专业气象服务现状与发展对策

针对专业气象服务发展状况、服务产品、运行机制、体制改革等方面开展调查和研究,分析了广西专业气象服务工作现状,与先进省份存在的差距,提出了广西专业气象服务发展思路和对策建议,为全面提高专业气象服务能力和水平,推进广西专业气象服务更快更好发展提供决策依据。     

决策气象服务工作探讨

总结九十年代以来广西气象服务工作取得的成绩，结合预报服务管理工作实践，就进一步加强广西决策气象服务工作方面作些浅探。     

浅谈广西新农村建设与气象档案的切入点

广西气象局着力推进气象为社会主义新农村建设服务工作.根据对新农村建设的需求和气象档案服务特点分析,在此基础上初步找到了气象档案为新农村服务的切入点.气象档案工作人员将进一步解放思想,拓宽服务领域,加强服务工作力度,让气象档案走向社会,更好地为广西新农村建设服务.     

广西公众气象服务效益评估

广西公众气象服务效益评估广西气象服务效益评估课题组１９９４年５月，广西气象局成立了由局业务处牵头，由区气象台、气科所、人降办等单位业务人员组成的课题研究小组，开展气象服务效益评估工作。根据中国气象局总课题组的要求，制定了广西气象服务效益评估的实施方案...     

广西专业气象服务发展的若干思考

阐述广西发展专业气象服务的意义,指出广西传统专业气象服务业务存在的主要问题,在分析国内专业气象服务特征基础上,提出了广西专业气象服务发展的基本思路,即坚持问题导向,确保专业气象服务业务改革取得实效;强化科技创新,推动专业气象服务提质增效;集约化发展,推动专业气象服务融合发展;合作共赢,构建开放型的专业气象服务"市场模式"等。     

搞好科普工作，为广西经济建设服务

搞好科普工作，为广西经济建设服务广西气象学会科普工作委员会１９９０年全国气象科普工作会议以来，我会在中国气象局、中国气象学会的领导和指导下，积极开展气象科普工作，发动广大会员撰写科普文章，深入生产第一线进行咨询、示范、推广，把气象科学知识和适用技术辐...     

难忘的日日夜夜──记江总书记考察广西扶贫工作专题气象服务

难忘的日日夜夜──记江总书记考察广西扶贫工作专题气象服务金秋十月，一个喜讯从北京传来：江泽民总书记将于１９９６年１０月３０日一１１月３日到广西，考察广西的扶贫工作，为了保证整个考察工作的顺利进行，区党委再次要求区气象局提供优质气象服务保障。这个重担落...     

广西县级气象影视服务发展对策研究

在广西气象影视中心2009年6-9月开展的公众气象服务调研评估工作所获得的相关科学数据的基础上,对广西县级气象影视发展状况和影响因素以及集约化效益进行科学分析,提出了进一步推动集约化发展、多级气象影视部门合作共赢的思路。     

拓展广西气象影视服务新道路

从广西气象影视产业目前经营的现状、模式等方面,结合公众对广西气象部门服务工作的评价．来分析广西电视气象节目存在的问题和发展的瓶颈,提出提升服务水平、提高节目质量的改进建议,在“三网融合”信息数字化时代背景下找到电视气象节目发展的新方向。     

立即行动起来做好春播气象服务工作

[本刊讯]十二月十五日,区气象局召开局长办公会议,总结八六年春播气象服务经验,部署八七年春耕生产气象服务工作; 一、动员全区气象工作者,立即行动起来,全力以赴做好春播气象服务工作,为振兴广西经济作出应有的贡献。 二、成立春播预报服务领导小组,由胡圣立副局长任组长,吕兆驩总工程师任副组长,业务处蒙远文、区台梁志和等同志为小组成员。负责全面指导我区春播、初汛期气象服务工作。     

近50年中国冬季气温对ENSO响应的时空稳定性分析研究

根据1962~2010年中国160站的月平均气温资料、Ni?o3.4区海洋Ni?o指数(ONI)资料以及相应的NECP/NCAR再分析资料,采用相关分析、滑动相关分析、滑动t检验、合成分析等方法,探讨了最近50年中国冬季气温对ENSO响应的时空稳定性问题。结果表明:中国冬季气温异常对ENSO的响应有着显著的地域性差异以及年代际变化,其中东北和西南地区的相关关系不稳定度比较大,而在中国东部地区则比较稳定。东北与西南地区在20世纪70年代中后期以后,冬季气温对ENSO的响应迅速减弱,甚至发生了反向变化,而东部地区这种关系近50年并没有较强的突变。相应的亚洲高空大气环流对ENSO的响应也具有明显的空间差异和阶段性变化,其特征与中国冬季气温对ENSO的响应特征基本对应。从大气环流角度解释中国冬季气温对ENSO的响应发生阶段性减弱的可能机制:ENSO通过经向Hadley环流影响中高纬度大气环流,由于70年代中后期以后亚洲经向Hadley环流的下沉支发生显著减弱,使得东亚大气环流对ENSO的响应减弱,进而导致中国冬季气温对ENSO的响应减弱。     

2010-2019年遵义4-8月短时强降水的时空特征分析

该文利用2010—2019年4—8月遵义13个国家站逐时地面降水观测资料,从年变化、月变化、日变化以及空间分布等多个角度进行统计,从不同等级雨强的时空分布进行分析,初步得出了遵义短时强降水事件的时空分布特征:①从短时强降水总频次的空间分布上看,东部发生频次较其余地区高;4月,发生频次地区差异小;5—8月,地区差异大。②从月分布来看,短时强降水高频中心有如下变化:4月集中在东北部、5月在南部和东南部、6月西移北抬到西部和中部、7月西移南压到西部和南部、8月东北移至东北部,高频中心的变化和副热带高压的南北位移有很好的对应。③从年分布来看,短时强降水事件平均每年发生49次,最多的是65次(2019年),最少的是33次(2017年)。4—6月事件频次迅速增加,6月到达峰值,6—8月事件频次开始逐渐减少,74.1%的短时强降水事件发生在夏季,尤其以6月份居多。④从日变化来看,08—13时短时强降水事件发生频次逐渐减少,13时达到一日中最低值,13—07时事件发生频次逐渐增加,有3个峰值,17—19时、20—22时和01—07时,期间有2个短暂的间歇期。4—7月白天平均发生频次较夜间少,8月反之。⑤6—8月是较高等级短时强降水事件的高发季节,尤其以6月份居多,但统计个例中≥70 mm/h的雨强却是在5月份出现。     

Food security in the face of climate change: Adaptive capacity of small-scale social-ecological systems to environmental variability

Improving the adaptive capacity of small-scale irrigation systems to the impacts of climate change is crucial for food security in Asia. This study analyzes the capacity of small-scale irrigation systems dependent on the Asian monsoon to adapt to variability in river discharge caused by climate change. Our study is motivated by the Pumpa irrigation system, a small-scale irrigation system located in Nepal that is a model for this type of system. We developed an agent-based model in which we simulated the decisions farmers make about the irrigation strategy to use according to available water flow. Given the uncertainty associated with how climate change may affect the Asian monsoon, we simulated the performance of the system under different projections of climate change in the region (increase and decrease in rainfall, reduction and expansion of the monsoon season, and changes in the timing of the onset of the monsoon). Accordingly to our simulations, farmers might need to adapt to rainfall intensification and a late onset in the monsoon season. The demands for collective action among farmers (e.g. infrastructure repair, meetings, decisions, etc.) might increase considerably due to climate change. Although our model suggests that investment in new infrastructure might increase the performance of the system under some climate change scenarios, the high inequality among farmers when water availability is reduced might hinder the efficiency of these measures due to a reduction of farmers’ willingness to cooperate. Our modeling exercise helps to hypothesize about the most sensitive climate change scenarios for smallscale irrigation farming in Nepal and helps to frame a discussion of some possible solutions and fundamental trade-offs in the process of adaptation to improve for food and water security under climate change.     

Shocks to fish production: Identification,trends, and consequences

Sudden disruptions, or shocks, to food production can adversely impact access to and trade of food commodities. Seafood is the most traded food commodity and is globally important to human nutrition. The seafood production and trade system is exposed to a variety of disruptions including fishery collapses, natural disasters, oil spills, policy changes, and aquaculture disease outbreaks, aquafeed resource access and price spikes. The patterns and trends of these shocks to fisheries and aquaculture are poorly characterized and this limits the ability to generalize or predict responses to political, economic, and environmental changes. We applied a statistical shock detection approach to historic fisheries and aquaculture data to identify shocks over the period 1976–2011. A complementary case study approach was used to identify possible key social and political dynamics related to these shocks. The lack of a trend in the frequency or magnitude of the identified shocks and the range of identified causes suggest shocks are a common feature of these systems which occur due to a variety, and often multiple and simultaneous, causes. Shocks occurred most frequently in the Caribbean and Central America, the Middle East and North Africa, and South America, while the largest magnitude shocks occurred in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Shocks also occurred more frequently in aquaculture systems than in capture systems, particularly in recent years. In response to shocks, countries tend to increase imports and experience decreases in supply. The specific combination of changes in trade and supply are context specific, which is highlighted through four case studies. Historical examples of shocks considered in this study can inform policy for responding to shocks and identify potential risks and opportunities to build resilience in the global food system.     

近55 a中国西北地区夏季降水的时空演变特征

利用1961—2015年中国西北地区274个气象观测站点的日降水数据和再分析大气资料,采用EOF分析及累积距平等方法,研究了近55 a中国西北地区夏季降水的时空演变特征。结果表明：1）1961—2015年中国西北地区夏季降水的演变可分为三个时段,1961—1975年,该区域降水普遍偏少;1976—1996年,西北地区的东部降水偏多,西部降水偏少;1997—2015年,其东部降水偏少,而西部降水偏多。2）1976—1996年,西北地区东部降水偏多,是因为该地区夏季降水强度和降水频次明显增加,而西部降水偏少,则是该区域小雨与中雨的频次减少,降水强度偏弱造成的;1997—2015年,由于有效降水日数减少,降水强度偏弱等原因导致西北地区东部降水偏少,与此同时,西北地区的西部却因降水强度明显增强,持续降水日数和极端降水事件增加使得该区域降水呈现偏多的态势。3）降水区的转移,伴随着北半球对流层中层中纬度波列的演变,同时来自东欧与印度季风的水汽输送也对降水的异常起到了关键作用。     

基于自然的解决方案：中国应对气候变化领域的政策进展、问题与对策

基于自然的解决方案（NbS）在应对气候变化领域的重要作用日益受到国际社会的关注。本文将NbS在应对气候变化领域的生态系统划分为森林、草地、农田、湿地、海洋、城市,采用传统环境政策工具分类,将六大生态系统的政策工具划分为命令控制型、经济激励型、自愿参与型三类。在此基础上,梳理构建NbS在我国应对气候变化领域的政策框架。结果表明,我国初步形成了以命令控制型政策为主,重视通过经济激励型政策引导,并逐步完善自愿参与型政策的NbS政策体系。然而,NbS在我国应对气候变化领域的政策仍存在诸多问题,包括NbS尚未成为应对气候变化的主流措施、缺乏自上而下的管理机制、未形成理论与实践的有机统一、资金来源单一、技术支撑和能力建设薄弱、公众参与度有待进一步加强等。为发挥NbS在我国应对气候变化领域的潜力,建议将NbS纳入我国下阶段国家自主贡献更新文件中,争取提出有关NbS的定量承诺,推动NbS成为应对气候变化的主流措施,构建自上而下的管理机制,建立多元化的资金投入机制,加强从理论到实践、从路径到政策的研究,提升能力保障和公众参与度。     

喀什市1952-2006年日照时数时间变化特征

利用喀什市1952--2006年日照时数实测资料,分析了喀什市日照时数年代际、年际和各季的气候变化特征,并根据喀什市的降水资料及总、低云量资料,对照时数减少的成因做了分析。结果表明：近55a来喀什市的年、季日照时数均呈减少趋势。各季减少的气候倾向率不同,减少幅度最多的是夏季,最少的是秋季。     

Climate justice and global cities: Mapping the emerging discourses

Ever since climate change came to be a matter of political concern, questions of justice have been at the forefront of academic and policy debates in the international arena. Curiously, as attention has shifted to other sites and scales of climate change politics matters of justice have tended to be neglected. In this paper, we examine how discourses of justice are emerging within urban responses to climate change. Drawing on a database of initiatives taking place in 100 global cities and qualitative case-study research in Philadelphia, Quito and Toronto, we examine how notions of distributive and procedural justice are articulated in climate change projects and plans in relation to both adaptation and mitigation. We find that there is limited explicit concern with justice at the urban level. However, where discourses of justice are evident there are important differences emerging between urban responses to adaptation and mitigation, and between those in the north and in the south. Adaptation responses tend to stress the distribution of ‘rights’ to protection, although those in the South also stress the importance of procedural justice. Mitigation responses also stress ‘rights’ to the benefits of responding to climate change, with limited concern for ‘responsibilities’ or for procedural justice. Intriguingly, while adaptation responses tend to stress the rights of individuals, we also find discourses of collective rights emerging in relation to mitigation.     

Multiple exposures and dynamic vulnerability: Evidence from the grape industry in the Okanagan Valley, Canada

This paper assesses the vulnerability of grape growers and winery operators in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia to climate variability and change, in the context of other sources of risk. Through interviews and focus groups, producers identified the climatic and non-climatic risks relevant to them and the strategies employed to manage these risks. The results show that the presence of multiple exposures affects the way in which producers are vulnerable to climate change. Producers are vulnerable to conditions that not only affect crop yield, but also affect their ability to compete in or sell to the market. Their sensitivity to these conditions is influenced in part by institutional factors such as trade liberalization and a “markup-free delivery” policy. Producers’ ability to adapt or cope with these risks varies depending on such factors as the availability of resources and technology, and access to government programmes. Producers will likely face challenges associated with the supply of water for irrigation due to a combination of climatic changes and changing demographics in the Okanagan Valley, which in turn affect their ability to adapt to climatic conditions. Finally, adaptations made by producers can change the nature of the operation and its vulnerability, demonstrating the dynamic nature of vulnerability.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.