城市生活垃圾综合管理模式初探

论述了城市生活垃圾综合管理系统的内涵、特征及其相关理念,提出了可持续发展的生活垃圾管理系统应具备的条件,并以上海市浦东新区为例,探讨了城市生活垃圾综合管理系统及发展城市生活垃圾综合管理系统的对策.     

基于主成分分析的生活垃圾产生量模型研究

分析了城市生活垃圾产生量的影响因素,从中选取了6项主要影响因素,研究了它们与城市生活垃圾产生量之间的关系;根据合肥市城市生活垃圾产生量的统计数据,运用主成分分析法对6项指标进行了综合分析,并研究其贡献率,提取出综合因子;针对城市生活垃圾产生量的增长特点,运用一元线性回归方法对综合因子进行拟合,建立了基于主成分分析的城市生活垃圾产生量模型;对合肥市2010年及2015年的生活垃圾产生量进行了预测。     

国外城市生活垃圾焚烧技术分析及其在我国的应用前景

城市生活垃圾焚烧技术是工业发达国家采用的主要垃圾处理方式之一，本文依据掌握的大量数据资料研究分析了工业发达国家城市生活垃圾焚烧技术的发展水平与实际应用状况，力求比较全面的反映各国城市生活垃圾焚烧技术的应用水平及其存在问题，同时依据我国城市生活垃圾产量和基本性状的科学分析数据及其发展趋势预测，在充分考虑我国应用和发展城市生活垃圾焚烧技术的基本条件及各类相关制约因素的前提下，提出了在我国发展与应用城市生活垃圾杰烧技术的建议。     

城市生活垃圾分类处理的调查与思考

以浙江省杭州市、宁波市、金华市等城市生活垃圾终端处理实践为研究对象,分析了城市居民开展垃圾分类处理的难点,从城市生活垃圾终端处理能力着手,提出了生活垃圾分类及处理的对策。     

城市生活垃圾综合处理工艺及发展趋势探讨

结合我国城市生活垃圾成分的特点,通过对城市生活垃圾污染、收运、处理处置现状的分析,指出现有城市生活垃圾处理方式的缺陷,探讨了城市生活垃圾综合处理工艺与相对应的资源再生工艺,指出综合处理工艺的优势,明确了城市生活垃圾处理方式的发展方向是生活垃圾综合处理。     

生活垃圾绿色收运“漳州模式”

在分析国内常见生活垃圾收运模式,并重点研究杭州清洁直运、北京海淀区垃圾收集系统升级改造模式的基础上,结合漳州市城市特点,提出以桶桶对接、桶车对接作为垃圾的基本收运方式,以建设绿色收运中心作为重要转运设施,构建漳州市生活垃圾绿色收运模式。该模式的构建有效避免了漳州市垃圾收运过程中出现的垃圾遗撒、异味扩散及噪声扰民等现象,解决了垃圾转运设施落地难、易产生邻避效应的问题,提高了生活垃圾收运效率。     

上海市生活垃圾产生量预测方法研究

探讨了经济发展、消费水平、人口因素对城市生活垃圾产生量的影响,建立并研究了GDP、TCE(总消费支出)、RTCE(与生活垃圾产出相关的消费支出)等预测模型,其中RTCE修正模型具有重要的应用价值。可以较准确地预测未来上海市生活垃圾产生量变化情况。     

城市生活垃圾系统化管理模式初探

介绍了城市生活垃圾系统化管理模式的基本概念,并基于产品生命周期、垃圾产生源以及管理体系利益相关方的角度分析了生活垃圾系统化管理模式的理论依据.同时,对城市生活垃圾系统化管理的目标、制定系统化管理规划的流程和关键因素进行了论述.     

城市生活垃圾填埋密度及其随深度分布规律

介绍了生活垃圾填埋密度的测定方法,基于苏州七子山垃圾填埋场现场测试数据及国外相关数据,探讨了垃圾填埋密度的主要影响因素,获得了该场垃圾填埋密度变化范围(510～1 730 kg/m3)及其随填埋深度增加而增大的规律,推荐了适合于我国南方城市生活垃圾场工程的密度-深度分布曲线。     

生活垃圾处理过程中二(噁)(口英)的污染与控制

以德国为例分析了原生城市生活垃圾、生活垃圾焚烧二次衍生产物、垃圾堆肥产品中二(噁)(口英)污染情况,通过比较中国和德国垃圾成分、垃圾处理处置方式,借鉴德国对垃圾处理过程中二(噁)(口英)变迁的研究,讨论了我国生活垃圾处理处置过程中二(噁)(口英)的污染控制措施.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.