不同产地细辛挥发油成分的GC-MS分析

目的分析不同产地细辛挥发油主要化学成分的差异,为细辛的鉴别及开发利用提供实验依据。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取细辛挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行分析鉴定,面积归一化法计算各化学成分的相对百分含量。结果从7个不同产地细辛挥发油中共鉴定了55种化合物。主要有效成分为甲基丁香酚、黄樟醚、3,5-二甲氧基甲苯、1,2,3-三甲氧基-5-甲基苯、肉豆蔻醚和榄香素等。不同产地细辛挥发油的有效成分含量具有一定的差别。其中延边产细辛挥发油的主要药理活性成分甲基丁香酚的含量最高,能达到47.58%,且含毒性成分黄樟醚和肉豆蔻醚相对较低。结论延边产细辛作为一种传统的道地药材,可能具有良好的镇咳、祛痰、镇静、镇痛等治疗效果,且安全性高。     

细辛挥发性成分的气相色谱/质谱分析

目的:研究细辛的挥发性成分。方法:采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取细辛中的挥发性成分,用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用仪进行分析鉴定,并采用峰面积归一化法测定了各成分的相对含量。结果:共分离出93个化学成分,其中46个化学成分匹配度都在85%以上,占挥发油总量的78.81%。其中含量高于1%的成分有12个,以黄樟醚含量最高(18.18%),其次是甲基丁香酚(15.48%)、3,5-二甲氧基甲苯(11.34%)、3,4,5-三甲氧基甲苯(7.51%)、β-蒎烯(3.24%)、(1S)-(+)-3-蒈烯(3.01%)、(1R)-(+)-α蒎烯(2.54%)、反油酸(2.33%)、肉豆蔻醚(2.00%)、优葛缕酮(1.96%)、桉叶油醇(1.38%)和4-烯丙基苯甲醚(1.33%)。结论:细辛挥发油主要化学成分为不饱和烯烃以及醛、酮、酚类等不饱和含氧化合物,且多是15个碳以下的小分子化合物。     

水蒸气蒸馏与顶空进样GC-MS法分析细辛挥发性成分

[目的] 分析比较水蒸气蒸馏法与顶空进样法提取得到的细辛中挥发性成分。[方法] 使用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）对2种提取方法所得的化学成分进行定性分析。[结果] 结合两种方法共提取出73种挥发性成分,共有成分有28种,分别占两种方法提取挥发油总相对含量的31.46%和61.55%。其中水蒸气蒸馏法提取得到的细辛挥发油中共鉴定出35个化学成分,占挥发性成分总含量的33.75%,以酚类,萜烯类,苯丙类为主,主要化合物有甲基丁香酚（11.97%）、3-蒈烯（3.64%）、黄樟醚（2.61%）等。顶空进样法提取得到的细辛挥发油中共鉴定出66个化学成分,占挥发性成分总含量的87.16%,以苯丙类,醚类,萜烯类为主,主要化合物有黄樟醚（11.27%）、甲基丁香酚（10.37%）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（8.49%）、正十六烷（7.60%）、3,5-二甲氧基甲苯（7.51%）、2,4,6-三甲氧基甲苯（5.41%）、3,4,5-三甲氧基甲苯（4.19%）、右旋龙脑（3.74%）、β-蒎烯（3.30%）、α-蒎烯（3.18%）、优葛缕酮（2.37%）等。[结论] 两种方法提取得到的细辛挥发油的化学成分种类和相对含量均有所差异,结合两种方法可建立更全面的细辛挥发性成分的GC-MS信息。     

北细辛再生植株形态结构及其挥发油成分GC-MS分析

目的研究北细辛再生植株形态结构,并通过GC-MS法分析其挥发油成分。方法常规石蜡切片法观察再生植株解剖结构。微波辅助萃取法提取挥发油后,GC-MS法对其进行分离鉴定。结果北细辛再生植株无地上茎,具有多数不定根,2枚真叶基生;根为三原型,由表皮、皮层、中柱3部分组成;叶柄维管束由基部到上部具有3-5-3的规律。再生植株与原植株根中挥发油成分相同,均以甲基丁香酚和黄樟醚为主;两者叶中挥发油成分不相同,其中前者相对含有量较高的为黄樟醚和甲基丁香酚;后者黄樟醚相对含有量极低,并且未检测出甲基丁香酚。结论北细辛再生植株未发生明显表型变异,其挥发油主要成分为黄樟醚和甲基丁香酚。     

细辛挥发油化学成分研究

目的:定性、定量分析细辛挥发油成分和抑菌活性。方法:用超临界CO2提取细辛挥发油,用气相色谱毛细管色谱柱进行分离和分析,归一化法测定其相对含量,用气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)方法测定其挥发油的成分。通过体外抑菌试验方法研究其抑菌活性。结果:鉴定出29种化学成分,主要为:正癸烷、3,5-二甲氧基甲苯、优葛缕酮、1,8-桉叶素、丁香醛、黄樟醚、甲基丁香酚、2,4,6-三甲氧基甲苯、肉豆蔻醚、正十五烷等。细辛挥发油对多种供试菌种均有明显的抑菌作用。结论:用超临界CO2提取细辛挥发油得率高,方法可行,其多种活性成分有明显抑菌活性,抑菌效果较理想。     

石菖蒲开窍醒神物质基础的药学系列研究

目的 探讨石菖蒲开窍醒神作用的物质基础。方法 采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法建立石菖蒲挥 发油特征指纹图谱;采用GC-MS及HPLC法比较石菖蒲、水菖蒲、九节菖蒲成分的异同;采用GC-MS法分析水煎液 与醇提液主要化学成分;采用HPLC法测定β-细辛醚、α-细辛醚含量;采用GC-MS法分析挥发油入脑成分。结果 以 甲基丁香酚、顺式甲基异丁香酚、反式甲基异丁香酚、γ-细辛醚、β-细辛醚、α-细辛醚6个特征成分为指标, 建立了挥发油的GC-MS指纹图谱辨识技术;石菖蒲、水菖蒲及九节菖蒲挥发油以及β-细辛醚、α-细辛醚的含量 存在明显差异,不应混用;在GC-MS可检出成分中,石菖蒲水煎剂、醇提液除含挥发油外,尚含有2,3-二氢-3,5二 羟基-6-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮(4H-Pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-)与5-羟甲基糠醛(2- Furancarboxaldehyde,5-[hydroxymethyl]-)等成分;精制β-细辛醚纯度达99％以上;6批次药材中β-细辛 醚含量为1．09％-2．87％,α-细辛醚含量为0．011％-0．172％;顺式甲基异丁香酚、γ-细辛醚、β-细辛醚、α-细 辛醚4个挥发油成分能进入脑组织。结论 石菖蒲挥发油及β-细辛醚可能是药效活性的最主要有效部位(成分)。     

肉豆蔻饮片炮制前后挥发油成分的GC-MS分析

目的:对肉豆蔻饮片炮制前后的挥发油进行化学成分分析。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法从其生品与炮制品中提取挥发油。采用GC-MS测定各挥发油的化学成分,并对其进行鉴定。结果:肉豆蔻经炮制后挥发油成分发生了质和量的变化,有13个新成分增加,4个成分消失,止泻成分甲基丁香酚、甲基异丁香酚含量增加,毒性成分肉豆蔻醚、黄樟醚含量降低。结论:肉豆蔻采用水浸泡麸煨最佳炮制工艺具有一定科学意义。     

GC-MS建立石菖蒲挥发油特征指纹图谱方法学研究

目的 :建立石菖蒲挥发油GC-MS分析色谱条件 ,初步拟定挥发油指纹特征图谱指标成分群。方法 :采用GC-MS法分析 10批石菖蒲挥发油化学成分。结果 :在进样口温度 250℃ ,接口温度 230℃ ,载气流速 1.3mL·min^-1,柱压 80kPa ,电离电压 1.4kV ,升温速率 3℃·min^-1的色谱条件下 ,石菖蒲挥发油主成分可达到较好分离 ;挥发油主要含有甲基丁香酚 (2.13% )、顺式甲基异丁香酚 (4.48% )、反式甲基异丁香酚 (0.82% )、γ-细辛醚 (4.51% )、β-细辛醚 (66.15% )、α-细辛醚 (6.35% )等 6个特征成分 ;以此 6个主要共有峰为评价指标 ,GC-MS色谱条件的精密度、稳定性、重现性良好。结论 :方法准确可靠 ,重复性好 ,可用于石菖蒲挥发油指纹图谱的研究。     

石菖蒲挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的：对石菖蒲挥发油的化学成分进行分析。方法：采用水蒸气蒸馏法从石菖蒲中提取挥发油,通过优化程序升温条件,运用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术鉴定挥发油中的化学成分,并用气相色谱面积归一法测定了各成分的相对含量。结果：鉴定出其中的25个成分,占总挥发油含量的93.27%,其中6种成分在石菖蒲的相关GC-MS分析中未见报道。结论：石菖蒲挥发油的主要成分为甲基丁香酚（2.60%）、异丁香酚甲醚（2.35%）、α-细辛醚（32.18%）、β-细辛醚（54.73%）。     

不同产地辽细辛质量比较

目的:比较不同产地中药材辽细辛的质量。方法:用水蒸气蒸馏法提取并测定挥发油的含量,GC-MS法测定挥发油中甲基丁香酚、黄樟醚和榄香脂素的相对含量,HPLC测定马兜铃酸A的含量,原子分光仪等测定药材中无机元素的含量,并用SPSS统计分析系统进行聚类分析。结果:化学试验测定与聚类分析的结果基本一致,5个产地的辽细辛药材聚为3类。结论:应把挥发性成分(挥发油总量、甲基丁香酚、榄香脂素)、有益的无机元素含量高,毒副作用成分黄樟醚、马兜铃酸A和重金属元素含量低作为评价中药材辽细辛质量的依据。将化学试验与聚类分析相结合,使结果分析更为快速、准确。     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。