X90钢的SCC机制均为阳极溶解(AD)+氢脆(HE)的混合机制;在OCP下,由于AD作用较强,SCC敏感性较明显;在-800 m V下,由于AD和HE作用均较弱,导致SCC敏感性最低;而在-900 m V时,由于HE作用明显增强,具有最高的SCC敏感性;在相同电位条件下,焊缝的SCC敏感性高于母材。     

波动频率对X70钢焊接接头应力腐蚀行为的影响

研究了波动频率对X70管线钢焊接接头在阴极电位下的近中性介质中慢应变速率应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为.结果表明,X70钢在波动:拉伸载荷和阴极电位(-850 mVSCE)条件下,存在着一定的SCC敏感性.在波动拉伸载荷试验(F-SSRT)情况下,SCC裂纹的扩展机理与匀速慢拉伸试验(SSRT)时的裂纹扩展机理明显不同,SCC裂纹可以从材料表面产生的微孔处萌生并沿主应力面扩展,当载荷波动频率增大到一定程度时,SCC裂纹转变为沿45°最大剪应力面扩展.X70管线钢焊接接头阴极电位下近中性介质中SCC敏感部位为过热区.同时分析了氢在F.SSRT试样SCC过程中的作用和机理.     

X70管线钢在不同温度近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂行为

采用慢应变速率实验(SSRT)研究了不同温度和电位下X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为．结果表明，不同温度下，X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的开裂方式都是穿晶型的，具有准解理特征，并且随着外加阴极电位的降低，SCC敏感性增加，氢致开裂占主导．随温度的下降，溶液pH值略有降低，SCC敏感性增加。     

涂层剥离条件下X70管线钢的应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为

通过循环载荷实验,研究了管道涂层剥离条件下,阴极保护电位对X70管线钢在近中性pH值溶液(NS4溶液)中应力腐蚀裂纹萌生的影响.利用SEM观察了距涂层剥离口不同距离处的应力腐蚀裂纹的萌生情况.结果表明,外加-850 mV阴极保护电位时,剥离涂层下样品表面裂纹的萌生程度随距离涂层开裂口长度的增加而逐渐减轻;外加-1000 mV阴极保护电位时,剥离涂层下样品表面裂纹的萌生程度随距离涂层开裂口长度的增加而稍有增加,但缝隙内各个位置的裂纹萌生程度低于-850 mV极化电位下缝隙内部相应位置的裂纹萌生程度;涂层的剥离降低了阴极保护的效果,要达到涂层完整时的阴极保护效果,则需要使阴极保护电位适当负移.     

恒位移加载条件下X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的裂纹扩展行为

研究了恒位移静加载条件下,X70管线钢的裂纹扩展行为。结果表明,在近中性pH溶液中,恒位移加载情况下,不论是在自腐蚀电位还是外加阴极电位条件下,随时间的延长,X70钢裂纹并未扩展,其应力腐蚀断裂韧度值KISCC接近于断裂韧度KIC。X70管线钢具有高的韧性,动载荷对于其应力腐蚀裂纹的扩展起重要作用。     

缝隙宽度和外加阴极保护电位对NS4溶液中X80管线钢应力腐蚀敏感性的影响

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)研究了缝隙宽度和阴极保护电位对模拟剥离涂层下NS4溶液中X80管线钢的应力腐蚀敏感性的影响。结果表明:随着缝隙宽度的增加,X80管线钢的应力腐蚀敏感性呈先增大后减小的趋势,其在100μm缝隙宽度条件下的应力腐蚀敏感性最高;缝隙宽度为200μm时,随阴极保护电位的负移,X80管线钢的应力腐蚀敏感性呈先降低后升高的趋势;阴极保护电位为-1 100 mV时,X80管线钢的应力腐蚀敏感性较高是阴极析氢和应力的共同作用导致的。     

外加电位下X80双相管线钢在模拟沿海土壤环境中的应力腐蚀行为

采用交流阻抗谱、极化试验、慢应变拉伸试验研究了不同外加电位下在模拟沿海土壤环境中X80双相管线钢的应力腐蚀行为,对拉伸断口和极化后试样进行SEM表面形貌及能谱分析。结果表明,与慢扫极化(模拟的非裂尖区域)相比,X80双相管线钢快扫极化模拟的裂尖腐蚀电位较负且腐蚀电流较大。-750 mV外加阴极电位处于裂尖自腐蚀电位范围,不足以起到阴极保护的作用,对应力腐蚀仍十分敏感。外加电位为-1050 mV时,阴极反应速率显著大于阳极反应,阴极反应产生的氢被金属吸收且扩散,慢应变拉伸未经颈缩即发生断裂,为准解理断裂。外加阴极电位为-900 mV,阴极电流有效抑制了阳极溶解反应,因此管线钢在模拟沿海土壤溶液中慢应变拉伸抗拉强度和断面收缩率都最高,断口表现为韧性断裂,侧面裂纹细小,阻抗模值最大,应力腐蚀敏感性最小。     

外加电位对X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂的影响

采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)研究了不同电位下X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为．同时研究丁溶液中通入不同含量CO2对SCC的影响．结果表明．X70管线钢在近中性pH溶液中的开裂方式是穿晶型的．具有准解理特征．并且随着外加阴极电位的降低，SCC敏感性增加；随CO2含量的增加，pH值降低，SCC敏感性增加．均表现为氢致开裂占主导．     

Effect of Strain Rate on Cathodic Reaction During Stress Corrosion Cracking of X70 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Solution

The effect of strain rate on cathodic reactions of X70 pipeline steel during stress corrosion cracking in a near-neutral pH solution was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscope and potentiodynamic polarization curve measurements as well as slow strain rate tests. A local additional potential model was used to understand mechanistically the role of strain rate in electrochemical cathodic reaction. It was found that an application of elastic stress would not affect the electrochemical stable state of the steel specimen at a macroscopic scale. Under a weak cathodic polarization, the interfacial charge-transfer process occurring on steel contains both cathodic and anodic reactions. Since the anodic reaction process is still significant, localized dissolution could occur even at such a cathodic potential, resulting in generation of corrosion pits. These pits could be the start sites to initiate stress corrosion cracks. Strain rate affects the corrosion reaction, which is associated with the generation of dislocation emergence points and slip steps on the specimen surface, resulting in a negative local additional potential to enhance the cathodic reaction locally.     

Effects of corrosion product deposit on the subsequent cathodic and anodic reactions of X-70 steel in near-neutral pH solution

The effects of corrosion product deposit on the subsequent anodic and cathodic reactions of X-70 steel in a near-neutral pH solution were investigated by localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS), scanning vibrating micro-electrode (SVME) and macroscopic EIS measurements as well as surface analysis technique. It is found that the deposit layer formed on the steel surface is porous, non-compact in nature. The presence of a corrosion product layer would enhance adsorption, but significantly inhibit absorption and permeation of hydrogen atoms into steel. It is due to the porous structure of the deposit that generates a spatial separation of cathodic and anodic reaction sites, resulting in an increased effective surface area for hydrogen adsorption and, simultaneously, a “blocking” effect on hydrogen absorption and permeation. The deposit enhances greatly anodic dissolution of the steel, which is attributed to the adsorption of the intermediate species and the resultant “self-catalytic” mechanism for corrosion of the steel in near-neutral pH solution. In the presence of corrosion product deposit on the pipeline steel surface, pipeline corrosion, especially pitting corrosion, is expected to be enhanced. Stress corrosion cracks could initiate from the corrosion pits that form under deposit. However, deposit does not contribute to hydrogen permeation, although the hydrogen evolution is enhanced.     

X80钢在干湿交替与水饱和哈密土壤环境下的腐蚀行为

目的揭示X80钢在干湿交替与水饱和哈密土壤环境下的腐蚀行为与规律。方法采用失重实验和电化学测试分析腐蚀速率与阴阳极电化学过程的变化规律,利用金相分析观察母材和焊缝的组织特征,通过SEM、EDS、XRD等微观分析手段观察腐蚀产物形貌、元素含量与物相组成,从而研究干湿交替与水饱和土壤环境对X80钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果 X80钢在干湿交替环境下的腐蚀速率是水饱和下的2～3倍,其在干湿交替与水饱和哈密土壤环境下的腐蚀产物物相均由Fe3O4、FeOOH、FeS所构成。X80钢在干湿交替环境下,表面的腐蚀产物膜出现大量凹坑与裂隙,使O2在试样表面分布不均,形成氧浓差电池,并且该凹坑与裂隙有利于腐蚀性离子进入,加剧局部腐蚀。在同一环境下,由于焊接接头各区域组织差异引起的微电偶腐蚀,X80钢焊缝的腐蚀速率明显高于母材。结论干湿交替环境与土壤中大量存在的Cl-显著加速了X80钢母材及焊缝的局部腐蚀,且X80焊缝耐蚀性明显低于母材,其腐蚀机理均为氧浓差电池和局部腐蚀自催化效应共同作用,腐蚀形态也由以全面腐蚀为主(水饱和环境)转变为以点蚀+溃疡状腐蚀为主(干湿交替环境)。     

X100管线钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

采用慢拉伸(SSRT)、动电位极化和SEM观察等方法,研究了在不同的阴极保护电位条件下X100钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为.结果表明,X100钢发生穿晶裂纹的应力腐蚀,裂纹的萌生和发展与阴极保护电位有关.完全阳极过程控制时,X100钢无裂纹出现,但出现晶间腐蚀;在混合过程控制时,应力腐蚀敏感性较低,裂纹发展缓慢;在完全阴极过程控制时,氢脆机制起主要作用,裂纹扩展迅速.     

X70钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

在不同的阴极保护电位下,采用慢应变速率拉伸实验、动电位极化方法以及SEM研究了X70钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为.结果表明: X70钢发生穿晶应力腐蚀裂纹;应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)萌生与外加保护电位有关,完全受阳极过程控制时X70钢的SCC敏感性较低,但会发生点蚀和严重的均匀腐蚀;受混合电极过程控制和全受阴极过程控制时均能发生SCC;受混合电极过程控制时,SCC二次裂纹与点蚀伴生,裂纹形核密度大;而完全受阴极过程控制时,SCC裂纹附近未见点蚀坑,裂纹形核密度低;混合电极过程控制时比完全阴极电极过程控制下更容易发生SCC裂纹.     

CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION BEHAVIOR OF 316L STAINLESS STEEL IN HANK’S SOLUTION

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Effect of inclusions on initiation of stress corrosion cracks in X70 pipeline steel in an acidic soil environment

The effect of inclusions on the initiation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) X70 pipeline steel was investigated in an acidic soil solution using slow strain rate test, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray techniques. The results demonstrated that stress corrosion cracks are not initiated in X70 steel when it is under anodic polarization. At cathodic polarization, hydrogen evolution is enhanced, and hydrogen is actively involved in SCC processes. Two types of inclusions exist in the steel and play different role in crack initiation. The inclusions enriching in Al are brittle and incoherent to the metal matrix. Microcracks and interstices are quite easily to be resulted in at the boundary between inclusions and metal. There is no crack initiating at inclusions containing mainly Si.