Investigation on wear behaviour of cryogenically treated TiAlN coated tungsten carbide inserts in turning

Cryogenic treatment has been ascribed as a way of improving the cutting life of tungsten carbide turning inserts. Most of the research conducted till date has not reported any effort to excavate the effect of cryogenic treatment on the performance of coated tungsten carbide inserts in terms of adhesion strength of coatings deposited on tungsten carbide substrate. In order to understand the effect of cryogenic treatment on the adhesion strength of coatings, a comparative investigation of the wear behaviour and machining performance of cryogenically treated coated tungsten carbide inserts in orthogonal turning has been carried out in this study. The commercially available TiAlN coated square shaped tungsten carbide inserts (P25) were procured and subjected to cryogenic treatment at two levels −110 °C (shallow treatment) and −196 °C (deep treatment) of temperature independently. The criterion selected for determining the turning performance was based on the maximum flank wear (0.6 mm) as recommended in ISO 3685-1993. The results showed that shallow cryogenically treated coated tungsten carbide inserts performed significantly better as compared with deep cryogenically treated and untreated inserts. Major outcome of the present study includes a substantial decrease in tool life of deep cryogenically treated inserts as compared to untreated inserts indicating the destructive effect of deep cryogenic temperature (−196 °C) on TiAlN coated inserts which is further supported by VDI-3198 indentation test.     

Effect of Carbide Distribution on Corrosion Behavior of the Deep Cryogenically Treated 1.2080 Steel

Deep cryogenic heat treatment is a supplementary process performed on steels specifically tool steels before tempering to improve the wear resistance and hardness of these materials. The carbide distribution changes via the electric current flow or the application of a magnetic field during the deep cryogenic heat treatment. Hence, the electric current and the magnetic field were applied to the samples to investigate the corrosion behavior of the deep cryogenically treated samples by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The results showed that increasing the carbide percentage and achieving a more homogenous carbide distribution during the deep cryogenic heat treatment will remarkably decrease the corrosion resistance due to a decrease in the solutionized chromium atoms in the structure as well as the increase in the martensite-carbide grain boundaries (the galvanic cell areas). Moreover, it was clarified that the electric current flow and magnetic fields reduce the carbide percentage, which leads to an increase in the corrosion resistance of these samples in comparison with the deep cryogenically treated samples.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Al 7075-T6 Subjected to Shallow Cryogenic Treatment

The effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al7075-T6 is investigated in the present work. The alloy was subjected to shallow CT at ?80 °C for 72 h. Mechanical tests such as Vickers hardness test, tensile, and fatigue tests were performed on both native and treated samples. It was observed that the mechanical properties such as hardness, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength increased by about 30, 17, and 7%, respectively, for the treated sample. The treated alloy was characterized by using the techniques such as optical microscopy, electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to observe the changes in the microstructural features. EBSD results show precipitation, better distribution of second-phase particles, and higher dislocation density in the treated alloy as compared to the untreated alloy. The treatment imparts improved hardness and strength to the alloy due to precipitation hardening and high dislocation density. Fracture morphologies of the treated and the native samples were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy and it was observed that the striations were denser in the treated sample justifying the higher fatigue strength.     

Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on AISI M2 High Speed Steel: Metallurgical and Mechanical Characterization

This study aims to present the metallurgical and mechanical characterization of cryogenically treated AISI M2 high speed steel (HSS) in terms of carbide precipitation and wear behavior. The samples of commercially available conventionally quenched and tempered AISI M2 HSS were procured and subjected to cryogenic treatment at two levels ?110?°C (shallow treatment) and ?196?°C (deep treatment) of temperature. The microstructures obtained after cryogenic treatments have been characterized with a prominence to comprehend the influence of cryogenic treatment vis-à-vis conventional quenching and tempering on the nature, size, and distribution of carbides. The mechanical properties such as hardness and wear rate of the specimens have also been compared by performing Rockwell C hardness test and pin-on-disc wear test, respectively. Microstructures, hardness, wear rate and analysis of worn surface reveal the underlying metallurgical mechanism responsible for the improving mechanical properties of the AISI M2 HSS.     

Tribological and mechanical properties of deep cryogenically treated medium carbon micro alloy steel

In this study, the effects of deep cryogenic treatment (sub-zero treatments at -196 °C) on the microstructural, mechanical, and tribological behaviours of commercial Vanadium-Titanium micro-alloyed 38MnVS6+Ti steel was investigated. The samples were quenched (conventionally heat treated), deep cryogenically treated and then tempered at 250 °C for 1 h. Deep cryogenic treatments were applied for three different soaking times (namely 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h). The effects of deep cryogenic treatment on the specimens were evaluated in terms of impact toughness, hardness, wear resistance, and microstructure. The results indicated that the application of longer deep cryogenic treatment times significantly improved wear resistance, and improved the hardness slightly (1 to 3 HRC). However, deep cryogenic treatment also reduced the impact toughness compared to that of the conventionally heat treated sample, due to the precipitation of carbides and increasing hardness.     

Microstructural study of cryogenically treated En 31 bearing steel

The effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) on the microstructure of En 31 bearing steel is studied in the present work. En 31 bearing steel subjected to cryogenic treatment showed more hardness than the conventionally heat treated steel. Fractography analysis of the cryogenic treated steel carried out using scanning electron microscope indicate the presence of equiaxed dimples and flat facets in SCT specimen, wide ranged size of dimples and microcracks in DCT specimen. Microstructural analysis is carried out using optical microscope to find out the probable mechanism for these effects and also to study the effect of tempering on cryogenically treated En 31 steel.     

深冷处理对TC4钛合金表面性能的影响

研究了深冷处理对TC4钛合金滚磨光整加工和表面性能的影响。对TC4钛合金试样进行深冷处理,将不同深冷时间下的试样进行滚磨光整加工,根据表面粗糙度确定适合的深冷时间后,对比分析深冷处理前后合金试样的显微组织、显微硬度及残余应力的变化。利用扫描电镜探究了深冷处理和滚磨光整加工后合金试样表面形貌的变化。结果表明,深冷处理12 h后试样表面粗糙度最小,试样组织受到冷缩内应力的作用,α相的比例从未深冷处理的56.45%增加到85.42%,组织变得均匀且致密。试样的显微硬度在深冷处理12 h时最大,比未处理试样提高了3.47%。深冷处理12 h和滚磨光整加工后的试样相比未处理试样表面残余压应力增加26.26%。粗糙度测量和扫描电镜结果显示深冷处理使钛合金试样的可加工性增强,深冷处理12 h的试样经过离心式滚磨光整加工表面粗糙度可从约0.500 μm下降到约0.250 μm,表面质量明显变好。     

热处理改善齿科用钛合金的体外腐蚀、磨损和力学性能

研究热处理对新型Ti20Nb13Zr (TNZ)合金组织、力学性能、耐磨性和人工唾液(AS)体外腐蚀防护性能的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)等进行结构和显微组织分析。采用电化学阻抗谱和线性极化电阻技术研究样品在AS中浸泡168 h后的体外耐腐蚀性能。采用线性往复摩擦计对其摩擦特性进行研究。SEM分析结果表明,固溶处理和时效影响α相的尺寸和分布。空冷和时效处理后样品具有最高的显微硬度和宏观硬度,其耐磨性分别比未处理样品高25%和30%。冷却速率对TNZ合金的耐腐蚀性有显著影响。经过处理的样品在AS中浸泡168 h后,腐蚀速率降低50%。经炉冷和时效处理的样品在AS中浸泡168 h后具有最好的耐腐蚀性。在经过处理的样品中,时效样品表现出更优异的力学性能、耐磨性能和体外耐腐蚀性能。     

静水压对X80表面铈转化膜腐蚀行为的影响

铈转化膜作为一种环境友好的转化膜,有利提高材料的耐腐蚀性能。采用电化学沉积方法在X80表面制备了铈转化膜,研究了其在0.1和20 MPa静水压3.5% NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。通过高温高压在线电化学测试反应釜对开路电位、交流阻抗、线性极化电阻、极化曲线等进行测试,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪及接触角测试仪对腐蚀前后的表面形貌、元素及表面亲水性进行分析。结果表明,X80表面铈转化膜显著提高X80在浅海0.1 MPa静水压中的腐蚀电化学性质,但在深海20 MPa静水压中X80表面铈转化膜的开路电位、线性极化电阻、交流阻抗明显降低,且腐蚀电流密度明显增加;X80表面铈转化膜在深海20 MPa静水压中腐蚀后表面膜存在大量的裂纹,而在浅海0.1 MPa静水压中腐蚀后表面无明显缺陷;X80表面铈转化膜腐蚀前表面表现出亲水性,而腐蚀后表面接触角明显增大,表现为疏水性。     

深冷处理对440C马氏体不锈钢组织和耐蚀性的影响

研究了深冷处理对440C马氏体不锈钢组织和耐蚀性的影响。研究表明,液氮深冷处理后440C不锈钢硬度可提高2.3 HRC,残留奥氏体含量降低了11.7%,72 h中性盐雾试验表面无明显点蚀。440C不锈钢淬火后室温停留2 h以上残留奥氏体含量明显增加,硬度值、耐蚀性下降。实际生产中,淬火与液氮深冷处理时间间隔应不超过2 h。     

Electrochemical studies of stainless steel implanted with nitrogen and oxygen by plasma immersion ion implantation

Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) of stainless steel with nitrogen at temperatures lower than 400 °C has been reported to increase the hardness of the material by several times. However, expectations that the corrosion resistance will remain unaffected after implantation were not found to be so. In the present study the influence of post-oxygen implantation on the corrosion resistance of nitrogen implanted stainless steel is presented. Stainless steel samples were subjected to oxygen, nitrogen and post-oxygen ion implantation at different temperatures. GIXRD and microRaman studies of the implanted samples showed that oxygen implantation leads to the formation of an oxide layer consisting of corundum and spinel structures. The corrosion properties of the implanted samples were studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance techniques in 3.5% NaCl solution. After nitrogen implantation the corrosion current increased and the corrosion potential shifted to the less noble side to − 0.486 V as compared to − 0.284 V for the substrate. Oxygen implantation at 400 °C shifted the corrosion potential to the nobler side to − 0.2 V with decrease of corrosion current. For post-oxygen ion implantation at temperatures lower than 400 °C, the corrosion current was higher than the substrate and the corrosion potential was also on the less noble side. However, post-oxygen ion implantation at 400 °C after nitrogen ion implantation resulted in improved corrosion resistance as the corrosion potential shifted to nobler side and the corrosion current was lower than that of substrate.     

Gas Mixture and Current Density Variation and Their Effect on White-Layer Properties of Nitrided Steel

The effect of current density and gas mixture on surface properties of low alloy steel processed in a pulsed plasma nitriding system under strictly controlled conditions is evaluated in this work. As current density is a parameter that has not been particularly studied, this study seeks to demonstrate that current density and gas mixture have an important influence on the process and an adequate combination of these two variables is essential to obtain the desired surface properties: hardness, white layer thickness (or absence), and crystalline phases of the modified layer. In this sense, samples processed at low current densities with low nitrogen content in the plasma atmosphere show a diffusive nitrides region which increases the hardness from 250 HV (untreated reference sample) to 400 HV without the presence of the typical white layer that is sometimes undesired due to its fragility and tendency to break. On the other hand, treatment at high current densities and high nitrogen concentrations leads to obtain pieces with a homogeneous single-phase layer (??-Fe₄N) with an outstanding corrosion performance, diminishing the corrosion rate from 0.160???m per year in the untreated sample up to 0.050???m per year.     

冷处理对42CrMo钢硬度和耐磨性的影响

在42CrMo钢常规处理的基础上增加了冷处理,研究浅冷处理和深冷处理对42CrMo钢硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果表明,经浅冷处理和深冷处理后,42CrMo钢中残留奥氏体向马氏体发生转变,且碳化物析出增多,致使钢的硬度和耐磨性均有提升,且深冷处理后硬度和耐磨性提升幅度高于浅冷处理。     

Corrosion and mechanical properties of plasma electrolytic oxidation‐coated AZ80 magnesium alloy

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings were produced on AZ80 magnesium alloy in a solution containing silicates and phosphates and working at high current densities with short treatment times. The effect of a sealing treatment in boiling water on corrosion and mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated. Moreover, the corrosion mechanism of the samples with and without the sealing treatment was evaluated. The microstructure of the coatings was characterized with scanning electron microscope observation and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The mechanical properties were evaluated with nanoindentation tests and the corrosion resistance was studied by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning vibrating electrode technique. The results showed that the sealing did not influence the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the samples and instead produced a remarkable increase in the corrosion resistance. The crevice corrosion, present in the sample without the sealing, was avoided with the treatment in boiling water.     

Effect of residual stress relaxation by means of local rapid induction heating on stress corrosion cracking behavior and electrochemical characterization of welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy under slow strain rate test

In this study, a welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy was treated by means of local rapid induction heating in order to relax the residual stress existed in the weldment. The welded samples were heat treated at the different temperatures. The stress corrosion cracking behavior and electrochemical characterization of the as-welded samples before and after the post weld heat treatment as a function of residual stress were investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements of the samples under slow strain rate test were performed in a LiCl-methanol solution. The results demonstrated that the residual stress in the as-welded sample was dramatically reduced after the post weld heat treatment, and the residual stress decreased with the increase in the heat treatment temperature. The stress corrosion cracking susceptibility and electrochemical activity of the as-welded sample were significantly reduced after the heat treatment due to the relaxation of the residual stress, which gradually decreased with the decreasing value of the residual stress distributed in the heat treated samples.     

Improvement in corrosion resistance of magnesium coating with cerium treatment

Corrosion protection afforded by a magnesium coating treated in cerium salt solution on steel substrate was investigated using open circuit potential, polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.005 M sodium chloride solution (NaCl). The morphology of the surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cerium treated coating was obtained by immersion in CeCl3 solution. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the treated magnesium coating was improved. The corrosion potential of the treated coating was found to be nobler than that of the untreated magnesium coating and the corrosion current decreased significantly. Impedance results showed that the cerium treatment increased corrosion protection. The improvement of anti-corrosion properties was ataibuted to the formation of cerium oxides and hydroxides that gave to a physical barrier effect.     

氟化处理对植入材料Mg-Ca二元合金腐蚀行为的影响(英文)

在室温下,将Mg-0.5Ca合金在不同浓度的氢氧化钠和HF溶液浸渍不同的时间,研究HF处理对合金腐蚀行为的影响。采用原子力显微镜、X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜表征样品的微观组织变化。通过动电位极化和Kokubo溶液浸泡试验测试样品的耐腐蚀性。结果表明,与35%HF处理的样品相比,经40%HF溶液处理的Mg-0.5Ca合金具有更均匀、更致密、更薄的涂层(12.6μm)。电化学测试表明,在Kokubo溶液中,经氟化物处理的Mg-0.5Ca合金样品的耐腐蚀性比未处理样品的高35倍;前者的体外降解速率远远低于后者的。在40%HF溶液处理过的样品表面只出现了一些腐蚀点,而未经处理的样品完全被腐蚀产物覆盖且出现了分层现象。40%HF处理的Mg-0.5Ca合金,具有低的降解速率和良好的生物相容性,是一种有潜力的植入材料。     

316L不锈钢强流脉冲电子束表面改性研究Ⅱ.在模拟体液中的腐蚀行为

采用电化学阻抗谱(ElS)和动态极化的方法研究了316L不锈钢经过强流脉冲电子束表面改性后在模拟体液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,电子束轰击可以有效地提高316L不锈钢在模拟体液中的耐腐蚀性.经过改性的样品其界面电容下降,极化电阻升高.5次轰击后的样品表面因其火山坑的中心位置残存MnS夹杂或小孔而更易发生点蚀.20次轰击后的样品具有最佳的耐蚀性,其腐蚀电流密度降至原始样品的1/15左右,这主要归因于电子束轰击对材料表面的选择性净化效应及反复重熔对表面缺陷的修复.     

Influence of shallow and deep cryogenic treatment on the residual state of stress of 4140 steel

The present research work studies the effect of cryogenic treatment on the residual stress state in 4140 steel. Two kinds of cryogenic treatment, namely shallow (SCT, −80 °C × 5 h) and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT, −196 °C × 24 h) were carried out between quenching and tempering in conventional heat treatment process. The results evidenced an increase in the compressive residual stress in steel are subjected to cryogenic treatment before tempering. X-ray diffractometry revealed that residual stresses are relieved during tempering, according to the redistribution of carbon in martensite and the precipitation of transition carbides. While conventional heat treatment (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) promote a tensile state of residual stress, DCT shows a compressive residual stress.     

AZ31B镁合金氧化石墨烯掺杂钇盐转化膜耐蚀性研究

目的研究一种绿色环保的表面处理方法,以提高镁合金的耐蚀性。方法采用化学浸泡法,以硝酸钇为成膜物质,在AZ31B镁合金表面成功制备一种新型稀土盐转化膜,并以氧化石墨烯为阻隔剂对该转化膜进行复合掺杂。采用扫描电镜(SEM)对膜层的表面形貌进行观察,采用析氢实验和电化学测试对不同试样在3.5%Na Cl溶液中的耐蚀性进行了研究。结果镁合金钇盐转化膜表面平整均一,覆盖良好。氧化石墨烯掺杂后的钇盐膜层表面出现了大小不均一的瘤状物质,膜层完整,未出现裂痕。析氢实验结果显示,经过处理的转化膜试样可以极大地抑制腐蚀反应的发生。由极化曲线可知,钇盐转化膜的存在使镁合金的腐蚀电位发生了明显正移,正移了150 m V;而氧化石墨烯掺杂的钇盐膜层的腐蚀电位相对于掺杂前变化不大,但其腐蚀电流密度是掺杂前的1/28。电化学交流阻抗谱的测试结果显示,氧化石墨烯掺杂钇盐转化膜的电荷转移电阻最大,Rct为2485?·cm2;钇盐转化膜的电荷转移电阻次之,Rct为1224?·cm2。两者的电荷转移电阻相对于未经处理的镁合金都有明显提升。结论钇盐转化膜可以明显提高AZ31B镁合金的耐蚀性,氧化石墨烯的加入可以进一步提高转化膜层的耐蚀性。