神经重症监护病房防控新型冠状病毒感染专家共识

2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）疫情期间，神经急危重症患者的救治难度增加，挑战巨大。疫情期间以神经系统疾病就诊的部分患者可能合并COVID-19，容易误诊、漏诊，并带来隐形传播和院内感染。神经重症监护病房（NCU）院内感染发生风险高。在疫情防控期间，神经急危重症患者救治应将疫情防控放在重要位置，充分进行筛查及风险评估，权衡利弊，在及时救治患者的同时，减少COVID-19传播风险。     

神经重症监护病房防控新型冠状病毒感染专家共识(第一版)

2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）疫情期间,神经急危重症患者的救治难度增加,挑战巨大。疫情期间以神经系统疾病就诊的部分患者可能合并COVID-19,容易误诊、漏诊,并带来隐形传播和院内感染。神经重症监护病房（NCU）院内感染发生风险高。在疫情防控期间,神经急危重症患者救治应将疫情防控放在重要位置,充分进行筛查及风险评估,权衡利弊,在及时救治患者的同时,减少COVID-19传播风险。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下肝胆外科诊疗工作的挑战与对策

目前2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)感染的疫情进入了一个严峻而复杂的局面。截至2020年2月23日,我国已有超过77038例新型冠状病毒感染确诊病例,COVID-19感染性强、潜伏期长、临床表现多样,给社会和经济带来极大影响,也严重影响着肝胆外科的日常医疗运行。针对肝胆外科的门诊及病房手术各个环节所需的医疗防护措施进行探讨和建议,以期减少在COVID-19疫情期间肝胆外科发生院内感染的风险。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下老年人胃肠疾病的管理

2020年2月12日,世界卫生组织将2019新型冠状病毒感染导致的疾病命名为2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)。老年人因免疫功能减退、多合并心脑血管等慢性基础疾病,是感染此病的高危人群,科学的防控对他们至关重要。本文从病毒可否经消化道传播、疫情期间老年人消化道症状如何处理、疫情期间如何预防出现胃肠疾病等方面进行了综述,以期为老年人的防控提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间全国儿科消化内镜开展情况调查

目的总结新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）疫情期间全国儿科消化内镜开展诊疗经验,为下一步临床诊疗工作提供防控指导。方法中华医学会消化内镜学分会儿科协作组对全国47所儿科消化内镜中心2020年1月24日—3月1日内镜诊治开展情况以问卷调查表的形式进行了调查。结果疫情期间,儿科消化内镜中心采用了停止常规内镜诊疗、严格术前流行病学排查、增加特殊术前检查、术前内镜医师会诊制度、候诊区管理、精简工作人员、不同岗位不同防护级别、特殊麻醉管理、重视诊疗区域消毒、加强内镜清洗消毒及医疗废物管理等防控措施。47所医院在2020年1月24日—3月1日38 d内共完成536例儿科消化内镜诊疗,其中治疗210例（39.2%）,诊断326例（60.8%）,未发生一例院内感染。结论COVID-19疫情期间,全国儿科消化内镜中心根据国家疫情防控政策及相关指南要求,结合儿科特点及医院实际情况,在严格把握内镜诊疗指征、严密防护的前提下,安全开展了儿科消化内镜诊疗。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情之下儿童暴发性心肌炎合并高度或完全性房室传导阻滞介入治疗的思考与建议

目前新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情依旧严峻,人群普遍易感,儿童亦不能幸免,已有报道显示冠状病毒感染可能会引发暴发性心肌炎。暴发性心肌炎合并高度或完全性房室传导阻滞属于儿童心血管急危重症,此类患儿若药物治疗下生命体征仍不能稳定,无论在之前还是当前疫情严峻的情况下,均需紧急置入临时起搏器提供基础生命支持。在COVID-19流行的大环境下,制定好以及执行好其诊治过程和围手术期的防控策略尤为重要。     

科学应对新型冠状病毒肺炎与心血管急症的双面夹击

2020年初,武汉突发新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)公共卫生事件,为了科学应对新型冠状病毒肺炎与心血管急症的双面夹击,中华医学会心血管病学分会和中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会组织专家编写了COVID-19疫情防控期间心血管急危重症临床处理专家共识,该共识合理平衡了COVID-19疫情对人群的威胁与心血管急危重症患者的个体风险,为临床救治提出了指导性建议,将在抗击疫情中发挥积极作用。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间门静脉高压患者诊疗与随访策略

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)具有高传染性和严重致病性,部分患者存在不同程度肝损伤,可能会影响门静脉高压患者的预后。如何在严格防控疫情下做好门静脉高压患者的诊治工作是面临的严峻新挑战。该文收集分析现有COVID-19防治的相关文献资料,参考国内同行经验和相关方案,提出COVID-19疫情防控期间门静脉高压患者诊疗与随访策略,供同行在临床工作中参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下心血管外科疾病的诊治流程

2019年12月以来,湖北省武汉市陆续出现新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染病例,疫情持续蔓延至湖北省内乃至全国各地。新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情,给心血管外科的临床诊疗工作带来了巨大挑战,门急诊需要加强对就诊患者特别是发热患者的筛查。疫情期间严格把握手术指征,推迟择期手术;急诊手术,术前完善术前准备的同时进行COVID-19标本留取,术中严密防护,术后隔离治疗,并严格开展手术消毒隔离措施。在住院患者中,积极排查发热及相关症状病例。通过制定相应流程,在心血管外科临床工作中提高警惕,规范操作,科学防治,阻断病毒传播,并发挥自身心肺重症治疗方面的优势,早日打赢这场疫情防控阻击战。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对结核病防控的影响及对策

新型冠状病毒肺炎[WHO命名为“coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)”]已在全球大流行,也给全球公共卫生造成巨大影响。作者分析了COVID-19疫情对我国结核病防控工作的影响,并提出在今后COVID-19疫情防控常态化趋势下结核病患者发现、治疗和管理等一系列防控对策,以及加强结核病防治体系和能力建设等建议。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.