Mg-6Zn-1Mn-2Sn-0.5Ca合金挤压态和热处理态的组织与力学性能

利用光学显微镜、X 射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜、硬度以及力学性能测试等对挤压态和时效处理的Mg?6Zn?1Mn?2Sn?0.5Ca 镁合金的显微组织和力学性能进行研究。研究结果表明：合金铸态的相组成为α-Mg, Mn, Mg7Zn3, Ca₂Mg₆Zn₃ 和CaMgSn相组成。挤压态组织为完全动态再结晶组织,晶粒尺寸约为2.8 μm。固溶时效处理(T6,180 ℃+10 h)后,合金的强度明显增加,屈服和抗拉分别为320 MPa 和390 MPa。合金强度的提高主要是由于晶界强化,固溶强化和析出强化作用。     

Er-Ba复合变质对Mg-2.5Si-4Zn铸造合金组织及性能的影响

镁合金中的强化相Mg₂Si可以显著提高合金的硬度、耐磨性，特别是耐高温蠕变性。但铸态过共晶Mg-Si合金中初生Mg₂Si棱角粗糙，共晶Mg₂Si具有复杂的汉字形态，会严重割裂合金基体。为了改善Mg-2.5Si-4Zn合金的性能，进行了添加Er/Er-Ba的变质实验，并通过光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散光谱仪（EDS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）研究了Er/Er-Ba对合金组织和Mg₂Si相的影响。利用计算机辅助电子加载拉伸试验机对力学性能进行了测试和分析。结果表明，在Mg-2.5Si-4Zn合金中加入0.6%（质量分数）的Er，其组织中的初生Mg₂Si从粗大的树枝状转变为规则的四方块状，而共晶Mg₂Si则从粗大的汉字状转变为更复杂的短棒状。随后加入0.8%的Ba后，初生Mg₂Si从规则的四边形块状进一步转变为带有沟槽和孔洞的不规则细小块状，共晶Mg₂Si在尺寸上细化效果显著，呈点线状弥散分布在合金基体中。当加入0.6%Er和0.8%Ba时，变质效果最佳。经Er-Ba复合变质的Mg-2.5Si-4Zn合金的力学性能得到显著改善，抗拉强度σ_b和伸长率δ分别提高到168 MPa和5.04%。     

铸态Mg-Li-Al-xSi合金微观组织和力学性能

本文通过真空熔炼炉在氩气保护下制备了Mg-9Li-3Al-xSi(x=0,0.1,0.5,1.0 wt%)合金。实验使用光学显微镜(OM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),力学性能测试和X射线衍射(XRD)研究合金的微观组织和力学性能。实验结果表明：铸态Mg-9Li-3Al合金组织中主要由α-Mg、β-Li、Mg₁₇Al₁₂相组成。加入Si后,合金中出现了新相Mg₂Si,晶粒得到了明显细化;当合金中的Si含量过高时,α-Mg相粗化,且会在相界处出现块状和汉字状的Mg₂Si相。合金的强度随着Si含量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,合金的延伸率随着Si含量的增加呈现逐渐降低的趋势。当合金中Si含量为0.1%时,抗拉强度达到最大值182.5MPa,延伸率为12.1%,相比未添加Si的Mg-9Li-3Al合金,抗拉强度提高了59.6%。     

从吸附角度观察Mg-Ca合金中Mg2Ca和 α-Mg的氧化：DFT研究

基于DFT计算O₂在α-Mg（0001）和Mg₂Ca（0001）上的吸附过程,以探明Mg-Ca合金中的α-Mg和Mg₂Ca氧化机理。结果表明,在吸附过程中,O₂与α-Mg和Mg₂Ca有很强的相互作用,且均为化学吸附,但Mg₂Ca的吸附结构不如α-Mg的吸附结构稳定。在氧化过程中,O₂与α-Mg和Mg₂Ca中的Ca和Mg原子发生反应,形成Mg-Ca-O氧化膜,从而提高Mg-Ca合金的抗氧化性。但Mg₂Ca的吸附结构稳定性比α-Mg差,因此Mg₂Ca形成的氧化膜对基体的保护作用比α-Mg弱。     

初始组织对热挤压Mg-6Al-2Ca-2Sm合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

对铸态Mg-6Al-2Ca-2Sm合金分别进行经固溶和固溶+时效处理获得不同初始组织试样,然后对不同初始组织的试样进行热挤压,研究了不同初始组织对热挤压Mg-6Al-2Ca-2Sm合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：铸态合金经热挤压后发生明显的部分再结晶,显微组织得到显著细化;经固溶或固溶+时效处理能够改善合金组织,热挤压后合金显微组织分布更加均匀。初始组织分布能够改善热挤压Mg-6Al-2Ca-2Sm合金室温和高温力学性能,固溶+时效后进行热挤压,Mg-6Al-2Ca-2Sm合金具有最高的抗拉强度和延伸率。     

固溶处理对铸态Mg-4Al-2Si合金组织和性能的影响

研究了固溶处理对铸态Mg-4Al-2Si(AS42)合金组织和性能的影响.结果表明,铸态与热处理态合金均由α-Mg基体、β-Mg17Al12相和Mg2Si相3部分组成.固溶处理使合金中的β-Mg17Al12相发生部分溶解,汉字状Mg2Si相颗粒出现球状化,合金的力学性能有较大幅度的提高.铸态与热处理态合金的断裂形式均为准解理脆性断裂.     

Ba-Nd复合变质对Mg-3Si-4Zn铸造合金组织及性能的影响

研究了Ba-Nd复合变质对Mg-3Si-4Zn铸造合金组织及力学性能的影响,用OM、SEM、EDS、XRD等方法对微观结构进行了表征,通过硬度测试研究了材料的力学性能。结果表明,当单一变质剂Ba在Mg-3Si-4Zn合金中的添加量为1.2%（质量分数）时,变质效果最好。形成的BaMg₂Si₂相可以作为初生Mg₂Si的异质形核核心,使初生Mg₂Si细化。Ba-Nd复合变质是通过在Mg-3Si-4Zn-1.2Ba合金中加入变质剂Nd来完成的。通过Miedema模型和对吉布斯自由能的线性拟合,发现由于Nd和/或Ba原子能与Si原子形成更加稳定的化合物NdSi、NdSi₂、Ba₂Si、BaSi₂,防止Si原子在凝固的初始阶段与Mg原子结合,因此初生Mg₂Si的生长速度被抑制,微观结构中初生Mg₂Si相变小。当Nd含量为2.0%时,Ba-Nd复合变质效果最好,即初生Mg₂Si由平均面积约为 600 μm² 的树枝状变为平均边长约5 μm的近似方形的组织,共晶Mg₂Si由平均面积约444 μm² 的复杂粗大汉字状变为平均面积约89 μm²的简单汉字状组织。合金硬度由575.75 MPa提高到612.11 MPa,提高了6.31%。     

微量Gd添加对Mg-8Zn-1Mn-3Sn合金组织转变及性能的影响

研究了微量Gd的添加对Mg-8Zn-1Mn-3Sn合金显微组织及性能的影响。结果表明,Mg-8Zn-1Mn-3Sn-xGd主要由α-Mg基体、MgZn₂、Mg₇Zn₃、Mg₂Sn相、MgSnGd相组成。MgSnGd相为高温相,在合金凝固过程中最先形成,改变了凝固过程,使晶界处半连续第二相转变为断网状。MgSnGd相与α-Mg基体存在共格位向关系,能作为异质形核核心细化合金晶粒。Mg-8Zn-1Mn-3Sn-0.5Gd合金的综合力学性能最佳,合金力学性能得到显著提高的机制为通过添加Gd元素细化晶粒组织、MgSnGd相钉扎晶界阻碍位错运动以及晶界第二相形貌转变。     

Zn添加对Mg-8Al-2Sn镁合金组织和性能的影响

本文以Mg-8Al-2Sn变形镁合金为研究背景,通过在Mg-8Al-2Sn合金中添加0-2 wt.%含量的Zn元素,研究了Zn添加对Mg-8Al-2Sn挤压镁合金显微组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明,铸态Mg-8Al-2Sn-xZn合金的相组成主要是α-Mg相、Mg₁₇Al₁₂相和Mg₂Sn相。在添加Zn元素以后,合金中的共晶化合物的形态发生变化,由共晶组织变为离异共晶组织。挤压过后,晶粒组织尺寸更均匀。Zn元素的加入,会促进合金中第二相在挤压过程中的动态析出以及第二相尺寸的粗化。合金在时效中产生的析出相的数量也随着Zn含量的增多而增加。随着Zn含量的增加,挤压态和时效态合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度都随之增加。当Zn含量达到2 wt.%时,合金力学性能最好,其时效态的抗拉强度,屈服强度和延伸率分别是385 MPa, 291 MPa和6.44%。     

Sb变质对Mg-6Al-1Zn-0．7Si镁合金热处理组织和力学性能的影响

通过金相、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）和差热分析（DSC）等手段，研究Sb变质对Mg-6Al-1Zn-0．7Si镁合金热处理组织和力学性能的影响，尤其是对合金固溶处理组织的影响。结果表明：固溶处理可以变质Mg-6Al-1Zn-0．7Si镁合金铸态组织中的汉字状Mg2Si相，使Mg2Si相从汉字状变为短杆状和条块状，并且添加0．4％Sb到实验合金中可使固溶处理变质汉字状Mg2Si相的效果提高。也正是由于固溶处理可以使实验合金组织中的汉字状Mg2Si相变质，使得Mg-6Al-1Zn-0．7Si合金时效处理后获得了较铸态更高的的抗拉性能和抗蠕变性能，并且添加0．4％Sb可以进一步增强热处理对性能的改善作用。     

Comparison of geometries and electronic structures of polyacetylene,polyborole, polycyclopentadiene,polypyrrole, polyfuran,polysilole, polyphosphole,polythiophene, polyselenophene and polytellurophene

Geometries of monomers through hexamers of cylopentadiene, pyrrole, furan, silole, phosphole, thiophene, selenophene and tellurophene, and monomers through nonamers of borole were optimized employing density functional theory with a slightly modified B3P86 hybrid functional. Bandgaps and bandwidths were obtained by extrapolating the appropriate energy levels of trimers through hexamers (hexamers through nonamers for borole) to infinity. Bandgaps increase with increasing π-donor strengths of the heteroatom. In general, second period heteroatoms lead to larger bandgaps than their higher period analogs. Polyborole is predicted to have a very small or no energy gap between the occupied and the unoccupied π-levels. Due to its electron deficient nature polyborole differs significantly from the other polymers. It has a quinoid structure and a large electron affinity. The bandgaps of heterocycles with weak donors (CH₂, SiH₂ and PH) are close to that of polyacetylene. For polyphosphole this is due to the pyramidal geometry at the phosphorous which prevents interaction of the phosphorus lone pair with the π-system. The bandgap of polypyrrole is the largest of all polymers studied. This can be attributed to the large π-donor strength of nitrogen. Polythiophene has the third largest bandgap. The valence bandwidths differ considerably for the various polymers since the avoided crossing between the flat HOMO — 1 band and the wide HOMO band occurs at different positions. The widths of the wide HOMO bands are similar for all systems studied. All of the polymers studied have strongly delecalized π-systems.     

Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,and Corrosion Behavior of MoNbFeCrV,MoNbFeCrTi, and MoNbFeVTi High-Entropy Alloys

The development of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) has stimulated an ever-increasing interest from both academia and industries.In this work, three novel MoNbFeCrV, MoNbFeCrTi, and MoNbFeVTi HEAs containing low thermal neutron absorption cross section elements were prepared by vacuum arc melting. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behaviors were investigated. A dominant body-centered cubic(BCC) phase was present in all these three HEAs. In addition,an ordered Laves phase was found to be another major phase in both MoNbFeCrV and MoNbFeCrTi alloys, whereas an ordered BCC(B2) phase was observed in the MoNbFeVTi alloy. The phase formation in these three alloys was discussed. It is found that the formation of the secondary phase in these alloys is mainly ascribed to the large atomic size difference and electronegativity difference. All the three HEAs show high hardness, high yield strength but limited plasticity. Moreover, the MoNbFeCrV, MoNbFeCrTi and MoNbFeVTi alloys exhibit excellent corrosion resistance in both deaerated 1 mol/L NaCl and 0.5 mol/L H _2 SO _4 solutions at room temperature. However, further composition adjustment and/or thermomechanical processing is required to enhance the mechanical properties of the three alloys.     

The production,recovery, properties,and applications of americium and curium

Nuclear reactors produce mixtures of Am-241 and Am-242, and beta decay of plutonium produces radioactively pure Am-241. Curium is a product of intense neutron exposure of Pu-239. Separation and purification processes for americium and curium include ion exchange, precipitation, and both liquid-liquid and molten-salt extraction. This article reviews the principal production, recovery, and waste treatment processes and briefly discusses the chemical properties and uses of americium and curium.     

Electrical resistivities and phase transformations of lanthanum,cerium, praseodymium,and neodymium

The electrical resistivities of high purity lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium were investigated as a function of temperature over the range from room temperature to near the melting points of the metals. Transformation temperatures were observed in these metals which were confirmed by supplementary X-ray diffraction studies.     

XRD analysis and microstructure of milled and sintered V, W, C, and Co powders

In the current study, results of the milled and sintered V, W, C, Co powders are presented. Analytical techniques such as SEM equipped with EDS and XRD were used to study microstructure and phase evolution, respectively. In addition to B1 (VW)C solid solution, a rhombohedral V₂O₃ and new τ-type (Cr₂₃C₆) carbide were formed after sintering. The possible formation mechanisms behind detected phases are discussed. It is evident that complete MA process depends strongly on the starting compositions of pure elements, their lattice coherency according to Hume-Rothery rules on crystal structure and atomic size, and enough milling time that provides adequate kinetics.     

敏感创新品牌——星球石墨设备的发展之路

民营企业要发展，靠的是什么？南通星球石墨设备有限公司在前十年里，年产值均未能超千万元，但进入新世纪之后，企业效益却突飞猛进，2005年、2006年销售额过亿元。回顾这几年来的道路，对市场的敏感、对产品的创新和对品牌的构建是星球公司发展过程中不可缺，步的因素。