高效液相色谱法测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量

目的：制定感冒清热颗粒含量测定方法。方法：用反相高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量。结果：葛根素浓度在13～70μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好，回收率为98．95％。结论：HPLC法灵敏、准确，可用于该颗粒制剂的质量控制。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量

目的 测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量。方法采用RP-HPLC法，色谱柱为ODS-C18柱，流动相为甲醇-1．4％醋酸溶液(22：78)。测定波长为250nm。结果平均加样回收率为99．59％，RSD=2．3％(n=5)。结论方法简便可行，重现性好，其他成分无干扰。提供了感冒清热颗粒的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量

目的：采用HPLC法测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量。方法：采用Diamonsil HPLC色谱柱,乙腈：水(10：90)为流动相,紫外检测波长250m。结果：回收率为99．50％,RSD为0．89％,结论：本法操作简便,准确。     

HPLC法同时测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素与胡薄荷酮的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素与胡薄荷酮含量的方法。方法：采用DiamonsilC18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,用甲醇．水梯度洗脱,检测波长252nm,柱温40℃,流速1．0mL·min^-1,进样量10此。结果：葛根素、胡薄荷酮与其他杂质峰分离良好。葛根素在5．532～88．512gg·mL^-1。与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=1．0000）;胡薄荷酮在0．786～12．573μg·mL^-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9999）,葛根素、胡薄荷酮平均加样回收率分别为100．73％和99．78％,RSD分别为0．62％（n=6）和0．75％（n=6）;不同厂家生产的感冒清热颗粒中葛根素和胡薄荷酮的含量差异较大。结论：该方法操作简便．结果准确．可作为感冒清热颗粒的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测感冒清热颗粒中葛根素含量

目的测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量。方法采用高效液相法,色谱柱:Hypersil C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),甲醇-水(30∶70)为流动相,流速1mL·min-1;检测波长为250nm。结果葛根素在进样量为0.0757~0.757μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为100.8%,RSD值为1.06%。结论该法可用于感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量测定。     

复方感冒清热颗粒的鉴别及含量测定

目的:建立复方感冒清热颗粒的鉴别及含量测定方法.方法:鉴别采用薄层色谱法.采用HPLC法测定葛根素含量,Kromasil 5-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水(11:89)为流动相;柱温25℃;检测波长250 nm;进样量20 μl.结果:所用薄层色谱方法可清晰鉴别样品中的葛根、白芷、柴胡和金银花4种药材.含量测定中葛根素在4.8～28.8 μg·ml-1范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r＝0.999 7);低、中、高3个浓度的平均加样回收率分别为97.2%,97.3%,99.9%,RSD分别为1.2%,1.8%,1.4%.结论:该鉴别方法简便、准确、可靠;含量测定方法快速、准确、灵敏、可靠,可用作控制复方感冒清热颗粒的质量.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定感冒清热冲剂中葛根素含量

感冒清热冲剂用水溶解后，加甲醇超声提取，滤过、定容后直接进样。采用ＯＤＳ柱，反相高效液相色谱法分离测定。流动相为甲醇－水（２５∶７５），流速１．０ｍｌ·ｍｉｎ－１，检测波长２４８ｎｍ。葛根素与其相邻峰的分离度是１．７；理论塔板数按葛根素峰计算是１６３９；葛根素对照品线性范围是９．９８～７９．８μｇ·ｍｌ－１，ｒ＝０．９９９９；平均加样回收率为９８．６％。     

RP-HPLC法测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量

目的用反相高效液相色谱法测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量.方法色谱柱为依利特ODS-C18流动相为甲醇-水(25:75),检测波长为250 nm,流速为1.0ml·min-1.结果葛根素对照品在1.05～157.5 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9998.平均加样回收率98.5%,RSD为0.9%.结论该方法可行,结果可靠,重现性好.     

RP—HPLC法测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素的含量

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法测定感冒清热颗粒中葛根素含量。方法 :采用SuplcosilC16色谱柱 (15 0mm× 4 6mm ,5μm) ,甲醇 -水 (2 7∶73)为流动相 ,流速 1 0mL·min-1,检测波长为 2 48nm。结果 :葛根素在 0 2～ 2 0 0 μg·mL-1范围内 ,峰面积与其浓度线性关系良好 (r =0 9999) ,平均回收率为 10 1 7% ,RSD为 1 3 % (n =3)。结论 :本法简便、准确、重复性好 ,可用于该制剂质量控制     

板蓝根颗粒和感冒清热颗粒微生物限度试验方法的适用性研究

目的：试验板蓝根颗粒和感冒清热颗粒微生物限度检查法的适用性。方法：根据《中国药典》2020版微生物限度试验方法进行试验,从平皿法、稀释法、薄膜过滤法中选出适用于板蓝根颗粒和感冒清热颗粒的方法,并粗略判断两种药品的抑菌能力。结果：感冒清热颗粒需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数回收率均高于0.5,符合方法适用性试验要求;板蓝根颗粒采用平皿法回收率（除黑曲霉外）均低于0.5,采用稀释法和薄膜过滤法均可以满足回收率在0.5～2范围内的要求,符合方法适用性试验要求。结论：本研究表明,板蓝根颗粒和感冒清热颗粒微生物限度检验时,感冒清热颗粒可采用平皿法,板蓝根颗粒可采用稀释法和薄膜过滤法进行试验,板蓝根颗粒和感冒清热颗粒的控制菌检查均可以选择常规法进行。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.