Decarbonization and chromium conservation thermodynamics of partial CO2 instead of Ar or O2 in AOD furnace

Decarbonization and chromium conservation technology is mainly achieved by blowing O2 and Ar during the traditional AOD furnace smelting process. The CO2 emissions per ton of steel production in the steel industry are about 1. 57t. If the CO2 emissions can be collected and recycled in the steel production process, it can not only save energy and reduce emissions, but also reduce the cost of smelting. The feasibility of using CO2 instead of Ar or O2 to be injected for smelting stainless steels was verified by thermodynamic calculations. The reaction limits of the different carbon content, the rising and falling temperature of elemental oxidation, the reaction rate under different ratios of CO2 injection, the depth of decarburization, and the result of chromium retention were also calculated. The thermodynamic mechanism of blowing CO2 to replace O2 decarburizing and protecting chromium was analyzed. The results show that blowing CO2- O2 mixed gas in high carbon zone is conducive to decarbonization and chromium conservation in the AOD smelting process. With the increase of CO2 ratio, the effect of chromium retention is enhanced whereas the decarburization rate is reduced. When the CO2 injection amount is increased, the decarburization reaction rate in the molten pool is too slow, causing the molten pool temperature to be low, and the CO2 injection ratio should be controlled between 20 vol.% and 40 vol.%.     

加热期间弹簧钢55SiCr表面脱碳的影响因素研究

在实验室研究了加热温度、保温时间和加热炉内气氛对弹簧钢55S iCr表面脱碳的影响,并对脱碳反应进行了热力学分析。结果表明：在950℃-1250℃范围随温度升高,弹簧钢完全脱碳层厚度先增加后减小,1200℃时完全脱碳层厚度达到最大值,1250℃时由于氧化速度大于脱碳速度,完全脱碳层消失。弹簧钢完全脱碳层厚度分别随加热时间延长、气氛中CO2含量升高、O2含量升高和H2O（g）含量增加而明显增加。当温度为950℃、气氛中O2含量为1%、加热时间为35 min的条件下,可避免完全脱碳层的形成。     

铁素体区热轧Ti-IF钢的组织和性能

试验研究了含0.007%磷的普通Ti-IF(无间隙原子)钢(0.004 5%C-0.07%Ti)和含0.080%磷的高强度Ti-IF钢(0.005 2%C-0.08%Ti)24 mm板在800680℃铁素体区经4道次热轧成3 mm板,再经750℃3h退火后的组织、二相粒子和机械性能。试验结果表明,普通Ti-IF钢的拉伸强度为270 MPa,延伸率为45%,塑性应变比r值1.309,高强度Ti-IF钢的拉伸强度为315 MPa,延伸率44%,r值1.098。两钢板为再结晶铁素体组织,钢板中心组织较边部粗大,但在高强度Ti-IF钢中有FeTiP二相粒子析出。     

碳含量和晶粒尺寸对高碳钢表面脱碳类型和深度的影响

摘要：硬线在加热、轧制等过程中会发生表面脱碳，严重影响工件的性能。通过等温加热实验，研究了加热温度和碳含量对硬线60、70和82B钢表面脱碳层类型和深度的影响，及原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸对弹簧钢60Si2MnA表面脱碳类型和深度的影响。结果表明：保温90min后，60钢在700~750℃时仅存在完全脱碳层，在850~900℃时仅存在部分脱碳层，其完全脱碳层深度随温度增加而逐渐减小，部分脱碳层则相反。70钢仅在850~900℃时存在部分脱碳层。82B钢的脱碳层深度随着温度增加先增加后减少至消失，然后又逐渐增加。硬线在碳含量处于γ单相区时主要发生部分脱碳，且深度随碳含量的升高而增大；碳含量处于α+γ两相区时主要发生完全脱碳，且深度随着碳含量增加先减小后增大。弹簧钢60Si2MnA的完全脱碳层深度随着原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸的增大逐渐减小。     

Effect of carbon content and grain size on structure and depth of surface decarburization of high carbon steel

The surface decarburization of hard wire will occur in the process of heating and rolling, which will seriously affect the performance of workpiece. The effects of holding temperature and carbon content on the type and depth of decarburized layer on hard wire 60, 70 and 82B steel were studied by isothermal heating experiment. The effects of crystallite dimensions of original austenite on decarburization depth of spring steel 60Si2MnA were analyzed. The results show that there is only a complete decarburization layer of 60 steel at 700-750℃ after heating at different temperatures for 90min. There is only a partial decarburization layer at 750-850℃. The depth of decarburized layer decreases gradually with the increase of temperature, and there is only a partial decarburization layer at 850-900℃. The depth of complete decarburization layer decreases gradually with the increase of temperature, and the depth of partial decarburization layer increases gradually with the increase of temperature. The partial decarburization layer of 70 steel only exists at 850-900℃. The depth of complete decarburization layer of 82B steel increases gradually with the increase of temperature, then gradually decreases to zero, at least gradually increases. Only a complete decarburization layer exists at 700℃. There is partial decarburization when the hard wires carbon content is in the γ single phase region, and the depth increases with the increase of carbon content. There is complete decarburization when the carbon content is mainly in the α+γ two phase region, and the depth decreases first and then increases with the increase of carbon content. The depth of the complete decarburization layer of the spring steel 60Si2MnA decreases with the increase of crystallite dimensions of original austenite.     

Nb对V-N微合金化钢高温热塑性的影响

摘要：使用Gleeble热模拟机研究了V-N和V-N-Nb微合金钢的高温热塑性,利用SEM和金相显微镜对热拉伸试样断口形貌和组织进行分析,并通过TEM对析出相进行了表征。结果表明在V-N钢基础上添加质量分数为0.024%的Nb,总体上降低了在第Ⅲ脆性温度区（950~600℃）的热塑性,使塑性低谷区变宽、变深。断面收缩率Z值低于40%的临界温度区间,V-N钢为862~713℃,而V-N-Nb钢在903~700℃以下,塑性低谷区宽度增加了54℃以上。2种钢的Z最低值在750℃,V-N钢为24.5%,V-N-Nb钢为15.5%。A3温度以上,V-N-Nb钢中更多细小的碳氮化物析出是它热塑性低于V-N钢主要原因;A3温度以下,750℃时Z最低值是由薄膜铁素体和碳氮化物析出综合作用的结果,温度降至700℃时Z提高,较厚的晶界铁素体和晶内铁素体生成是Z升高的主要原因。     

含铌铁水直接冶炼含铌微合金钢的试验

 含铌铁水通过脱碳保铌探索作为合金化元素回收铁水中铌并直接冶炼为含铌微合金钢的方法。试验在真空碳管炉内进行,铁水温度为1 500 ℃,氧化剂为Fe2O3,真空度为10 Pa,分别进行有SiO2-CaO-Al2O3系造渣剂、无渣真空氧化冶炼研究。结果表明：在无渣条件下,加入Fe2O3铁水中硅、铌和碳同时氧化,不能脱碳保铌;加入造渣剂时,造渣剂的碱度越低,铁水中的硅氧化量越低,碳氧化量越高,碳质量分数最低下降到0.032%,铌质量分数最低值从0.09%下降到0.082%;碱度越高,铁水中硅氧化量越高,铌的氧化量也越高;真空氧化冶炼能够促进碳氧化,减少硅的氧化,抑止铌氧化。在50 kg级真空感应电炉内成功进行了回收铁水中铌直接冶炼为含铌钢试验,为回收含铌铁水中的铌提供新方法,也为工业化直接冶炼含铌钢提供试验依据。     

汽车悬架用弹簧钢55SiCr制备技术的研究进展

悬架弹簧钢是汽车悬架系统的重要部件,研发高性能汽车悬架弹簧钢制备技术对于推动特殊钢材料的国产化有着重要的意义。从洁净度控制、组织性能调控和表面脱碳控制3个方面介绍近年来汽车悬架弹簧钢55SiCr制备技术的最新进展。在洁净度控制上,对弹簧钢中夹杂物的控制方向、脱氧工艺、精炼渣和耐火材料等相关研究进行介绍。在组织性能调控中,重点介绍作者所在研究所在悬架弹簧钢55SiCr热处理工艺改进与优化上的探索,比较了淬火-回火、等温淬火和淬火-配分工艺对悬架弹簧钢55SiCr力学性能的影响。表面脱碳控制的相关研究表明,在进行热处理或热加工的过程中,应尽量避免在低于弹簧钢奥氏体/铁素体转变温度(约800 ℃)附近停留,虽然较高的温度有利于避免全脱碳,但是出于晶粒粗化、能耗和氧化等方面的考虑,热处理温度不宜高于1 100 ℃。     

42CrMo钢表面脱碳行为研究

利用S60/58507型高温热重分析仪研究了加热温度对42CrMo钢脱碳的影响，分析了脱碳组织形貌规律，对传统脱碳模型进行了修正。结果表明，总脱碳深度随加热温度的升高而增加。当加热温度为900℃时，42CrMo钢表面出现完全脱碳层和部分脱碳层，当温度为950℃及以上温度时，42CrMo钢表面只出现部分脱碳层。部分脱碳层中铁素体沿晶界分布，形成网状铁素体组织。由于合金元素的作用，传统的脱碳模型不能适用于42CrMo，修正之后的模型能够较为准确地预测42CrMo钢的总脱碳深度。     

Si对中碳弹簧钢氧化脱碳行为的影响

试验研究了成分(%)为0.49C-0.29Si-1.65Mn、n53C-0.78Si-1.56Mn和0.54C-1.74Si-0.71Mn(60Si2MnA)3种中碳弹簧钢850℃5～120 min水冷和780～1000℃60 min水冷热处理后的脱碳敏感性和氧化失重行为。结果表明,随钢中硅含量增加,钢的脱碳层深度增加,氧化失重量减少,说明Si能增加钢中碳的扩散系数,促进钢的脱碳。     

冷轧0.10C5Mn2Al钢在10 2/s应变速率下的超塑性研究

对0.10C5Mnn2Al钢在750～850℃,10^-2/s的应变速率下进行高温拉伸试验及组织结构表征。研究结果表明,0.10C5Mn2Al钢在750℃,800℃、850℃下,10^-2/s的应变速率下的伸长率分别为320%、570%和730%,均获得了超塑性的现象,在超塑性变形过程中,由于变形和高温的共同作用导致了奥氏体和铁素体晶粒均长大,其中变形是导致晶粒长大的主要原因。     

30CrMo钢表面脱碳试验

 在实验室模拟CSP工艺的加热条件,对30CrMo钢进行试验,用金相法测量脱碳层厚度,用失重法对30CrMo钢的氧化层厚度进行估算,结合氧化烧损研究了加热温度和保温时间对30CrMo钢的实际脱碳层厚度的影响规律。结果表明,在试验气氛为（体积分数,%）CO216.5、O20.8、H2O13、N269.7,加热温度范围为1 000～1 150 ℃时,30CrMo钢的实际脱碳层厚度随着加热时间的增加而增加,低于1 050 ℃时,脱碳层厚度随着温度升高而增加,高于1 050 ℃时,脱碳层由于氧化加剧而减少,1 050 ℃为脱碳敏感温度。     

终轧温度对加Ti低合金Q355B钢板组织性能的影响

以钛微合金化的355 MPa级低合金高强度钢为研究对象,将试验钢分别在830、800、750、700 ℃系列温度下终轧,研究了终轧温度对显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着终轧温度的降低,屈服强度和抗拉强度呈现不断升高的趋势,伸长率和冲击性能呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在Ar3温度附近终轧,钢板可获得最佳的综合力学性能。不同终轧温度下钢板基体组织均为铁素体+珠光体,在800 ℃终轧钢板晶粒最为均匀细小,830 ℃终轧钢板晶粒较800 ℃终轧相对粗大,750 ℃终轧钢板组织出现混晶现象,700 ℃终轧时,钢板晶粒已经拉长变形,一定程度上出现“纤维状铁素体”。充分细化晶粒可以减轻钢板中的带状组织。     

A New Series of Mo-free 215Cr-35Ni-xW-02N Economical Duplex Stainless Steels

A new series of economical Mo-free duplex stainless steels 21.5Cr-3.5Ni-xW-0.2N(x=1.8-3.0,mass%) have been developed.The effects of W on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were investigated,and the microstructures were analyzed by optical microscopy,X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction.The designed steels have a balanced ferrite-austenite relation and are free of sigma phase after solution treatment at 750-1 300℃for 30min followed by water-quenching,whereas a small number of Cr23 C6 precipitates were found after solution treatment at 750℃.After solution treatment at 1 050℃,the steel with 1.8%(mass percent)W exhibits the highest room temperature tensile strength due to the strongest work hardening effect, while the steel with 3.0%(mass percent)W exhibits the highest fracture elongation owing to the transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)effect.The ductile-brittle transition(DBT)and martensite transformation are respectively found in the ferrite and austenite,which deteriorates the impact properties of the steels with the increase of W content.The corrosion resistance of the designed steels is improved with the increase of W content.The pitting resistance of austenite is obviously better than that of ferrite for the designed alloys.Among the designed steels,the steel with 1.8%(mass percent)W is found to be an optimum steel with excellent comprehensive properties and lowest production cost.     

取向硅钢脱碳退火的试验研究

 通过取向硅钢脱碳退火的实验室研究,比较了炉内气氛、退火时间、水温对不同初始碳含量的取向硅钢脱碳效果的影响,结果表明：控制气氛中合理的PH2O/PH2比,适当延长退火时间,保持一定的水温,有助于改善最终的脱碳效果;初始碳含量为0.036%的取向硅钢,试验退火条件下均可获得良好的脱碳效果。初始碳含量为0.051%的取向硅钢,脱碳效果不理想,其较优脱碳退火方案为：炉温825℃、气氛30%H2+70%N2、时间7min、水温60℃。     

0.35 mm高性能取向硅钢的工艺研究

研究了0.35 mm厚度低温板坯加热高磁感取向硅钢的制造工艺,常化时控制高温段气氛进行微脱碳,控制常化组织的同时,为连续退火时脱碳效率的提升创造条件。连续退火时,通过控制脱碳前段分压比（p_H2O/p_H2)、退火温度和渗氮量,使初次晶粒尺寸和抑制剂强度良好匹配。高温退火时,二次再结晶之前,采用高氮比例气氛,以减缓抑制剂能力的减弱,最终获得磁感B₈₀₀≥1.91 T、铁损P_1.7/50≤1.15 W/kg的厚规格0.35 mm高性能取向硅钢。     

锰质量分数对Fe-Mn-C钢热物性参数的影响

 为促进Fe-Mn-C钢连铸技术的发展,对不同锰质量分数的Fe-Mn-C钢铸锭的热物性参数进行了研究。结果表明,0Mn钢的导热系数高于3Mn钢。低于750 ℃时,6Mn钢的导热系数最低;高于900 ℃时,6Mn钢的导热系数最高。3个钢种的平均线膨胀系数为1.0×10－5～1.6×10－5 ℃－1。以Z＜60%作为判据,6Mn钢的第III脆性区为600～800 ℃,3Mn钢和0Mn钢的第III脆性区分别为600～850 ℃和600～900 ℃。在6Mn钢和3Mn钢中,大量生成的形变诱导铁素体（DIF）导致低温区热塑性的恢复。然而,由于连铸矫直过程的应变速率较低,不能生成大量的DIF。因此在连铸过程中,低温区6Mn钢和3Mn钢的热塑性不能恢复。     

75Cr1钢加热炉内表面脱碳分析

在实验室模拟现场加热炉加热过程,在CO_2、O_2、H_2O、N_2体积分数分别为16.5%、0.8%、13%、69.7%的混合气氛下对75Cr1钢加热保温。通过正交实验研究了加热温度(975、1 050、1 125、1 200℃)和保温时间(10、20、30、40min)对75Cr1钢脱碳的影响规律。并与菲克第二定律的计算结果进行了对比。实验结果表明:脱碳层深度随着加热温度和保温时间的增加而增加,并且当温度为1 200℃时,增幅明显变大;975℃时的实测值接近理论值,1 050、1 125、1 200℃时,实测值远小于理论值;扩散系数修正后计算值与实测值基本保持一致。     

退火温度对冷轧中锰钢组织性能和断裂行为的影响

 为了系统研究临界区退火和全奥氏体区退火对中锰钢性能的影响，为中锰钢的实际应用提供理论基础，在650~900 ℃范围内系统研究了冷轧中锰钢的显微组织和力学性能，并通过断口形貌观察分析了试验钢的断裂特性。结果表明，试验钢在临界区退火的综合力学性能明显优于全奥氏体区退火。650~750 ℃退火时，抗拉强度在1 000 MPa左右，强塑积超过30 GPa·%，发生韧性断裂，宏观上可以观察到明显的层状裂纹，微观下为大量韧窝；在800~900 ℃退火时，抗拉强度在743~1 154 MPa范围内波动较大，强塑积不足10 GPa·%，断口平整，发生脆性沿晶断裂；退火温度为650 ℃时，组织为片层状和等轴状的奥氏体、铁素体双相及大量渗碳体；随着退火温度的升高，渗碳体逐渐溶解消失，等轴状组织所占体积分数明显增加，奥氏体体积分数也不断增加，在750 ℃时达到52.2%；退火温度为800 ℃时，有马氏体产生，奥氏体体积分数下降；退火温度为900 ℃时，组织基本为马氏体，残留奥氏体体积分数仅为14.6%。     

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Solution treatment and aging treatment of 15Cr23Ni10MoCuV duplex stainless steel was performed at different temperatures. Microstructure evolution and properties of the steel were examined by means of OM, SEM, EDS, XRD analysis, hardness measurement. The results show that a large number of granular chromium carbides can be precipitated in the matrix after hot-rolled, when the solution treatment at 1250?? the chromium carbides will completely dissolved. When solution treated at 1150??, the hardness value of the steel is the lowest. Subject to aging treatments at temperatures of 200-800??, there will be two hardness peaks, corresponding to at 400?? (HB266) and 750?? (HB295). The former is the occurrence of spinodal decomposition in the ferrite and the rich copper phase precipitated in the austenite, while the latter is mainly the emergence of a large number of the ?? phase in the ferrite..