东海南部鲐鱼生物学特性的初步研究

本文对东海南部的鲐鲹鱼类的叉长、体重及性腺成熟度等进行了初步分析,认为1999年5月份东海南部鲐鱼优势叉长组为26～28cm,优势体重组为200～300g;7、8月份优势叉长组为24～26cm,优势体重组为100～200g。蓝圆鲹优势叉长组为20～21cm。2000年7、8月份鲐鱼优势叉长组为24～26cm。1999年鲐鱼叉长组成基本呈正态分布,2000年鲐鱼叉长组成明显存在两个峰值。2000年相同叉长的鲐鱼体重要略低于1999年,认为跟1999年、2000年海洋环境因子变化有关。从相关系数来看,2000年的曲线更贴近实际情况。并认为5月份北上参加产卵洄游的鲐鱼群体、其性腺已开始发育成熟,并沿途产卵。     

东海南部鲐Shen鱼生物学特性的初步研究

本文对东海南部鲐Shen鱼类的叉长、体重及性腺成熟度等进行了初步分析，认为1999年5月份东海南部鲐鱼优势叉长组为26-28cm，优势体重组为200-300g;7、8月份优势叉长组为24-26cm，优势体重组为100-200g。蓝圆Shen优势叉长组为20-21cm。2000年7、8月份鲐鱼优势叉长组为24-26cm。1999年鲐鱼叉长组成基本呈正态分布。2000年鲐鱼叉长组成明显存在两个峰值，2000年相同叉长的鲐鱼体重要略低于1999年，认为跟1999年、2000年海洋环境因子变化有关，从相关系数来看，2000年的曲线更贴近实际情况，并认为5月份北上参加产印洄游的鲐鱼群体，其性腺已开始发育成熟，并沿途产卵。     

东海北部和黄海南部鲐鱼年龄和生长的研究

本研究采用2002年11月～2003年8月在东海北部和黄海南部海域(30°～34°N、126°E以西)所获取的鲐鱼渔获样品,合计采集777ind,通过对鲐鱼耳石生长轮的观察和基础生物学测定,研究了鲐鱼的年龄和生长。结果表明叉长与体重的关系雌雄间没有显著性差异;所鉴定鲐鱼年龄组成为1～3龄鱼,共3个年龄序列,并补充20世纪80年代4～5龄鱼对鲐鱼的生长规律进行研究,采用Walford方法拟合,其生长参数K、L∞、t0分别为0.31993、451.3514和-1.20307;鲐鱼的生长拐点年龄为2.7yr,拐点体重为450g,拐点叉长为320mm。比较分析东海群系鲐鱼的渔业生物学历史状况,在目前所能观察得到的鲐鱼年龄段内(1～3龄),东海区鲐鱼个体平均叉长比20世纪80年代的都要小;与闽南、粤东近海地方群系的相比,东海群系的平均叉长在鲐鱼的整个生长阶段都明显的大。     

台湾海峡鲐鱼捕捞群体结构及资源开发利用状况

本文根据2003～2004年台湾海峡渔业资源调查资料，结合以往闽南、台湾浅滩渔场鲐鲹鱼类监测资料，研究分析了台湾海峡鲐鱼捕捞群体结构及资源开发利用状况。结果表明：台湾海峡鲐鱼资源主要为灯光围网作业和拖网作业所利用；5、6月在灯光围网作业主要渔获物中鲐鱼占绝对优势，其余各月所占比重均较低，其渔获群体优势叉长组为230～260mm，占60．8％，平均叉长246．1mm，资源利用较合理；而拖网作业捕捞群体以0龄鱼和1龄鱼为主。定点调查表明5月鲐鱼数量分布的主要密集区出现在闽南、台湾浅滩渔场的近岸海域，以幼鱼为主，8月群体较为分散，密集度不高。为合理利用鲐鱼资源，应加强对灯光围网作业扶持力度。     

黑龙江上游黑河江段细鳞鱼渔业生物学研究

2003年春、秋季对黑龙江上游黑河江段细鳞鱼捕捞群群体生态学特征进行研究。研究结果为：鱼体叉长由27．5～44．0cm组成，平均为32．4cm；体重由250～1250g组成，平均为176．7g。体长体重相关关系W=0．04607L；年龄由2～7组成，2龄占27．8％；绝对生殖力为3168～6248粒，平均为4807^3.0947粒；相对生殖力为3．8～4．2粒／g，平均为4．0粒／g；肥满度系数秋季为0．3720～1．2760％，平均为0．8475％；捕捞群体数量春汛为29．0kg，秋汛为87．6kg。黑龙江上游细鳞鱼资源呈现严重衰退趋势，亟待采取加强资源保护措施。     

东海中部鲐鱼相对体质量指数的计算

为描述东海中部鲐鱼资源的健康状况,反映鱼类所遭受的外界压力情况,基于2009-2010年在东海中部捕获的鲐鱼的叉长和体质量数据,通过建立鲐鱼的标准体质量,计算得到东海中部鲐鱼的相对体质量指数值。根据叉长和体质量对数中值建立的标准体质量方程为:lgms=0.104574L2+2.945479L-2.014981。相对体质量与叉长的分布情况显示,当叉长小于10cm时,相对体质量指数为45~166,而当叉长为15cm时,相对体质量指数变化范围较小,为82~109。虽然在叉长小于10cm或叉长在20cm时,相对体质量指数的变动性较大,但其频率趋于正态分布。东海中部鲐鱼相对体质量指数的计算为不同海域间鲐鱼资源的相互比较研究提供了便利,也为今后更全面、准确地了解该研究海域鲐鱼群体的资源状况提供了研究基准。该指数不受体长大小所引起的误差的影响,能够较准确地在具有不同时空特征以及来自不同种群的鱼类个体之间进行相互比较,从而能够更好地为鲐鱼资源的开发与管理提出科学建议。     

东海区鲐鱼生物学特征及其渔业现状的分析研究

本文以1960～1961年、1973～1975年、1982～1986年和1999～2002年4个年代的东海区渔业资源监测调查资料为依据,比较分析了东海区鲐鱼的种群结构、生长和死亡等生物学性状的动态变化特征。结果表明,东海区鲐鱼从20世纪60年代起至今,经过近40年时间的开发利用,目前该种群的低龄化、小型化现象较为明显;其平均叉长从343．14mm下降到193．66mm,平均体重从588．79g下降到96．89g;种群的个体生长内禀动力发生了较大变化,生长参数K从0．22提高到0．81,渐近叉长从486．84mm减小到367.50mm,体重的生长拐点年龄从4．48龄逐渐减小到1．27龄。尽管东海区鲐鱼目前渔获产量仍维持在较高水平,但种群已长期处于生长型捕捞过度状态。     

2004年夏季东海南部海域围网渔业生产动态

本文利用2004年7～8月份上海海洋渔业公司在东海南部海域的围网生产渔获统计结合生物学测定数据,对2004年夏季东海南部海域的围网生产进行了分析,并与2002和2003年同期的生产和鲐鱼的生物学特征进行了比较。结果表明:2004年夏季南部海域的围网生产虽然差于2003年,但却明显好于2002年同期,在资源状况相对稳定时,产量的高低与气候、有效作业天数密切相关,造成2004年夏季产量低于2003年的原因是2004年偏多的台风使有效作业天数的减少;生物学测定结果表明,2004年鲐鱼群体的平均叉长和体重都明显大于2003年,2004年夏季较往年偏高的水温有利于鲐鱼个体生长,同时,台风造成的海况扰动使饵料基础较为丰富。     

乌苏里江下游海青江段瓦氏雅罗鱼渔业生物学研究

2003年4月、10月对乌苏里江下游海青江段2只船渔获物瓦氏雅罗鱼234尾进行渔业生物学研究。捕捞群体平均体长16．6cm(15～29．5cm)，平均体重151．4g(50～300g)年龄由1～5龄组成，2占36％；绝对生殖力为8050～12448粒／g，平均为3700粒／g；相对生殖力9．04～100．64粒／g，平均为34．3粒／g；肥满度系数雌性为0．9436～2．0547％(平均为1．999％)，雄性为1．4577～2．050％(平均为1．6262％)。     

马尔代夫海域金枪鱼延绳钓渔场大眼金枪鱼生物学特性

根据2003年12月16日至2004年6月8日马尔代夫水域金枪鱼延绳钓渔获物生物学测定数据，应用统计与回归的方法分性别分别对296尾大眼金枪鱼（Thunnus obesus）的性腺成熟度、摄食等级、摄食种类、性别比例、叉长分布、叉长与去鳃去内脏的重量（GWT）的关系等进行研究。结果表明，（1）性腺成熟度以Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅴ级为主，Ⅴ级比例最高，占37．50％，其中雄性大眼金枪鱼的性腺成熟度Ⅴ级最多（53．96％），雌性Ⅱ级最多（33．81％）。（2）摄食等级以0、1和2级为主，总计为88．52％。（3）大眼金枪鱼的摄食种类中，头足类（鱿鱼）或杂鱼的出现频率较高，分别占48．36％和24．59％。（4）雄性个体所占比例略高于雌性个体，雄性与雌性个体的性别比例为1．12：1，叉长1．00～1．20m的大眼金枪鱼雌性占52．08％，叉长1．20～1．40m的个体雌性占52．59％，叉长1．40m以上的个体，雌性占35．14％。（5）优势叉长为1．10～1．40m，平均叉长为1．29m。（5）根据幂函数回归所得叉长（FL）与去鳃去内脏的重量（GWT）关系式显示，在叉长小于1．51m时，雌性的去鳃去内脏重量小于雄性的去鳃去内脏重量；而在叉长大于1．51m时，雌性的去鳃去内脏的重量大于雄性的去鳃去内脏的重量。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：674—678，649]     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).