北京十三陵中元古代串岭沟期地质事件的探索

宏观、微观和地球化学研究结果证明在北京十三陵中元古界长城系串沟组有地质事件层.宏观标志包括一系列地震滑塌、砂体液化、层内错断和角砾化构造等;微观标志包括火山晶屑、火山玻璃的假像、显微层内错位等.地球化学资料表明,Re、Os及其同位素和Ir含量异常,某些稀有元素含量的对比等等,都有可能说明地质事件引起了异常现象的出现.笔者认为串岭沟组的地质事件是由于燕山裂陷槽形成早期的火山活动及由其引发的地震事件产生的.根据北京十三陵串岭沟组地质事件记录的研究,对比蓟县、宽城和曲阳等地的剖面后,笔者认为十三陵地区的串岭沟组相当于蓟县串岭沟组的上部层位.此外,串岭沟组出现火山-地震事件可能导致常州沟组后生动物遗迹化石的延续性被破坏;串岭沟组和常州沟组泥岩中有可能存在自生独居石,自生独居石为U,Th-Pb法同位素测年提供可能.     

辽西阜新夏家沟地区新元古界殷屯组发现的意义

在对辽西夏家沟地区出露的中元古界长城系、蓟县系岩石地层单位进行考察时,在中元古界长城系串岭沟组之上,发现了新元古界北方南华系下统殷屯组冰碛杂砾岩地体,该地体与中元古界长城系串岭沟组呈角度不整合接触.该项发现填补了辽西地区新元古代时期陆相岩石地层单位沉积的一项空白,对于讨论辽西地区新元古代地壳的演化历史增添了新的内容,具有重要的地质意义.     

南海珠江口盆地恩平凹陷北带串沟河道沉积特征及其岩性圈闭发育潜力

串沟河道是河流体系发育演变中的重要沉积单元,但目前对其沉积特征和沉积过程的系统报道较少。文章综合利用岩矿、测井和三维地震资料,在南海珠江口盆地恩平凹陷北带韩江组六段识别出了典型的串沟河道沉积。在地震剖面上,串沟河道呈相互孤立分布的中—强振幅反射,平面属性图和分频RGB融合切片显示其在平面上总体较为平直,具有北东窄南西宽的特征,且头部向北东侧逐渐尖灭。钻井显示,串沟河道岩性以含砾粗砂岩为主。通过与已有模式和现代实例的对比,发现恩平北带串沟河道发育的独特之处是其位于富泥的泛滥平原背景中,而不是富砂的坝体之上,且主要发育在低位体系域内。基于对沉积过程的综合分析,提出研究区内串沟河道主要遵循上游扩展的发育演变模式：低位期辫状主河道水体间歇性淹没河道间的先存泛滥平原区,触发串沟河道自下游低洼处的溯源侵蚀且逐渐向上游扩展。串沟河道砂体自身物性好且易于被后期海侵泥岩覆盖,具备良好的侧封、顶封条件,将可能成为盆地重要的岩性圈闭类型。文章的相关结论可为珠江口盆地岩性圈闭勘探提供新的思路。     

曲流串沟型江心洲形成机制与演化探讨

曲流串沟型江心洲是现代河流水利学研究关注的重要河流要素,不同于曲流河点坝和辫状河心滩,但在油气储层沉积学研究中鲜有关注。选取现代松花江典型河段,开展基于水动力学的沉积数值模拟,恢复曲流串沟型江心洲的演化过程,建立了曲流串沟型江心洲演化模式。研究结果表明:1）洪水期曲流河发生漫滩冲刷,串沟发育扩张,截弯取直,形成分汊河道及江心洲地貌;2）分汊偏移角、相对梯度优势可用于预测短期汊道存在的稳定性;3）串沟型江心洲形成于曲流点坝残余沉积之上,发育洲头侵蚀、洲尾加积、翼部双侧积,但垂向加积主要发育在顶部,不构成沉积主体结构。通过上述研究建立了曲流江心洲沉积模式,揭示了曲流河江心洲内部结构及分汊河道水动力特征,对现代河流治理和地下河流沉积储层刻画有指导意义。     

新疆伊宁克孜勒赛黄土滑坡堵溃型泥石流成灾模式

2017年4月2日凌晨,新疆伊宁县喀拉亚尕奇乡境内由于持续降雨,诱发黄土滑坡堵溃型泥石流灾害,造成直接经济损失50余万元。本文在查明滑坡堵溃型泥石流形成条件、成灾模式基础上,分析了克孜勒赛沟泥石流静力学和运动特征,得出如下结论:(1)此次滑坡堵溃型泥石流成灾模式为:持续降雨→黄土斜坡变形破坏→滑坡滑入沟道形成堰塞坝→堰塞坝溃决形成泥石流;(2) 3#、4#、5#、6#和7#滑坡堰塞坝溃决洪峰流量分别为5. 4 m3/s、10. 1 m3/s、49. 5 m3/s和30. 3 m3/s;(3)泥石流断面流速为1. 88～3. 50 m/s,断面流量为4. 51～41. 39 m3/s,泥石流堆积扇最大长度263. 1m,最大宽度212. 6 m。调查研究结论对克孜勒赛沟滑坡堵溃型泥石流的防治具有现实意义,并提出了针对性的防灾减灾建议。 更多还原     

弯曲河流斜槽裁弯模式与发育过程

结合遥感影像、野外调查和形态统计,深入分析斜槽裁弯现象,将其划分为切滩冲刷、串沟冲刷和主流顶冲3种模式。切滩模式发生于洪水期间主流水流动力轴线偏向凸滩后,形成漫流水流冲刷,极可能在边滩形成新的斜槽。切滩裁弯的形态统计表明,弯道曲率半径与平均河宽之比约2.92,分流角约54.8°。串沟模式是前期洪水漫过河湾内侧洪泛平原,漫滩水流冲刷形成若干串沟,后续洪水沿串沟继续冲刷,串沟逐步横向展宽和向下游侵蚀,直至形成新的河槽。主流顶冲模式是水流顶冲河湾内侧河岸,形成湾状缺口,后续洪水持续顶冲湾状缺口,直至上下游水流贯通,形成斜槽裁弯。     

河北宽城长城系下统微古植物群

河北宽城崖门子剖面长城系下统(常州沟组、串岭沟组和团山子组)页岩中微古植物丰富多样,保存完好,其中尤以串岭沟组最佳。经鉴定总计17属63种,包括5个新种。这进一步揭示了长城系下统各组微古植物的特征,亦为上述各组的空间分布和对比提供了有力的古生物依据。     

山东招远灵山-北截断裂的重新厘定及其意义

灵山-北截断裂带控制了众多金矿床的工业矿体,灵北断裂既导矿又容矿.灵北断裂的构造控矿样式有"绳结"和"结环"状两种,灵北断裂带上4个金矿床等距分布,从南向北依次为七厘山、灵山沟、魏家沟、北截等金矿床,呈4～5km分布.在灵山沟矿区发现了SN向诸流河断裂,重新厘定了灵北断裂的空间分布,确定、命名了黄埠岭-凤凰山断裂,认为它与灵北断裂为斜列关系,二者同级别、同规模、同性质,而灵北断裂的南延部分则经过七厘山和灵山冯家进入莱州境内.     

耐酸高强度改性树脂堵剂的室内评价

堵水和酸化连作技术是一种综合了堵水和酸化优势的集成技术,针对堵水和酸化连作技术中对堵剂性能的特殊要求,研制了一种以树脂产品为主体的堵剂,对影响堵剂固化性能的主要因素如尿素与甲醛配比、温度、固化剂加量、水加量、增塑剂加量、速控剂加量分别进行了研究,并对堵剂的耐温、耐盐和耐酸性能进行了测定.采用不同浓度的酸液与堵剂进行的配伍性实验结果表明,树脂堵剂与酸液之间的配伍性较好.岩芯模拟实验结果表明堵水和酸化连作工艺具有很强的改善产液剖面的能力.     

华北串岭沟组凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP年龄及其地层学意义

华北克拉通燕辽地区是中国中新元古代沉积地层的标准剖面区。蓟县群和青白口群已经取得了很多重要的高精度定年数据,但是长城群除了顶部大红峪组有了高精度定年以外,其他组还缺乏可靠的高精度定年数据。为了准确标定华北克拉通中元古界长城群串岭沟组的年龄,对采自河北宽城地区神仙岭剖面串岭沟组顶部火山岩凝灰岩锆石进行了SHRIMP U-Pb定年。结果表明所测锆石207Pb/206Pb表面年龄加权平均值为(1 634.8±6.9) Ma(95% 置信度,MSWD=1.2,n=23)。可见长城群串岭沟组顶部的准确年龄为(1 634.8±6.9) Ma,表明长城群串岭沟组到大红峪组整体上属于中元古代地层。     

多元线性回归分析在车大人沟河泥石流分区与评价中的应用

本文在概述车大人沟河流域泥石流形成的地形地貌、物源和水源等条件的基础上，采用多元线性回归分析方法，选取了物源储量、支沟完整性系数、支沟边坡坡度、支沟沟床比降、冲沟密度、侵蚀模数、不良地质现象和植被覆盖率等八个指标作为自变量，建立与泥石流活跃度间相关关系的数学表达式，计算出车大人沟河40条泥石流支沟活跃度值，从而进行分区评价。将该区泥石流活跃度划分为高、中、低易发区和不发育区，其结果与实地灾情相符，可为车大人沟河流域泥石流防治规划提供科学依据。     

The Effects of Tidal Export from Salt Marsh Ditches on Estuarine Water Quality and Plankton Communities

Salt marshes are an important transition zone between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and in their natural state, they often function to cycle or trap terrestrially derived nutrients and organic matter. Many US salt marshes were ditched during the twentieth century, potentially altering their functionality. The goal of this 4-year study was to assess the impact of water from ditches within seven salt marshes on estuarine water quality and plankton communities within four estuaries on Long Island, NY, USA. We found that concentrations of inorganic nutrients (ammonium, phosphate), dissolved and particulate organic nitrogen and carbon (POC, PON, DOC, DON), and total coliform bacteria were significantly enriched in salt marsh ditches compared to the estuaries they discharged into. In addition, concentrations of ammonium and DON became more enriched in ditches as tidal levels decreased, suggesting these constituents were generated in situ. Quantification of nitrogen sources in Flanders Bay, NY, suggested salt marsh ditches could represent a substantial source of N to this estuary during summer months. Experimental incubations demonstrated that water from salt marsh ditches was capable of significantly enhancing the growth of multiple classes of phytoplankton, with large diatoms and dinoflagellates displaying the most dramatic increases in growth. Experiments further demonstrated that salt marsh ditchwater was capable of significantly enhancing pelagic respiration rates, suggesting discharge from ditches could influence estuarine oxygen consumption. In summary, this study demonstrates that tidal draining of salt marsh ditches is capable of degrading multiple aspects of estuarine water quality.     

Channel evolution of Des Moines Lobe till drainage ditches in southern Minnesota (USA)

Some drainage ditches in the intensively managed row-crop agricultural region of southern Minnesota evolved from a trapezoidal form to multi-staged channel forms similar to natural streams. Older ditches constructed in cohesive sediment of the Des Moines Lobe till tend to follow a channel evolution model developed by Simon and Hupp. Site cross sections, longitudinal water and bed profiles and bed material particle size were determined according to Harrelson and others at 24 older ditch reaches, 5 newly constructed ditch reaches and 13 natural stream reaches. Morphological features were hypothesized to change from trapezoidal form to flat bench banks, similar to benches found in natural stream channels. All data were statistically analyzed with respect to drainage area using regression, because channel form is directly related to drainage area for a given climate, geology and land use. Results show similar regression slope and intercept for bankfull channel width and bankfull cross-sectional area (CSA) of older ditches and natural streams compared to typical trapezoidal designed ditches. Evolved ditches developed a small floodplain bench above the ditch bed and adjusted their bankfull widths similar to natural stream channels with respect to drainage area. Old ditches showed a relatively strong R ² (0.82, 0.68) for channel CSA and width, a weaker R ² (0.45) for water surface slope, and little to no correlation with bed particle size. Channel form appears to have adjusted more quickly than bed facets and/or bed particle size distribution. However, stepwise regression determined that D₈₄, width/depth ratio and mean bankfull depth explained 83?% of the variability of channel features across varying drainage areas. Findings suggest a possible reduction of long-term maintenance costs if older ditches are allowed to evolve over time. A stable ditch form similar to natural streams is typically self-sustaining, suggesting that prior to a scheduled clean-out, the ditch should be examined for hydraulic capacity, sediment transport and bank stability.     

不同浅层含水介质系统对排污河渠中磷去除效果影响的模拟实验

通过模拟 3种不同的浅层地下含水介质系统对排污河渠中磷去除实验 ,发现不同的含水介质对排污河渠中的总磷都有去除和净化的功能 ,并随着含水介质厚度的增加 ,总磷的去除率逐渐升高。不同的含水介质对总磷的去除效果不同 ,中砂对总磷的去除效果明显优于粗砂。去除磷的主要机理为吸附和沉淀 ,含水介质对磷去除的主要影响因素有介质的颗粒大小、不均匀系数、粘粒含量等。由于排污河渠长期的污水渗漏会在河床底部形成底泥 ,增强了对磷的去除效果 ,所以排污河渠一般不易造成对地下水的磷污染。     

高纬度寒区浅埋隧道的温度场及防寒抗冻探讨

专门针对东北高纬度寒区浅埋隧道冻害机理的研究较少,对东北寒区隧道进行了现场温度实测,讨论了东北高纬度寒区浅埋隧道的冻害形成机理和防寒抗冻措施.现场温度实测表明,传统的保温措施无法保证隧道不发生冻害,合理的防排水措施是高维度寒区浅埋隧道的主要防寒抗冻方法.建议在高维度寒区浅埋隧道全长设置中心深埋水沟、排水盲沟和保温侧沟,在冻结深度很大和月平均气温极低的寒区隧道排水设计中建议尝试使用顶进中心深埋水沟的施工方法,以降低工程造价及提高施工安全.中心深埋水沟直径应在80cm以上,以保证维护的便利.根据洞口地形选择合理的出水口形式,且做好保温防冻措施.     

基于溶质运移模拟的某化工场地污染物对拟建水库污染风险预测

溶质运移模拟是污染风险预测的一种有效手段。本研究为查明研究区内某有机污染场地作为污染源对拟建水库的影响,基于对区内流场的精确测量,建立了准确的地下水流模型和化工厂泄露有机污染物的溶质运移模型,预测分析了研究区拟建水库修建前、后地下水流场及污染物迁移情形的变化。模拟结果表明：水库和周边两种设计水头的截渗沟建成后,改变了自然条件下的流场,形成水库向截渗沟排泄、截渗沟向周边排泄以及水库和周边区域均向截渗沟排泄两种地下水流场。某些污染羽扩散范围虽比自然条件下有所增大,但向水库方向的扩散均未超出300 m,不会对水库水质构成污染风险。     

Common reed grass,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis>, expansion into constructed wetlands: Are we mortgaging our wetland future?

The use of constructed wetlands to replace natural wetlands has become a widespread management tool. Because of the inherent disturbed nature of these sites, constructed wetlands are susceptible to colonization by undesirable plant species. Vegetated communities in 15 constructed wetland sites ranging in age from 1 to 12 yr and in size from 0.4 to 5.3 ha were surveyed using differential global positioning system (GPS) technology in 1994. These sites were re-surveyed in 2000. Colonization of the sites byPhragmites australis expanded from 73% of the sites in 1994 to 80% of the sites in 2000. The total area colonized byP. australis within the sites increased from 3.47 to 4.96 ha. In some sites, the area ofP. australis decreased, which appears to be correlated with an increase in scrub-shrub vegetation (0.986, p=0.014). Similar to results from the previous study, sites that are surrounded by subtidal perimeter ditches have significantly lessP. australis than those sites without perimeter ditches (p=0.019).P. australis expansion rates within the sites varied from 0.1 to 5.6 yr^?1. Colonization of constructed wetland sites byP. australis should be a continued concern of resource managers. Activities such as planting scrub-shrub species on the upland-wetland berm and construction of subtidal perimeter ditches should be considered as methods to reduce the probability of invasion.     

农田排水沟渠的环境效应与生态功能综述

农田排水沟渠作为农业景观中重要的景观单元,能够调节农田生态系统水分平衡,改变流域水文情势。农田养分可以随排水过程迅速流失,也可以通过沉淀与吸附机制被农田沟渠所截留或者通过植物吸收后收割与反硝化去除等机制脱离农田生态系统。作为农田生态系统边缘的交错带,农田排水沟渠较高的植物多样性可以提供动物栖息地和避难场所,增加农田生态系统生物多样性。清淤、收割和控制排水等管理措施对于农田排水沟渠的环境效应和生态服务功能有着不同的影响。今后应加强从多个学科研究农田排水沟渠的环境效应和生态功能,探索生态排水沟渠的构建和管理技术,实现农田排水沟渠水利功能和生态功能的"双赢"。     

Groundwater hydrochemistry and soil pollution in a catchment affected by an abandoned lead–zinc mine: functioning of a diffuse pollution source

The importance of polluted alluvial soils as a potential diffuse source of heavy metals was investigated in a catchment of the Matylda stream affected by an abandoned lead and zinc ore mine in Upper Silesia, southern Poland. This was attempted by means of standard groundwater analyses performed together with measurements of Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in soil and groundwater. The Matylda stream, receiving mine water, was converted in the 20th century into a straight channel directed in its middle reach over the valley bottom. This changed the drainage direction of the Matylda stream water. During mining operations, groundwater seepage, combined with surface drainage by shallow ditches caused pollution of sandy soils exceeding over 100 mg/kg of Cd, 24% of Zn and 4% of Pb at surface or subsurface soil horizons, and reaching at least 60 cm in depth. After mine closure in the 1970s, the network of ditches appears to be a source of Ca, Mg, chlorides, carbonates and nitrates, as indicated by the more or less regular increase of these major ion concentrations in groundwater down ditches. Whereas, the ditches are a sink rather than a source of zinc, cadmium and lead in permanently dry reaches, or transition zones in reaches with surface water flowing periodically. The metal concentrations and distribution in soil and groundwater suggest the slow mobilization of heavy metals stored in the valley bottom and the minor importance of soil as a diffuse source for surface water pollution.     

Gut contents of common mummichogs,Fundulus heteroclitus L., in a restored impounded marsh and in natural reference marshes

We examined the gut contents of mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus L., entering and leaving ditches in three marsh regions within the Barn Island Wildlife Management Area in Connecticut: a restored impounded valley marsh, a marsh below the impoundment dike (Headquarters Marsh), and an unimpounded valley marsh (Davis Marsh). On the Headquarters Marsh and at certain times on the other two marshes, fish entered the ditches on the flooding tide with relatively little food in their guts and left them on the following ebbing tide with considerably more food in their guts. Since the high tides did not flood the surface of the high marsh, it appears that the ditches are important foraging areas. Major components of the gut contents were detritus, algae, amphipods, tanaids, copepods, and insects. During the summer, fish in the restored impounded marsh consumed less food per unit body weight than did fish inhabiting the other marsh regions.