寒冷地区建筑双层光伏外窗的采光与节能特性研究

本文针对寒冷地区双层光伏外窗建筑,采用Daysim和EnergyPlus软件耦合模拟研究了光伏电池覆盖率、安装朝向以及窗墙比等关键设计参数对建筑室内采光质量和综合能耗的影响。首先,对典型气象条件下双层光伏外窗建筑室内工作面水平照度值进行了实测,并采用实验数据验证了Daysim软件采光模拟模型的可靠性;其次,结合常见采光评价参数对眩光问题考虑的不足,提出了N-Daylit区域室内面积占比指标以评价室内天然采光质量;在此基础上,从改善室内采光质量和降低建筑综合能耗的角度出发,对双层光伏外窗的光伏电池覆盖率、朝向及窗墙比等关键设计参数进行了优化研究。结果显示,当双层光伏外窗建筑应用于北方寒冷地区办公建筑时,采用南向或者东南向安装、40%的光伏电池覆盖率和30%的建筑窗墙比,可以在保证良好采光质量的前提下最大化外窗的节能潜力。     

夏热冬冷地区三维空间视角下住宅南向窗节能研究

外窗属于外围护结构之一,是建筑的重要组成部分,也是建筑保温中最薄弱的环节。窗的开设与建筑节能密切相关。夏热冬冷地区南向窗应属整套住宅建筑的主要采光源,其窗户面积大小变化对采光率影响较大。以夏热冬冷地区——桂林市南向窗采光良好条件为基础,以"窗墙面积比"和"窗地面积比"作为研究变量,以能耗模拟软件Ecotect模拟作为研究方法,在三维空间视角下进行建筑热环境模拟研究,确定了南向房间节能的"窗墙面积比"与"窗地面积比"取值范围,为今后的夏热冬冷地区——桂林市住宅建筑的节能设计提供一定的参考依据。     

基于MIT Design Advisor的门窗设计——窗墙比对建筑能耗和热舒适度的影响

窗墙比是建筑热工设计中常用的一个指标,窗墙比的大小对建筑的能耗和采光等有着重要的影响,窗墙比不同对门窗幕墙热工性能的要求也不一样,我国建筑节能设计标准中对建筑不同朝向的窗墙比有着不同的要求。本文利用MIT Design Advisor模拟计算了不同窗墙比对建筑能耗和热舒适度的影响。     

贵州夏热冬冷地区自然采光对建筑能耗影响分析

以贵州夏热冬冷地区公共建筑为研究对象,分析建筑外窗在不同窗墙比、遮阳措施,以及玻璃可见光透射比的条件下,对自然采光及建筑年综合能耗的影响。提出自然采光节能率及自然采光相对节能率作为自然采光节能效果评价指标,并得到了自然采光对建筑能耗的影响关系。结果表明,自然采光节能率、自然采光相对节能率随窗墙比增大而增加。建议外窗设计时选用高透型玻璃,窗墙比范围为0.4~0.45。     

重庆农村住宅建筑典型外窗采光性能分析

近年来农村住宅建设进入大建设时期,农村住宅在层数、结构以及居民使用时间上与城市住宅有很大不同,现有研究很少针对农村住宅建筑,并且大多关注优化外窗节能设计而忽视改善室内的光环境,尤其是重庆地区等光气候条件很差的地方。构成外窗主要因子有窗墙比、玻璃类型、外遮阳板等,外窗因子影响采光和空调能耗的程度不同,并且采光和空调能耗之间本身就是对立的。采用室内平均采光系数作为评价参数,针对重庆农村地区,采用DesignBuilder软件建立典型农村住宅建筑模型,利用SPSS正交试验方法,得到窗墙比、玻璃类型及遮阳板对自然采光影响效应程度大小顺序：窗墙比＞玻璃类型＞外遮阳板,并通过采光达标情况判定得到了不同玻璃类型和遮阳情况的最小窗墙比。     

外窗尺寸对办公建筑采光影响因素研究

外窗作为建筑重要的外围护结构,不仅会影响建筑采光,同时,还会影响建筑照明、空调、供暖能耗。在相同外窗面积条件下,为获得更好的采光效果,可以在不增加空调及供暖能耗的前提下有效减少建筑的照明能耗,进而降低整体建筑能耗。通过计算机模拟分析办公建筑外窗尺寸对有效采光宽度、有效采光深度、有效采光面积的影响,总结出不同吊顶高度下的采光效果指标的查询图标,供外窗设计参考。     

基于被动式设计理念的寒冷地区居住建筑立面窗墙比设计探究

建筑立面窗墙比直接影响建筑能耗,是居住建筑生态节能设计的重要参数,基于建筑被动设计思想,通过分析窗墙比对建筑能耗的影响,对寒冷地区建筑立面窗墙面积比设计策略进行了探讨。     

基于节能的建筑方案综合性能分析方法

本文针对建筑方案设计的特点,提出了基于节能的建筑方案综合性能分析方法,重点关注受建筑本体影响较大的空调系统能耗和照明系统能耗.首先,对建筑造型、平面布局、窗墙面积比对综合性能的影响进行了分析,并在此基础上研究了天然采光应用对综合性能的影响.通过案例研究发现,体形系数的增加使空调系统能耗增加、照明系统能耗减少,对综合性能的影响需要进行详细分析后判断;而窗墙面积比的增加则会使综合性能降低,因此即便考虑天然采光的贡献,建筑师也不应盲目提高建筑的窗墙面积比.     

基于采光和节能需求的低纬度地区宾馆建筑窗墙比优化设计

对于舒适和节能需求兼顾的宾馆建筑来说,低纬度地区的太阳辐射在营造良好室内采光环境的同时也增加了建筑的辐射得热。本研究以某宾馆为对象,结合EnergyPlus和Radiance软件模拟,以无外遮阳并恰好满足天然采光需求时的窗墙比为最小限值,并将此条件下的建筑全年累计冷负荷指标定为基准负荷,研究在不同外遮阳构造形式及尺寸条件下,可同时满足采光和节能需求的窗墙比取值范围,为低纬度地区建筑窗墙比的合理设计提供方法参考。     

寒冷地区办公建筑外窗设计变量对室内采光及综合能耗影响研究

通过DesignBuilder建立模型,对济南某典型办公楼进行采光及能耗模拟,选择窗墙比、玻璃类型以及外遮阳形式作为外窗设计变量,采光评估使用SDA和ASE作为评估指标,能耗评估采用制冷供暖能耗、人工照明、综合能耗作为评价指标。最终将模拟后的数据结果进行定量分析,得到既可满足节能要求,又可拥有良好室内采光的外窗设计参数;经过模拟计算分析后,优化外窗设计参数为40%窗墙比、双层中空Low-E玻璃以及百叶窗外遮阳,相较于参考建筑,室内光环境提高约25%,节能效果提高约5%,为寒冷地区办公建筑外窗合理设计提供了一定的参考。     

A simplified method to estimate energy savings of artificial lighting use from daylighting

This paper provides a simplified analysis method to evaluate the potential of daylighting to save energy associated with electric lighting use. Specifically, impacts on daylighting performance are investigated for several combinations of building geometry, window opening size, and glazing type for four geographical locations in the United States. Four building geometries with various window-to-floor areas, along with different glazing types have been analyzed. It was determined that for most commercial buildings with glass transmittance values above 0.5, increasing window area to floor area ratio above 0.5, daylighting does not provide significant additional lighting energy savings. A direct correlation has been established between window transmittance and window area on annual lighting reductions. A model is proposed to estimate lighting energy savings given perimeter area, window area, and window type. Verification and validation of the model's predictions are demonstrated using results from building energy simulation as well as experimental data.     

整合光环境分析的外窗节能设计研究——以寒冷地区点式高层办公楼为例

关于窗墙比与能耗关系的现有研究中,大量的是关注窗墙比对采暖、制冷能耗的影响,而窗墙比的变化对办公空间室内光环境的影响被忽视了。基于此背景,以寒冷地区点式高层办公楼为研究对象,在能耗模拟中耦合室内光环境的分析,研究窗墙比与采暖、制冷和照明能耗间的定量关系。研究结果表明,改变东西向窗墙比对能耗影响最大,东西向窗墙比宜控制在较小的范围内。北向窗墙比其次,宜控制在0.6以下。改变南向窗墙比变化对建筑总能耗影响不大。     

Glazing energy performance and design optimization with daylighting

This study systematically explores the influence of glazing systems on component loads and annual energy use in prototypical office buildings. The DOE-2.1B building energy simulation program, which contains an integrated daylighting model, is used to determine fenestration energy performance in diverse climates. The sensitivity of total energy use to orientation, window area, glazing properties (U-value, shading coefficient, visible transmittance), window management strategy, installed lighting power, and lighting control strategy are all described. We examine the conditions under which daylighting reduces net anual energy use as well as those conditions under which energy use may increase. Combinations of wall and fenestration properties that minimize net energy requirements as a function of climate and orientation are described.     

Prospective techniques of effective daylight harvesting in commercial buildings by employing window glazing, dynamic shading devices and dimming control—a literature review

Over a few decades, daylighting has been perceived to possess good potential for energy conservation. In this perspective, there have been significant advances in research methodologies and technologies for optimizing energy consumption through daylight harvesting in commercial buildings. In light of this, a thorough understanding of the application of available technology is very important for daylighting practices for building energy management. The objective of this paper is to examine the status of published research on three key building parameters: window glazing area, dynamic shading devices, and daylighting controls playing a rule on energy conservation. This article may serve as a coherent literature survey that would provide better understanding of the subjacent issues and possibly rejuvenate research interest in this immensely potential field of energy engineering.     

夏热冬冷地区住宅围护结构能耗的灵敏度分析

为得到围护结构各相关因素对建筑能耗影响的权重,采用EETP围护结构评价指标对空调、采暖能耗进行计算,分析了夏热冬冷地区上海、长沙、韶关和成都四个城市高层点式住宅围护结构各因素对空调、采暖及全年能耗的灵敏度,包括体形系数、窗墙比、遮阳系数、外墙/屋顶/外窗的传热系数、外墙/屋顶外表面的太阳辐射吸收系数。结果表明：窗墙比为25%时,墙体传热系数、体形系数和窗墙比依次是影响全年能耗的前三位主要因素,四个城市灵敏度分别为24.4%~35.8%、21.7%~32.0%和16.8%~31.1%;窗墙比为50%时,窗墙比、体形系数和遮阳系数依次是前三位主要因素,灵敏度分别为34.8%~45.6%,20.0%~44.3%和12.0%~47%;外墙和屋顶外表面太阳辐射吸收系数以及屋顶传热系数对建筑全年能耗影响均很小。     

Environmental performance optimization of window-wall ratio for different window type in hot summer and cold winter zone in China based on life cycle assessment

This study aims at analyzing the environmental impact of each process of a typical office building over its entire life cycle in Shanghai, China, and finding out a suited limited value for window-wall ratio (WWR) of different orientation and window materials by comparing the results of different scenarios. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used as a tool for the assessment of energy consumption and associated impacts generated from utilization of energy in building construction and operation.When looking at the impacts due to building external envelope production, we observed a small but significant environmental benefit as WWR increasing. Depending on the window materials, the impact is reduced by 9-15%. The environmental benefit associated with the changing in building external envelope production mainly results from the high coefficient of recovery of window materials, include window-frame and glass. But for building use phase, WWR with different window types or orientation has various effects on environmental burden. The environmental impact of office buildings is dominated by the operation stage, although the environmental burden of material production for low-E hollow glass window is larger than single glazing window, the environmental performance of building with low-E hollow glass window is better than other window materials.     

窗墙比在公共建筑节能设计中的应用

窗墙比反映窗户洞口面积与同朝向建筑立面面积的比值,对建筑能耗有直接影响。针对《公共建筑节能设计标准》中对建筑热工设计的规定,结合参照建筑,计算分析了窗墙比对公建筑节能设计的影响,可供建筑设计师在方案设计阶段参考。