同胞中血压盐敏感性及冷加压试验聚集性分析

目的 探讨血压盐敏感性和冷加压试验阳性的同胞聚集性.方法 通过预筛查和2次血压筛查共纳入163名符合入选条件的先证者和同胞(共68组,49组为2个同胞,19组为3个及以上同胞),对受试者进行慢性盐负荷试验和冷加压(CPT)试验.结果 盐敏感者检出率为21.5%,其在3个及以上同胞的同胞对中分布具有聚集性(χ2=19.88,P<0.01);各干预阶段血压变化幅度及尿钠排泄量在同胞间具有显著相关性;冷加压试验阳性检出率为25.15%,其在2,3个及以上同胞的同胞对中分布均具有聚集性(χ2=6.678,P<0.05;χ2=10.615,P<0.05).冷加压应激后血压变化幅度及恢复时间在同胞间具呈显著相关.结论 二项分布分析显示,血压盐敏感性和冷加压试验阳性者在同胞中的分布具有聚集性,表明血压盐敏感性和冷加压试验阳性可能主要由遗传基础决定,而非生活环境影响.     

中国居民代谢综合征的家庭聚集性分析

目的探讨中国居民代谢综合征（MS）的患病是否具有家庭聚集性。方法资料来源于2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查,MS家庭聚集性的定性分析采用二项分布和β-二项分布拟合优度的χ^2检验,家庭聚集性的大小估计采用组内相关系数表示,并采用logistic回归以及偏相关分析MS及其构成指标在配偶、子女、父母及兄弟姐妹之间的相关性。结果用二项分布和β-二项分布进行拟合优度的χ^2检验,发现MS的患病情况存在家庭聚集现象。组内相关系数为0.0576,聚集程度属于微弱。在调整户主年龄、性别和6类地区后,户主的MS构成指标（包括收缩压、舒张压、体质指数、腰围、高密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇、总甘油三脂、空腹血糖）与子女、配偶、父母亲及兄弟姐妹的MS构成指标均有相关性。结论中国居民代谢综合征的患病呈现一定的家庭聚集性。     

蒙古族人群胰岛素抵抗与心血管病关系

目的探讨蒙古族人群中胰岛素抵抗与心血管病危险因素水平及其聚集性的关系。方法对1090名蒙古族成年人进行血压、身高、体重、腰围及臀围的测量和血糖、胰岛素、血脂的检测。按照胰岛素抵抗指数水平由低到高将全部研究对象等分为4组，比较4组间各危险因素及其聚集性差异。结果调整年龄、性别因素后，体质指数、腰臀比、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯、空腹血糖及高血压患病率均随着胰岛素抵抗指数的水平增高而上升（P〈0．05）。在调整年龄和体质指数后。胰岛素抵抗指数与腰臀比、收缩压、甘油三酯呈显著正相关。具有≥2个危险因素的个体所占百分比随着胰岛素抵抗指数增高而增高，在4组的比例分别为33．8％，44．5％，47．2％和66．5％（χ^2=60．2657，P〈0．0001）。结论胰岛素抵抗与多种心血管病危险因素具有相关性，并影响多种心血管病危险因素水平，增加其聚集强度。     

用组内相关系数评价疾病的家庭聚集性

用组内相关系数评价疾病的家庭聚集性上海市计划生育科学研究所流行病室车焱通常，人们用二项分布的方法研究疾病的家庭聚集性，但是这种方法仅做出定性的结论，有时人们不但要判断疾病是否具有家庭聚集性，而且期望知道它的大小，用二项分布的方法显然不能做到这一点。本...     

蒙古族儿童血压偏高影响因素秩和比分析

目的 探讨蒙古族儿童血压偏高的影响因素，方法 对父母血压，母亲孕时年龄，孕时吸烟，孕时饮酒，家庭人均耗盐量等影响蒙古族儿童血压的用秩和比法进行分析。结果 蒙古族儿童血压偏高最危险的因素是父母亲均有高血压及母亲孕期饮酒。结论 父母亲血压水平是影响儿童将来血压水平的一个重要因素，预防高血压应从母亲孕期做起，。     

我国中年知识分子高血压易患因素的流行病学研究

本文报告了对天津大学中年知识分子进行的高血压流行病学研究结果。本研究表明高血压遗传力为62%,并发现遗传方式与性别有一定联系。亲代血压状况间存在着显著性正相关,共同生活环境可能是家庭聚集性的原因之一,表明环境因素在成年后的高血压发生上仍起重要作用。
血压与QI之间存在显著性正相关,父母体型与子代QI之间却无显著性相关,并且未发现高血压家族史与QI的交互作用,这表明肥胖主要是由环境因素所致。因此通过饮食降低体重来控制血压是可行的。     

日本血吸虫感染的家庭聚集性分析

用重复改良Kato法，检测濒邻鄱阳湖滨的日本血吸虫病流行区某村的感染资料，应用二项分布和负二项分布拟合的方法，分别对该调查结果进行家庭聚集性分析。结果；实际资料的分布与二项分布差异有显著性意义（P＜0．001），而与负二项分布的拟合优度较好（0．50＜P＜0．70），说明日本血吸虫感染具有家庭聚集性，聚集指数K为4．5983。     

双生子的血清脂质和脂蛋白遗传度及影响因素分析

目的　分析儿童、青少年的血脂指标遗传度及影响因素。方法　选择 5～ 19岁双生子2 36对 ,平均年龄 (11 2± 3 4 )岁 ,其中同卵双生子 14 3对 ,异卵双生子 93对。在DNA卵性鉴定基础上 ,以组内相关系数法及Falconer公式计算调整年龄性别前后的遗传度 ,偏态数据进行对数转换 ;校正年龄性别 ,分析相关体格、生化指标对血脂的影响。结果　同卵与异卵双生子间甘油三酯对内方差及相关系数的差异均无显著性 ;总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)和脂蛋白 (a)对内方差及相关系数的差异有显著性 ,遗传度估计值分别为 0 5 6、0 5 5、0 4 9和 0 5 8,调整年龄性别后各指标估计遗传度分别为 0 6 3、0 6 3、0 5 5和 0 6 4。总胆固醇、HDL C、LDL C和脂蛋白(a)与年龄呈负相关 ;女孩的总胆固醇、HDL C、LDL C稍高于男孩。校正年龄性别后除脂蛋白 (a)外各血脂指标多数与体重指数、体脂率及培利迪西指数相关 ,与血压、血糖和血钙等也有相关性。结论　总胆固醇、HDL C、LDL C和脂蛋白 (a)受遗传因素影响较大 ,而甘油三酯主要受环境因素影响。儿童的血脂水平受年龄和性别的影响 ,与反映体脂和机体营养发育的指标相关。     

再婚家庭高血压流行病学调查分析

对484户再婚家庭进行了高血压现患调查。分析了具有不同血缘关系的家庭成员间的高血压患病率。提示在血压的家庭聚集性方面,遗传因素比环境因素所起的作用相对较大。     

原婚与再婚家庭高血压遗传度分析

以唐山原婚家庭７４例原发性高血压患者为先证者进行了家系调查，并对４８４户再婚家庭进行了高血压现患调查。用Ｆａｌｃｏｎｅｒ法、组内相关法和中亲——子代回归法估算了原婚家庭高血压遗传度。除组内相关法舒张压遗传度为５０．４０％外，余均大于６２％。用组内相关法估算再婚家庭高血压遗传度，除半同胞收缩压遗传度为４８．４４％外，余均大于６４％。提示遗传因素在高血压发病中起相对重要作用     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.