Approximate merging of B-spline curves via knot adjustment and constrained optimization

This paper addresses the problem of approximate merging of two adjacent B-spline curves into one B-spline curve. The basic idea of the approach is to find the conditions for precise merging of two B-spline curves, and perturb the control points of the curves by constrained optimization subject to satisfying these conditions. To obtain a merged curve without superfluous knots, we present a new knot adjustment algorithm for adjusting the end k knots of a kth order B-spline curve without changing its shape. The more general problem of merging curves to pass through some target points is also discussed.     

调整节点矢量对B样条曲线的影响

本文研究了调整一个节点对B样条曲线产生的影响。调整B样条曲线的一个节点,引起两个节点区间改变。讨论了这两个节点区间上有定义的B样条基函数所发生的变化,以及对B样条曲线产生的影响。研究表明,通过调整一个节点可以方便地调整B样条曲线的形状,为B样条曲线形状调整提供了一种简便有效的方法,这在很大程度上丰富了B样条曲
线形状调整的方法。     

三次均匀B样条曲线的新扩展及应用

给出了一组含有2个形状参数λ_i,μ_i的三次多项式调配函数,它是三次均匀B样条基函数的扩展;分析了这组调配函数的性质,基于此组调配函数定义了一种带2个局部形状控制参数λ_i,μ_i的分段多项式样条曲线,它以三次均匀B样条曲线为特殊情形。新曲线不仅具有灵活的局部形状可调性和更强的描述能力,而且可以在不改变曲线G¹连续性和不影响曲线其他各段形状的同时,通过改变局部形状参数对曲线每段的形状进行多种方式的局部调整。最后讨论了新曲线在曲线造型中的应用,并给出了一个扩展曲面的定义。实例表明,新扩展曲线为曲线/曲面的设计提供了一种有效的新方法。     

A class of general quartic spline curves with shape parameters

With a support on four consecutive subintervals, a class of general quartic splines are presented for a non-uniform knot vector. The splines have C² continuity at simple knots and include the cubic non-uniform B-spline as a special case. Based on the given splines, piecewise quartic spline curves with three local shape parameters are given. The given spline curves can be C²∩G³ continuous by fixing some values of the curve?s parameters. Without solving a linear system, the spline curves can also be used to interpolate sets of points with C² continuity. The effects of varying the three shape parameters on the shape of the quartic spline curves are determined and illustrated.     

Reparameterization of piecewise rational Bezier curves and its applications

degree . Although the curve segments are C ¹ continuous in three dimensions, they may be C ⁰ continuous in four dimensions. In this case, the multiplicity of each interior knot cannot be reduced and the B-spline basis function becomes C ⁰ continuous. Using a surface generation method, such as skinning these kinds of rational B-spline curves to construct an interpolatory surface, may generate surfaces with C ⁰ continuity. This paper presents a reparameterization method for reducing the multiplicity of each interior knot to make the curve segments C ¹ continuous in four dimensions. The reparameterized rational B-spline curve has the same shape and degree as before and also has a standard form. Some applications in skinned surface and ruled surface generation based on the reparameterized curves are shown. Published online: 19 July 2001     

五阶与六阶三角样条曲线

利用三角函数构造了两个含参数的函数组,它们分别由6 个、7 个函数组 成,分析了这两个函数组的性质。由这两组函数定义了两种新的样条曲线,它们分别具有与 五次、六次B 样条曲线相同的结构。新曲线在继承B 样条曲线基本性质的同时,又具备了 一些新的优点。例如,在等距节点下,新曲线在节点处均可以达到C5 连续,而且在不改变 控制顶点的情况下,新曲线的形状均可以通过改变形状参数的值进行调整。另外,给出了使 新曲线插值于控制多边形首末端点的方法,以及构造闭曲线的方法等,文中的图例说明了新 方法的正确性和可行性。     

高阶连续的形状可调三角多项式曲线曲面

目的目前使用的B样条曲线曲面存在着高连续阶与高局部调整性两者无法兼而有之的不足,且B样条曲线曲面的形状被控制顶点和节点向量唯一确定,这些因素影响着B样条方法的几何设计效果与方便性。本文旨在克服这种局限,以期构造具有高次B样条方法的高连续阶,低次B样条方法的高局部调整性,以及有理B样条方法权因子决定的形状调整性的曲线曲面。方法在三角函数空间上构造了一组含参数的调配函数,进而定义具有与3次B样条曲线曲面相同结构的新曲线与张量积曲面。结果新曲线曲面继承了B样条方法的凸包性、对称性、几何不变性等诸多性质。不同的是,同样是基于4点分段,3次均匀B样条曲线C2连续,而对于等距节点,在一般情况下,新曲线C5连续,当参数取特殊值时可达C7连续。新曲线在C5连续的情况下存在1个形状参数,能较好地调整曲线的形状同时又无须改变控制顶点。另外,将形状参数设为特定值,新曲线可以自动插值给定点列。新曲面具有与新曲线相应的优点。结论在强局部性下实现高阶连续性的形状可调分段组合曲线曲面,为高阶光滑曲线曲面的设计提供了可能,并且新曲线实现了逼近与插值的统一表示,能较好地应用于工程实际。调配函数的构造方法具有一般性,可用相同方式构造其他具有类似性质的调配函数。     

带形状参数的二次B样条曲线

提出一种带形状参数的二次B样条曲线,这种曲线对非均匀节点为C^1-连续,对于均匀节点且当所有参数都等于1时为C^2-连续．与不带形状参数的二次B样条曲线相比,其形状既能整体变化又能局部变化,并且能从两侧逼近控制多边形．此外,毋需采用重节点技术或解方程组就能直接插值控制点或控制边．     

Shape Control and Modification of RationalCubic B-Spline Curves

This paper considers the construction of a rational cubic B-spline curve that willinterpolate a sequence of data points x'+ith specified tangent directions at those points. It is emphasisedthat the constraints are purely geometrical and that the pararnetric tangent magnitudes are notassigned as in many' curl'e manipulation methods. The knot vector is fixed and the unknowns are thecontrol points and x"eightsf in this respect the technique is fundamentally different from otherswhere knot insertion is allowed.First. the theoretical result3 for the uniform rational cubic B-spline are presented. Then. in theplanar case. the effect of changes to the tangent at a single point and the acceptable bounds for thechange are established so that all the weights and tangent magnitUdes remain positive. Finally, aninteractive procedure for controlling the shape of a planar rational cubic B-spline curve is presented.     

The conversion of a dynamic B-spline curve into piecewise polynomials in power form

The evaluation of points and the computations of inflection points or cusps on a curve are often necessary in CAGD applications. When a curve is represented in a B-spline form, such computations can be made easier once it is transformed into a set of piecewise polynomial curves in power form. The usual practice of the transformation of a B-spline curve into a set of piecewise polynomial curves in power form is done either by a knot refinement followed by basis conversions, or by applying a Taylor expansion on each knot span of a B-spline curve.Presented in this paper is a new algorithm to convert a B-spline curve into a set of piecewise polynomial curves in power form. Experiment shows that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the conventional approach when one or more control points of a B-spline curve are continuously moving.     

两种带形状参数的曲线

本文构造了两种带参数的三角样条基,基于这两组基定义了两种三角样条曲线。与二次B样条曲线类似,这两种曲线的每一段都由相继的三个控制顶点生成。这两种曲线具有许多与二次B样条曲线类似的性质,但它们的连续性都比二次B样条曲线更好。对于等距节点,在一般情况下,这两种曲线都整体C3连续,在特殊条件下,它们都可达C5连续。两种曲线中的形状参数均有明确的几何意义,参数越大,曲线越靠近控制多边形。另外,当形状参数满足一定条件时,这两种曲线都具有比二次B样条曲线更好的对控制多边形的逼近性。运用张量积方法,将这两种曲线推广后所得到的曲面也具有较好的连续性。     

带两个参数的非均匀三次三角B样条曲线

为了使构造的三次三角非均匀 B-样条曲线在具备形状可调性、高阶连续性、精确 表示椭圆等性质的同时还具有变差缩减性,构造了一类具有全正性的带 2 个参数的非均匀三次 三角 B-样条基函数,进而进行曲线构造。首先假设待构造的非均匀三次三角 B-样条基在每一个 节点处具有 C2连续且具有单位性,进而确定基函数的表达式;然后给出了基函数具有全正性等 重要性质;最后给出了非均匀三次三角 B-样条曲线的定义,并证明了其具有变差缩减性等重要 性质,还证明了曲线在取特殊参数值时具有 C(2n–1)阶连续。实例表明,本文构造的曲线有效解 决了传统方法存在的问题,适合于几何设计。     

B-spline surface fitting based on adaptive knot placement using dominant columns

By expanding the idea of B-spline curve fitting using dominant points (Park and Lee 2007 [13]), we propose a new approach to B-spline surface fitting to rectangular grid points, which is based on adaptive knot placement using dominant columns along u- and v-directions. The approach basically takes approximate B-spline surface lofting which performs adaptive multiple B-spline curve fitting along and across rows of the grid points to construct a resulting B-spline surface. In multiple B-spline curve fitting, rows of points are fitted by compatible B-spline curves with a common knot vector whose knots are computed by averaging the parameter values of dominant columns selected from the points. We address how to select dominant columns which play a key role in realizing adaptive knot placement and thereby yielding better surface fitting. Some examples demonstrate the usefulness and quality of the proposed approach.     

Reducing control points in lofted B-spline surface interpolation using common knot vector determination

A new algorithm for reducing control points in lofted surface interpolation to rows of data points is presented in this paper. The key step of surface lofting is to obtain a set of compatible B-spline curves interpolating each row. Given a set of points and their parameterization, a necessary and sufficient condition is proposed to determine the existence of interpolating B-spline curves defined on a given knot vector. Based on this condition, we first properly construct a common knot vector that guarantees the existence of interpolating B-spline curves to each row of points. Then we calculate a set of interpolating B-spline curves defined on the common knot vector by energy minimization. Using this method, fewer control points are employed while maintaining a visually pleasing shape of the lofted surface. Several experimental results demonstrate the usability and quality of the proposed method.     

集多种特性的三次三角伪B样条

目的 为了同时解决传统多项式B样条曲线在形状调控、精确表示常见工程曲线以及构造插值曲线时的不足,提出了一类集多种特性的三次三角伪B样条。方法 首先构造了一组带两个参数的三次三角伪B样条基函数,然后在此基础上定义了相应的参数伪B样条曲线,并讨论了该曲线的特性及光顺性问题,最后研究了相应的代数伪B样条,并给出了最优代数伪B样条的确定方法。结果 参数伪B样条曲线不仅满足C²连续,而且无需求解方程系统即可自动插值于给定的型值点。当型值点保持不变时,插值曲线的形状还可通过自带的两个参数进行调控。在适当条件下,该参数伪B样条曲线可精确表示圆弧、椭圆弧、星形线等常见的工程曲线。相应的代数伪B样条具有参数伪B样条曲线类似的性质,利用最优代数伪B样条可获得满意的插值效果。结论 所提出的伪B样条同时解决了传统多项式B样条曲线在形状调控、精确表示常见工程曲线以及构造插值曲线时的不足,是一种实用的曲线造型方法。     

A Geometric Approach for Multi-Degree Spline

Multi-degree spline (MD-spline for short) is a generalization of B-spline which comprises of polynomial segments of various degrees.The present paper provides a new definition for MD-spline curves in a geometric intuitive way based on an efficient and simple evaluation algorithm.MD-spline curves maintain various desirable properties of B-spline curves,such as convex hull,local support and variation diminishing properties.They can also be refined exactly with knot insertion.The continuity between two adjacent segments with different degrees is at least C1 and that between two adjacent segments of same degrees d is Cd 1.Benefited by the exact refinement algorithm,we also provide several operators for MD-spline curves,such as converting each curve segment into B′ezier form,an efficient merging algorithm and a new curve subdivision scheme which allows different degrees for each segment.     

A New Approach for Direct Manipulation of Free-Form Curve

There is an increasing demand for more intuitive methods for creating and modifying free-form curves and surfaces in CAD modeling systems. The methods should be based not only on the change of the mathematical parameters, such as control points, knots, and weights, but also on the user's specified constraints and shapes. This paper presents a new approach for directly manipulating the shape of a free-form curve, leading to a better control of the curve deformation and a more intuitive CAD modeling interface. The user's intended deformation of a curve is automatically converted into the modification of the corresponding NURBS control points and knot sequence of the curve. The algorithm for this approach includes curve elevation, knot refinement, control point repositioning, and knot removal. Several examples shown in this paper demonstrate that the proposed method can be used to deform a NURBS curve into the desired shape. Currently, the algorithm concentrates on the purely geometric consideration. Further work will include the effect of material properties.     

对可调控Bézier曲线的改进

目的 在用Bézier曲线表示复杂形状时,相邻曲线的控制顶点间必须满足一定的光滑性条件。一般情况下,对光滑度的要求越高,条件越复杂。通过改进文献中的“可调控Bézier曲线”,以构造具有多种优点的自动光滑分段组合曲线。方法 首先给出了两条位置连续的曲线G^l连续的一个充分条件,进而证明了“可调控Bézier曲线”在普通Bézier曲线的G^l光滑拼接条件下可达G^l(l为曲线中的参数)光滑拼接。然后对“可调控Bézier基”进行改进得到了一组新的基函数,利用该基函数按照Bézier曲线的定义方式构造了一种新曲线。分析了该曲线的光滑拼接条件,并根据该条件定义了一种分段组合曲线。结果 对于新曲线而言,只要前一条曲线的最后一条控制边与后一条曲线的第1条控制边重合,两条曲线便自动光滑连接,并且在连接点处的光滑度可以简单地通过改变参数的值来自由调整。由新曲线按照特殊方式构成的分段组合曲线具有类似于B样条曲线的自动光滑性和局部控制性。不同的是,组合曲线的各条曲线段可以由不同数量的控制顶点定义,选择合适的参数,可以使曲线在各个连接点处达到任何期望的光滑度。另外,改变一个控制顶点,至多只会影响两条曲线段的形状,改变一条曲线段中的参数,只会影响当前曲线段的形状,以及至多两个连接点处的光滑度。结论 本文给出了构造易于拼接的曲线的通用方法,极大简化了曲线的拼接条件。此基础上,提出的一种新的分段组合曲线定义方法,无需对控制顶点附加任何条件,所得曲线自动光滑,且其形状、光滑度可以或整体或局部地进行调整。本文方法具有一般性,为复杂曲线的设计创造了条件。     

任意NUBS曲线的小波分析和造型技术

为了对任意NUBS曲线进行精确的分解和重构，提出了半正交B样条小波分解和重构的新算法，同时给出了处理非均匀B样条曲线的非整数阶分辨率的小波分解和重构算法，并实现了任意非均匀B样条曲线的多分辨率表示，对于任意非均匀B样条或NUBS曲线，无论它有多少个控制点，均可以对它进行半正交分解和重构，而不受控制点数必须等于2＋3的限制，从这个意义上讲，该方法不仅可以实现连续分辨率水平（continuous-resolutionlevel)的非均匀B样条曲线造型，还可以对非均匀B样条和NURBS曲线进行精确的分解和重构，这对于B样条曲线曲面的多分辨率造型与显示具有重大应用价值。     

带最多独立形状参数的三阶三次均匀B样条曲线

构造了三阶三次等距结点的多项式B样条参数曲线,给出了de Boor控制顶点与分段三次Bézier控制顶点的关系式。该曲线具有一些类似于二次B样条曲线的性质：关于参变量为C¹连续,每个样条区间上的曲线由三个de Boor控制顶点的线性组合表示,具有仿射变换下的不变性,包含了二次均匀B样条曲线等。还具有形状可调性质：调配函数中含有形状参数,具有明显的几何意义,可用于调控曲线的形状或变形。给出了其具有凸包性、对de Boor控制多边形保形性等性质及其条件,讨论了形状参数对曲线形状的影响。