下胫腓联合损伤的分型和治疗进展

下胫腓联合是稳定踝关节的重要结构,其损伤常合并踝关节和腓骨高位骨折,少数情况可单独发生。非稳定性损伤见于非单纯性及部分单纯性下胫腓联合损伤,需早期手术治疗。稳定性损伤见于部分单纯性下胫腓联合损伤,可选择保守治疗。早期治疗和稳定下胫腓联合损伤比不治疗,延迟治疗能取得更好的临床疗效。目前单纯性下胫腓联合损伤的稳定性及急慢性诊断一直存在争议,下胫腓联合损伤的稳定性、损伤时间、固定类型可影响下胫腓联合损伤的临床疗效。手术治疗可选择螺钉固定和弹性固定。螺钉固定是治疗下胫腓联合损伤的金标准,但其螺钉是否拔除、置入位置等技术细节一直是争议的焦点,其缺点是可限制下胫腓联合微动等。保留下胫腓联合微动机制日益受到重视,弹性固定可作为一种螺钉替代治疗方式,已经取得较好的短期疗效,但长期临床疗效和是否需要加压固定等方面需进一步研究确定。下胫腓联合损伤的治疗需要根据其稳定性、损伤时间、固定类型等方面进行合理选择,有利于提高临床疗效。

Classification and treatment of syndesmotic injury

The distal tibiofibular syndesmosis is a critical structure in maintaining the ankle stability. Syndesmotic injuries are usually associated with ankle fractures and high fibula fractures. Non-isolated and partially isolated syndesmotic injuries are involved in unstable injuries,which need to operative treatment. Partially isolated syndesmotic injuries belong to stable injuries,which should be treated with non-operative management. It is becoming clear that early fixation and stabilization for unstable injuries are probably better than non-treatment or delayed treatment. It still remains without consensus of accurately defining stable from unstable injuries and sufficiently differentiating between acute and chronic injuries. Because of stability,fixation type,and duration,the clinical efficacy is different. Screw fixation is a gold standard treatment of syndesmotic injury. However,it remains controversial that whether removal of the syndesmotic screw is required and effect of the level of syndesmotic screw insertion,limited micro-movement is one of disadvantages of screw fixation. Micro-movement of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis has been paid more and more attention. Dynamic fixation is a viable alternative to the static fixation device,with lower re-operation rates and less complications,which has obtained a great short-term clinical efficacy. However,further long-term studies should be carried out to confirm this clinical efficacy. Optimized treatment strategies considering stability of syndesmotic injury,duration,and fixation type can help to improve clinical efficacy.